115 S5601 IS: Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2024
U.S. Senate
2024-12-18
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
1.Short title; table of contents(a)This Act may be cited as the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2024
or the Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024
.(b)The table of contents for this Act is as follows:Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.Sec. 2. Definitions.TITLE I—Reauthorization of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017Sec. 101. Public safety priority.Sec. 102. United States weather research and forecasting.Sec. 103. Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment - United States of America (VORTEX-USA).Sec. 104. Hurricane forecast improvement program.Sec. 105. Tsunami Warning and Education Act reauthorization.Sec. 106. Observing system planning.Sec. 107. Observing system simulation experiments.Sec. 108. Computing resources prioritization.Sec. 109. Earth prediction innovation center.Sec. 110. Satellite architecture planning.Sec. 111. Improving uncrewed activities.Sec. 112. Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services.Sec. 113. Ocean observations.Sec. 114. Consolidation of reports.Sec. 115. Precipitation forecast improvement program.TITLE II—Enhancing Federal Weather Forecasting and InnovationSec. 201. Weather innovation for the next generation.Sec. 202. Radar next program.Sec. 203. Data voids in highly vulnerable areas of the United States.Sec. 204. Atmospheric rivers forecast improvement program.Sec. 205. Coastal flooding and storm surge forecast improvement program.Sec. 206. Aviation weather and data innovation.Sec. 207. NESDIS partnership program, transition program, and operational planning.Sec. 208. Advanced weather interactive processing system.Sec. 209. Reanalysis and reforecasting.Sec. 210. National Weather Service workforce.Sec. 211. Artificial intelligence for weather forecasting.Sec. 212. Composition of the atmosphere and atmospheric observations.Sec. 213. Project to improve forecasts of coastal marine fog.TITLE III—Commercial Weather and Environmental ObservationsSec. 301. Commercial Data Program.Sec. 302. Commercial Data Pilot Program.Sec. 303. Contracting authority and avoidance of duplication.Sec. 304. Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices.Sec. 305. Clerical amendment.TITLE IV—Communicating Weather to the PublicSec. 401. Definitions.Sec. 402. Hazardous weather or water event risk communication.Sec. 403. Hazard communication research and engagement.Sec. 404. National Weather Service communications improvement.Sec. 405. NOAA Weather Radio modernization.Sec. 406. Post-storm surveys and assessments.Sec. 407. Government Accountability Office report on alert dissemination for hazardous weather or water events.Sec. 408. Data collection management and protection.TITLE V—Improving Weather Information for Agriculture and Water ManagementSec. 501. Weather and climate information in agriculture and water management.Sec. 502. National integrated drought information system.Sec. 503. National Mesonet Program.Sec. 504. National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network.Sec. 505. National Water Center.Sec. 506. Satellite transfers briefing.TITLE VI—Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Amendments Act of 2024Sec. 601. Short title.Sec. 602. Amendments to the Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998.Sec. 603. Other harmful algal bloom matters.TITLE VII—Preventing Health Emergencies And Temperature-related Illness and Deaths Act of 2024Sec. 701. Short title.Sec. 702. Definitions.Sec. 703. National Integrated Heat Health Information System Interagency Committee.Sec. 704. National Integrated Heat Health Information System.Sec. 705. Authorization of appropriations.TITLE VIII—National Landslide Preparedness Act Reauthorization Act of 2024Sec. 801. Short title.Sec. 802. Certain definitions under Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act.Sec. 803. Reauthorization of National Landslide Preparedness Act.TITLE IX—Illegal Red Snapper Enforcement ActSec. 901. Short title.Sec. 902. Methodology for identifying the country of origin of red snapper imported into the United States.TITLE X—Accelerating Networking, Cyberinfrastructure, and Hardware for Oceanic Research ActSec. 1001. Short title.Sec. 1002. Definitions.Sec. 1003. Plan to improve cybersecurity and telecommunications of U.S. Academic Research Fleet.TITLE XI—Other authoritiesSec. 1101. Meteorological observations in the Arctic region.Sec. 1102. Unfunded priorities list, reports, and plans.Sec. 1103. Miscellaneous authorities.2.(a)In this Act, the terms seasonal
, State
, subseasonal
, Under Secretary
, weather enterprise
, weather data
, and weather industry
have the meanings given such terms in section 2 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 8501).(b)Section 2 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 8501) is amended—(1)by redesignating paragraph (5) as paragraph (6); and(2)by inserting after paragraph (4) the following new paragraph:(5)The term weather data
