Warrant requirement for searches

(a)

In general

Chapter 205 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section:

3119.

Searches to accord with the Fourth Amendment

(a)

Warrant requirement

(1)

In general

Except as provided in subsection (b), no search may be conducted without a warrant issued by a neutral and detached magistrate upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. (2)

Third-Party Data

(A)

Presumption of privacy

The government shall not access any data, metadata, or personal information held by a third party, including financial services providers, telecommunication service providers, internet service providers, cloud storage companies, or data brokers, without a valid warrant, regardless of whether the third party consents or cooperates. (B)

Exception invalidated

No contractual agreement between a user and a third party may be interpreted as waiving the government’s warrant requirement for access to the data of that user, unless such waiver is knowing, voluntary, and explicit. (b)

Exceptions

The following may be conducted without a warrant: (1)Plain-view searches. (2)The verification of government-issued primary photo identification documents during a stop of a motor vehicle, travel, or other interactions with law enforcement, including the verification of— (A)a State identification card; (B)a driver’s license; (C)a passport; (D)a passport card; (E)a military identification; or (F)a permanent resident card. (3)The collection or analysis of information that is lawfully published or voluntarily made available by a person or entity to a public audience, and which requires no circumvention of privacy settings, encryption, or other access controls. (4)The use of lawful investigative techniques to collect data from publicly available sources such as new outlets, official government publications, public records, or user-posted content that is clearly accessible to the general public without special access or tools. (5)Searches conducted with consent. (6)Searched conducted under exigent circumstances. (c)

Limitations

The exceptions described in subsection (b) shall not be construed to permit the warrantless collection, retention, querying, or analysis of data exposed to public view or accessible to a third party if the person associated with the collected identifiers did not express informed and voluntary consent to such collection with respect to data gathered by entering a public place, operating a motor vehicle on a public roadway, or patronizing a private establishment open to the public, including— (1)biometric data, including facial images, faceprints, gait, voice recognition, or other unique physical identifiers, obtained through facial recognition systems or comparable surveillance technologies; or (2)license plate images, vehicle metadata, or vehicle movement patterns obtained through automated license plate readers or similar systems. (d)

Definitons

In this section: (1)

The term search means any government-initiated act that intrudes upon an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy, including the following: (A)

Investigatory acts

Any investigatory act purposefully directed at a specific person or entity, or the property of a specific person or entity, with the intent of obtaining information not otherwise available to the public. (B)

Government surveillance and monitoring

Any non-consensual surveillance, monitoring, or inquiry conducted by a government entity or its agents, whether through human, digital, or automated means, that collects information on a specific individual or entity, including information on that individual or entity’s— (i)communications; (ii)associations; (iii)employment; (iv)social media usage; (v)internet usage; (vi)financial transactions; or (vii)travel. (C)

Collection of personal data

The acquisition and analysis of any data, metadata, or information pertaining to a person’s digital or physical life, including— (i)geolocation; (ii)communication records; (iii)personal device activity; (iv)assets; (v)liabilities; (vi)biometric identifiers; (vii)behavioral signals data; or (viii)financial transactions. (2)

Plain-view searches defined

In this section, the term plain-view searches means the observation or seizure of evidence by a law enforcement officer who is lawfully present at a location, where the incriminating nature of the evidence is immediately apparent, and where such observation is incidental to the officer’s lawful presence and does not involve the use of enhanced surveillance technology or systematic monitoring. (e)

Rule of construction

Nothing in this section shall be construed to— (1)modify, supersede, or limit any existing constitutional protection, or to authorize surveillance that would otherwise be unlawful; (2)eliminate or restrict constitutionally recognized exceptions permitting brief investigatory detentions or protective frisks based on reasonable suspicion; or (3)eliminate or restrict the authority of law enforcement officers to conduct brief investigatory detentions, protective frisks, arrests, or searches incident to ordinary criminal law enforcement encounters.

(b)

Clerical amendment

The table of sections for chapter 205 of title 18, United States Code, amended by adding at the end the following:

3119. Searches to accord with the Fourth Amendment.

Right of action for violations of Fourth Amendment rights

(a)

In general

The Revised Statutes are amended by inserting after section 1979 the following:

1979A.

Deprivation of Fourth Amendment rights

(a)

In general

Every person, including a Federal employee, who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of the United States, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or any person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Fourth Amendment, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. (b)

Attorney’s fees

In any action, suit, or proceeding to enforce this Act, the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs. (c)

Federal employee defined

In this section, the term Federal employee means an individual other than the President or the Vice President, who occupies a position in any agency or instrumentality of the executive branch (including any independent agency). (d)

Rule of construction

Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize a Federal employee to bring a suit against their Federal employer or the Federal Government for conduct that is within the scope of the employment relationship.

(b)

Severability

If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act, and the application of this Act, to any other person or circumstance, shall not be affected thereby.