means information used to track and predict weather conditions and patterns, including forecasts, observations, and derivative products from such information. .<enum>I</enum><header>Reauthorization of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017</header><section commented="no" id="H035DF0D6C21C4421B0D31EA970E2DDF3"><enum>101.</enum><header>Public safety priority</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 101 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8511">15 U.S.C. 8511</external-xref>) is amended to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id302D1575FD4540958778BDFA02615BFC"><section commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb8c7029779eb4c39b25503b9375f6b3c"><enum>101.</enum><header>Public safety priority</header><subsection id="idfbb23f232d1e48ec8a5323788101a243"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall—</text><paragraph id="idcaaa00f5afbd4efd9f20c865693c13af"><enum>(1)</enum><text>ensure the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration focuses on providing accurate and timely weather forecasts that protect lives and property and enhance the national economy;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7fe4303500ea4494800b7735eac4d830"><enum>(2)</enum><text>through the Director of the National Weather Service, coordinate and implement observational infrastructure, weather forecasting, communications, and impact-based decision support services; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0fb1a2af62d3437190eef96caf265031"><enum>(3)</enum><text>work to improve operation weather forecasts, products, and services through nimble, flexible, and mobile methods.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="ida7f20ccdf5b74e5d80123b27f9c798e5"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Research</header><text>In conducting research, the Under Secretary shall prioritize improving weather data, modeling, computing, forecasting, and warnings for the protection of life and property and for the enhancement of the national economy.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><section id="H78A53A29E53F4F569780E2D1789A994D"><enum>102.</enum><header>United States weather research and forecasting</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 110 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8519">15 U.S.C. 8519</external-xref>) is amended to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="H66CFE0A6A70347518C75AD2E3F90DA50"><section id="HEF5CB396B5784A098DBD34E2F224B81A"><enum>110.</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><subsection id="H1339C9B7A43547C08B8C15E9847FED14"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research to carry out this title the following:</text><paragraph id="id4f0396f335b348e1b2d3b6dd14175ae3"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$163,794,000 for fiscal year 2025, of which—</text><subparagraph id="idcd0c8df649414a7f920058444d9f0637"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$91,058,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id4aa809536a754d6fa0595abef4ba7e15"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$39,491,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb97e618a5f6e4616bb9a6cfaff689388"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$21,125,000is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8d889a66be6b4e069e7a4ea59e2641a5"><enum>(D)</enum><text>$12,120,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idecd8882e6419466c9f0002e15358aaab"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$165,432,000 for fiscal year 2026, of which—</text><subparagraph id="idf76eba5b87794e22b22d28963a455ade"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$91,968,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id196a41e9e8384e5e8777b8f842515832"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$39,886,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8f3b7b857fcb4a2baeb53c1959f32e89"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$21,336,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id717627b34ca04e09bf8e13af62318f64"><enum>(D)</enum><text>$12,241,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id327a8d104a3645159624c6cd7cab0a90"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$167,086,000 for fiscal year 2027, of which—</text><subparagraph id="id080ce329355842ba861d8062e7c6b995"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$92,888,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id26102ad0719042b5ac4572446f59e2d9"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$40,285,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id93c4d7f7fdaf454a8573850481537745"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$21,550,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1145a962195f49f0a73469d0cbf2542a"><enum>(D)</enum><text>$12,364,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id4937b3be635f4dc98e4106e391d8576f"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$168,757,000 for fiscal year 2028, of which—</text><subparagraph id="id6a21a2de9f1649b4abf89aae8de1cbab"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$93,817,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id87558cbb7012438fa35e9b757708261c"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$40,688,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id3e07895330264c5c88ac55c27e4c106f"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$21,765,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id29b1880749d34824b2a6aaff4bd738c6"><enum>(D)</enum><text>$12,487,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idf480ce9af851454baabe9a4556e647c1"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$170,444,000 for fiscal year 2029, of which—</text><subparagraph id="idc0c9a656992649c9879d0d9c8e78705d"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$94,755,000 is authorized for weather laboratories and cooperative institutes;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb938128934da41dcb9408b70939d8a20"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$41,094,000 is authorized for the United States Weather Research Program;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5205f2a9293c4af1a75a87fb0a6bd234"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$21,983,000 is authorized for tornado, severe storm, and next generation radar research; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id81da14b6208e400d9bee831103f27bd8"><enum>(D)</enum><text>$12,612,000 is authorized for the joint technology transfer initiative described in section 102(b)(4) of this title.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id22eed7bfcb2849d2b76b5c1fb976790f"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Limitation</header><text>No additional funds are authorized to carry out this title or the amendments made by this title.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><section id="HC3E0D2916C374EDC8D46E91B4ABA506E"><enum>103.</enum><header>Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment - United States of America (VORTEX-USA)</header><subsection id="H78E39EBA63FB4008A09C869AB2A8E52A"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 103 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8513">15 U.S.C. 8513</external-xref>) is amended to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="H935F4CBB3E2D4D31AEA5217380D1535B"><section id="HD6345A8816E64A1A8C6E80236E980680"><enum>103.</enum><header>Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment - United States of America (VORTEX-USA)</header><subsection id="H4857013066C2444EB2B4F1F330E57B31"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the United States weather industry and academic partners, shall maintain a program for rapidly improving tornado forecasts, predictions, and warnings, including forecaster training in radar interpretation and information integration from new sources.</text></subsection><subsection id="HF3F62532E8D4477C90FDBEF843D5F81F"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Goal</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The goal of the program under subsection (a) shall be to develop and extend accurate tornado forecasts, predictions, and warnings in order to reduce the loss of life or property related to tornadoes, with a focus on the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H0B54A9DC21994727B2C94B6A5C5AE680"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Improving the effectiveness and timeliness of tornado forecasts, predictions, and warnings.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HD113BAFFDAE24B109A645C136D732CA3"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Optimizing lead time and providing actionable information beyond one hour in advance.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H0231D2897D8044CD99498ED2E3752D0C"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Transitioning from warn-on-detection to warn-on-forecast.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HA4C8E21BF2764BF3BEDA811057172308"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Innovative observations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall ensure the program under subsection (a) periodically examines, tests, and evaluates the value of incorporating innovative observations, such as novel sensor technologies, observation tools or networks, crewed or uncrewed systems, and hosted instruments on commercial aircrafts, vessels, and satellites, with respect to the improvement of tornado forecasts, predictions, and warnings.</text></subsection><subsection id="HD0BFD60135F047CF955DC1A170380F0C"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Activities</header><text>The Under Secretary shall award grants for research, including relating to the following:</text><paragraph id="H5249604486AC4B7AA63B4B9AA33FB2DD"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Implementing key goals and achieving program milestones to the maximum extent practicable as outlined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s 2019 report, <quote>Tornado Warning Improvement and Extension Program Plan</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H38B90377D5F9420FB92DCBA8571E504B"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In coordination with the National Science and Technology Council’s Social and Behavioral Sciences Subcommittee, improving the social, behavioral, risk, communication, and economic sciences regarding vulnerabilities, risk communication, and delivery of information critical for reducing the loss of life or property related to tornadoes.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H9833F61A23254B20AEE4257945E1C56B"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Improving the physical sciences, computer modeling, and tools related to tornado formation, the impacts of tornadoes on the built and natural environment, and the interaction of tornadoes and hurricanes.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id91f0d57a6d9445f2a50f4ebeac163b6b"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Priority institutions</header><paragraph id="id135f02df38bb475c94211cc9f8e825a2"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In awarding grants under subsection (d), the Under Secretary may prioritize awarding grants to minority-serving institutions.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2da84ef410e247139fea9e2b8ea19681"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Definition of minority-serving institution</header><text>In this subsection, the term <term>minority-serving institution</term> means—</text><subparagraph id="idefd6565d08dc40bdbec91f4f1d1a2ef2"><enum>(A)</enum><text>a part B institution (as defined in section 322 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1061">20 U.S.C. 1061</external-xref>));</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf2adf5c044b14f09a13021401d647152"><enum>(B)</enum><text>a Hispanic-serving institution (as defined in section 502(a) of that Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1101a">20 U.S.C. 1101a(a)</external-xref>));</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idca336f62286e4f7ba2fed74d29ea6cdc"><enum>(C)</enum><text>a Tribal College or University (as defined in section 316(b) of that Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1059c">20 U.S.C. 1059c(b)</external-xref>));</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd2be25d597504adeba008f953f64fdad"><enum>(D)</enum><text>an Alaska Native-serving institution (as defined in section 317(b) of that Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1059d">20 U.S.C. 1059d(b)</external-xref>));</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2bbc36fd1266412198226f86d57be33f"><enum>(E)</enum><text>a Native Hawaiian-serving institution (as defined in section 317(b) of that Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1059d">20 U.S.C. 1059d(b)</external-xref>));</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id18be4b0cd3f34130baeab46ae22e0916"><enum>(F)</enum><text>a Predominantly Black Institution (as defined in section 318(b) of that Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1059e">20 U.S.C. 1059e(b)</external-xref>));</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id98121049aeff4744a3a34d4f59b7fb93"><enum>(G)</enum><text>an Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-serving institution (as defined in section 320(b) of that Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1059g">20 U.S.C. 1059g(b)</external-xref>)); or</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idce686aa1f1e24155bbc474cc55b97257"><enum>(H)</enum><text>a Native American-serving, nontribal institution (as defined in section 319(b) of that Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1059f">20 U.S.C. 1059f(b)</external-xref>)). </text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HB5849E2A81524A669DCA9F48EBB07419"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Warnings</header><text>In carrying out subsection (a), the Under Secretary, in coordination with the program established under section 403(a) of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>, shall—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="HF2A3D6238FA8421998DD8D3F8FADAD64"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">conduct and transition to operations the research necessary to develop and deploy probabilistic weather forecast guidance technology for tornadoes and related weather phenomena;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HDFFAA06F781946B69B8AEFE89DCBD535"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">incorporate into tornado modeling and forecasting, as appropriate, social, behavioral, risk, communication, and economic sciences;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H3FB37FC57FDF472E8258F83ED1C09182"><enum>(3)</enum><text>enhance workforce training on radar interpretation and use of tornado warning systems; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H75CB77A3ACFD448599909AFE320EDDED"><enum>(4)</enum><text>expand computational resources, including cloud computing, to support higher-resolution modeling to advance the capability for warn-on-forecast.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H3503967EB9B545EA9F1C5D83699A1FD9"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Tornado rating system</header><text>The Under Secretary, in collaboration with local communities and emergency managers, shall—</text><paragraph id="H5DA1295BDC9B4F579B5D445F58B9BCE7"><enum>(1)</enum><text>evaluate the system used as of the date of the enactment of this section to rate the severity of tornadoes;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H0731AC5E234C45ECA8F5853A58699049"><enum>(2)</enum><text>determine whether updates to such system are required to ensure such ratings accurately reflect the severity of tornados; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H5E509A3A902A41D8B0FAE8F9CAA678D9"><enum>(3)</enum><text>if determined necessary, update such system.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HCCF340C882E5433986C17F18CADCF4F4"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Annual budget</header><text>The Under Secretary shall, not less frequently than annually, submit to Congress a proposed budget corresponding with carrying out this section.</text></subsection><subsection id="idc7e6c9cab40a4c09971b1838186a9205"><enum>(i)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There is authorized to be appropriated to the Under Secretary to carry out this section $11,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2030, of which not less than $2,000,000 each fiscal year shall be used for prioritized grants awarded under subsection (e).</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection><subsection id="HBEB99E8601334DF385BE43D1A621AA41"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The table of contents in section 1(b) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 is amended by amending the item relating to section 103 to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H345AE8AF4D2840A1B2CAABE5A6E94EF8"><toc><toc-entry level="section" idref="HD6345A8816E64A1A8C6E80236E980680">Sec. 103. Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment - United States of America (VORTEX-USA).</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection></section><section id="HA57B86F2C106437783A34633E451A8C7"><enum>104.</enum><header>Hurricane forecast improvement program</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 104 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8514">15 U.S.C. 8514</external-xref>) is amended to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="H732EB2750B9F4E6B8DF11665C3E91FD3"><section id="H76033D0A4459421FA2CB1ECB4E4210F6"><enum>104.</enum><header>Hurricane forecast improvement program</header><subsection id="H8ED48B6B5C4E48C291AE4892B810217B"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the United States weather industry and academic partners, shall maintain a program to improve hurricane forecasting, predictions, and warnings.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H1FC179B7D5724749A67060E7055A75B4"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Goal</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The goal of the program under subsection (a) shall be to develop and extend accurate hurricane forecasts, predictions, and warnings in order to reduce the loss of life or property related to hurricanes, with a focus on the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H23641E7780E74EB887746437A32449F8"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Improving the understanding, prediction, and communication of rapid intensity change and projected path of hurricanes, including probabilistic methods for hurricane hazard mapping.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HDD871816AE6341F788AA14EB6CB734C6"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Improving the forecast and impact-based communication of inland flooding, compound flooding, and storm surges from hurricanes, in coordination with the program established under section 205 of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H646B39B4DE9E4F2E8AEC352A875BBE7E"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Incorporating social, behavioral, risk, communication, and economic sciences to clearly inform response to prevent the loss of life or property.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H4061BEF4C5014C5D85977CC1BE285254"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Evaluating and incorporating, as appropriate, innovative observations, including acoustic or infrasonic measurements, novel sensor technologies, observation tools or networks, crewed or uncrewed systems, and hosted instruments on commercial aircrafts, vessels, and satellites.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H9A1B91CDAE914F55B32B26CBC404C683"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Activities</header><text>In carrying out subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall award grants for research, including relating to the following:</text><paragraph id="H34CCF82BD7DC4FA0A470E9B18F0A0EF0"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Implementing key strategies and following priorities and objectives outlined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s 2019 report <quote>Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HC527FFAB7F094B6488F878DCE2DEBC5A"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In coordination with the National Science and Technology Council’s Social and Behavioral Sciences Subcommittee and other relevant interagency committees, improving the social, behavioral, risk, communications, and economic sciences related to vulnerabilities, risk communication, and delivery of information critical for reducing the loss of life or property related to hurricanes.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H255B02EBAFF748829C2C72064698F7BA"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Improving the physical sciences, operational modeling, and tools related to hurricane formation, the impacts of wind and water-based hurricane hazards on the built and natural environment, and the interaction of hurricanes and tornadoes.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H76BE9B35BFA04B2F81A8B8F61AC23A71"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Warnings</header><text>In carrying out subsection (a), the Under Secretary, in coordination with the program established under section 403(a) of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>, shall—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H27FA9F6AFE88482589187E38F0F6DEBD"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">conduct and transition to operations the research necessary to develop and deploy probabilistic weather forecast guidance technology relating to hurricanes and related weather phenomena;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H6F2DD96875DE417C8CE925A57FDF7713"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">incorporate into hurricane modeling and forecasting, as appropriate, social, behavioral, risk, communication, and economic sciences research; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HDEFDF56D306249C2940D0496F8F77679"><enum>(3)</enum><text>expand computational resources, including cloud computing, to support and improve higher-resolution operational modeling of hurricanes and related weather phenomena.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idaac11b117c4441cc9204743fb0c16ecc"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Annual report</header><text>Not later than June 1 of each year until 2029, the Under Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report that includes the following:</text><paragraph id="id3a02a24a6ee54000b759775796dbb232"><enum>(1)</enum><text>The number and causes of missed mission requirements for the National Hurricane Operations Plan and the National Winter Season Operations Plan, including those related to equipment malfunction, aircraft availability, aircraft maintenance, flight hour limits, and availability of pilots or other air and maintenance crew members.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id96b28e95fa39490d9aaf675d2523a567"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Requirements related to the plans described in paragraph (1) that were requested by forecasters but not tasked, and the reasons why those were not tasked.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc7cb047b4a0f426ab8a45566b7c2fc4b"><enum>(3)</enum><text>A workforce management plan addressing any shortfalls in human capital resources that are necessary for hurricane observational data collection aboard aircraft or uncrewed systems.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id661c4ddb6bad40c480d35be1bd76e8ed"><enum>(4)</enum><text>A summary of—</text><subparagraph id="id684462f383db498ea18afaee7e5f1b7e"><enum>(A)</enum><text>hurricane technology that is under research and development to improve confidence in hurricane track and intensity predictions;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id53f55ae3f5874a86bb16aa137c41d2e8"><enum>(B)</enum><text>hurricane technology that is at the prototype demonstration stage or beyond; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5266158b8cb34bac8a7c46b33a243be8"><enum>(C)</enum><text>plans for transitioning the hurricane technology described in subparagraph (B) into operations.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><section section-type="subsequent-section" id="HD8CF9D2345CE4C9E99056AEEFE1933CA"><enum>105.</enum><header>Tsunami Warning and Education Act reauthorization</header><subsection id="HE0C6FB69E83B4D95BE9AF20162698040"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Title heading</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Tsunami Warning and Education Act (enacted as title VIII of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/109/479">Public Law 109–479</external-xref>)) is amended in the title heading, by inserting <quote><header-in-text level="title" style="OLC">Research,</header-in-text></quote> after <quote><header-in-text level="title" style="OLC">Warning,</header-in-text></quote>.</text></subsection><subsection id="H865D915D8717458DB01846FD5567A067"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Purposes</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 803 of the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3202">33 U.S.C. 3202</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="HBCED8572B473486FA3ACC6D93B734B94"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in paragraph (2), by inserting <quote>timeliness and</quote> before <quote>accuracy</quote>;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HE98D7DFD2580456B9C1B50B6A0F0EF91"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in paragraph (7), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HCA88842DD0A44482896ACEEC64B15C2C"><enum>(3)</enum><text>in paragraph (8), by striking the period and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H4C6EDC7BA5AB4F30BCD3F8A778D725AE"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new paragraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HC1DF6A2956E34B45863B34F1DF1A6CEE"><paragraph id="H242B3EABD16F41798B00BF5376B8F018"><enum>(9)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to ensure data and metadata are managed, archived, and made available for operations, research, education, and mitigation activities in accordance with section 305 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H9363AD995D3542FDB56EA5A6BBE2ABEE"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Tsunami forecasting and warning program</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 804 of the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3203">33 U.S.C. 3203</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H62ECA2E60BA64AD886FF2E1EB4FC2931"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (b)—</text><subparagraph id="HB172DAECEFAA4CAAB9AB934D9AD49E7B"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (4), by inserting <quote>, using industry and scientific best practices,</quote> after <quote>operational condition</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H867548A4CBAB417AB3088B85E05FBA7F"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (5)—</text><clause id="H5669C5F6472E4A0FA2B89C1161D5D30E"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in subparagraph (C), by striking <quote>global seismic network</quote> and inserting <quote>Global Seismic Network</quote>; </text></clause><clause id="HA29AE74F675A401DB3CBEE01DA5862A4"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (D), (E), (F), and (G), as subparagraphs (E), (F), (G), and (H), respectively; and</text></clause><clause id="H168C148AF2D14479BBD8DB811128EFC9"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following new subparagraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HBF8BC2D94AAC4D05BFB871CE128D95E3"><subparagraph id="HC59FE1CCC45346C78EDC8E353C443247"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) network;</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HCC151B3CD9A445EABD292F729D25F211"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by amending paragraph (6) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H3DAD00BBB03346369347278D57222A88"><paragraph id="HDBF68B0D65704F18A964508E8DEE861B"><enum>(6)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">ensure data quality and management systems, support data and metadata access and archiving, and support the requirements of the program pursuant to the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/115/435">Public Law 115–435</external-xref>) and <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/44/31">chapter 31</external-xref> of title 44, United States Code;</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HE4615BADFDC34CEEA110B29D910B0571"><enum>(D)</enum><text>in paragraph (7)—</text><clause id="H5EFDD82C9335492A88A811E1CD5B83F5"><enum>(i)</enum><text>by amending the matter preceding subparagraph (A) to read as follows: <quote>include a cooperative effort among the Administration, the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) under which the Director of USGS, the Director of the NSF, and the Administrator of NASA shall—</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="HE8250D527DD44285AAF9390D946DFA27"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A), by striking <quote>and</quote> at the end; and</text></clause><clause id="H7E19049DEC70456BB5D39B864B52F6FA"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HE6C333FB69094D859664834D500152A6"><subparagraph commented="no" id="HE418C5A7F49947AAADA92CC630988151"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">provide reliable and real-time support for the GNSS network data streams from NSF, NASA, and USGS maintained networks, and supplement instrumentation coverage for rapid earthquake assessment;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H2B3810F88E7646278EAF964514DD640B"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">assess the data and information relating to warning systems of collaborating agencies for potential utilization in NOAA’s warning system, taking into consideration advancement in research and technology;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H68151FAC42F842F7AC2ECAFF5A6E2AC0"><enum>(E)</enum><text>incorporate, as practicable, tsunami notifications and warnings in the USGS Earthquake Early Warning System; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H370DE62B3834478AB90312D15D12271F"><enum>(F)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">incorporate, as practicable, preliminary analysis or data from the National Earthquake Information Center regarding the source and magnitude of an offshore earthquake within five minutes of detection;</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA6EA778E60C14A41AB1194581463E56C"><enum>(E)</enum><text>in paragraph (8)—</text><clause id="H7D6BACFA6CA54A4D987CDE8DD6DB716D"><enum>(i)</enum><text>by inserting <quote> and decision support aides</quote> after <quote>graphical warning products,</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="H812B3E79B1394A929266CBBCECBFC360"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>by inserting <quote>-prone</quote> after <quote>tsunami</quote>;</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H6E0AD5F4781D404BA191FBF12245CF04"><enum>(F)</enum><text>in paragraph (9), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H675C62E76E624A138D865C6D57852201"><enum>(G)</enum><text>in paragraph (10), by striking the period and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HAC9170A9DD0E470AA5E53F5BCA15809B"><enum>(H)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new paragraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HC443AA3BC4EC40A6A37C5FA613A0152D"><paragraph id="H747E79478CE543919C235B379F5D2FC3"><enum>(11)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">update tsunami inundation maps, models, or other geographic products, in order to best support, as appropriate, relevant agencies with tsunami mitigation and recovery activities.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HDA142732A2CE4FC2BCF79BC46294BB5A"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (c)—</text><subparagraph id="HDD8D8C6EA5F64A76A0AD2D0FAA3ED654"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by striking paragraph (1) and redesignating paragraphs (2) and (3) as paragraphs (1) and (2), respectively; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HE6A9973B96F842DEB84756A9FDB8DFF3"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (1), as so redesignated—</text><clause id="H822884AD67DE47DCBA96A09C72EF8196"><enum>(i)</enum><text>by striking <quote>the Atlantic Ocean, including the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, that are determined—</quote> and inserting <quote>the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic Oceans, including the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, that are determined to pose significant risks of tsunami for States and United States territories along the coastal areas of such regions; and</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="H8D1D3F50A0F64A3BB27787FF363A178B"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>by striking subparagraphs (A) and (B);</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H2D345FD8395B4DE6BFF980C7A4139C64"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by redesignating subsections (d), (e), (f), and (g) as subsections (e), (f), (g), and (h), respectively;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HF34E64D628304EBF8057D392E0BF8187"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by inserting after subsection (c) the following new subsection:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H21BB748814CB45B8896536B26EC0D853"><subsection id="H220053CD598D4FB3AFB4D44277F64CC3"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Tsunami warning alert level evaluation</header><text>The Administrator, in collaboration with social scientists, emergency personnel, and high-risk communities, shall—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H61331FD8C3144E3AB152DAC85096B532"><enum>(1)</enum><text>evaluate tsunami alert levels terminology, timing, and effectiveness;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HF910766A42F44938917B0565B0303FD2"><enum>(2)</enum><text>determine if such alerts produce the desired response and understanding from possible tsunami-prone communities; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H511F0EFEDD0B4DB8BDF14093AC28DBEE"><enum>(3)</enum><text>if necessary, update the alert level system for increased effectiveness.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="HB1F02A8EF1584C4BA5E9D2BBCF86AC81"><enum>(5)</enum><text>in subsection (e), as so redesignated—</text><subparagraph id="HA067D8F896214CCBBE205C76FD45362A"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (1)—</text><clause commented="no" id="HF575767FA85E4329A86B1205100E2430"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by inserting <quote>responsible for Alaska, the continental United States, Hawaii, United States territories, and international entities the Administrator determines appropriate</quote> before the period;</text></clause><clause id="HD9EE343F866B4BB4BF6513FDB6614388"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A), by striking <quote>which is primarily responsible for Alaska and the continental United States</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="HE4E33BCDB1424DE1975EEE0D03536B37"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B), by striking <quote>, which is primarily responsible for Hawaii, the Caribbean, and other areas of the Pacific not covered by the National Center</quote>; </text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H035D96F2B6E14F718347947E743FA965"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (2)—</text><clause id="H57EB3FC3056C43A79000EFB22209D237"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A), by inserting <quote>current,</quote> after <quote>sea level,</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="HB44DF95D03864F519A30572A0692CC8F"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B), by striking <quote>and volcanic eruptions</quote> and inserting <quote>volcanic eruptions, or other sources</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="HE97D3235CE104526910EAF45D4C9E7A5"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (C), by striking <quote>buoy data and tidal</quote> and inserting <quote>and coastal</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="HE5A8E56EA00544E28BA4F295C080E230"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>in subparagraph (E), by striking <quote>Integrated Ocean Observing System of the Administration</quote> and inserting <quote>United States and global ocean and coastal observing system</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="H660F318121DB4CADB14807A85267ADD1"><enum>(v)</enum><text>in subparagraph (H), by inserting <quote>monitoring needs,</quote> after <quote>response,</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="H0B84579A264E4B55B58FB35727C2D3B3"><enum>(vi)</enum><text>by amending subparagraph (I) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H439E287E2C7943E19D2EBB14023E5DDA"><subparagraph id="H3E4F326535474BAF86AC2273D35892CB"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Providing a Tsunami Warning Coordinator to coordinate with partners and stakeholders products and services of the centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1).</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H3EC20E3F32F544028F323DFD06C55D28"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HFE459DBED2174C748D25FD14B8FCC819"><paragraph id="HC7D26C53EF9B4326BD363452F2EC0EF6"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Fail-safe warning capability</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Administrator shall support and maintain fail-safe warning capability for the tsunami warning centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1), and such centers shall conduct at least one service back up drill biannually. </text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H94655005EA3849CC8513B1A21A562C11"><enum>(D)</enum><text>in paragraph (4)—</text><clause id="H9E7FCA578FDD4D10ABE37415BD637EF4"><enum>(i)</enum><text>by amending the matter preceding subparagraph (A) to read as follows: <quote>The Administrator shall coordinate with the weather forecast offices of the National Weather Service, the centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1), and such national and regional program offices of the Administration as the Administrator or the coordinating committee, as established in section 805(b), consider appropriate to ensure that regional and local weather forecast offices—</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="HEFD3A3DF7B89478DA8CB1452297F6F4D"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></clause><clause id="HE0C81354328A4E2D996D1CBB2A726FDE"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (C), by striking the period and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="H98AEEECE38CB48258856833B4D4F8592"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HC84653E0C0034EF4BEC541AFF108F2C9"><subparagraph id="H53C05345D6844C9FB116DF6819A4C49A"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">conduct education and outreach efforts to help prepare coastal communities for tsunami hazards.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H262570D3E410477EA078820822D58E93"><enum>(E)</enum><text>in paragraph (5)—</text><clause commented="no" id="H433497B668A4426781073B78A61CB181"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in the section heading, by striking <quote><header-in-text level="paragraph" style="OLC">Uniform</header-in-text></quote> and inserting <quote><header-in-text level="paragraph" style="OLC">Standardized</header-in-text></quote>;</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="H5515285602AB428EB03F00446AB22DC0"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A), by striking <quote>uniform</quote> and inserting <quote>standardized</quote>;</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="H35815ED9A2DA4FF694024E057CF24686"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (C)(ii), by striking <quote>uniform</quote> and inserting <quote>standardized</quote>;</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="HA6FCCB57A22F46AF8800BC608E0A962F"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>in subparagraph (D), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="HA5290E3A761843A489500DF05610F654"><enum>(v)</enum><text>in subparagraph (E), by striking the period and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="H910FD0C1D4D94E838CC80B410AC321AA"><enum>(vi)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H9581E5B96060478F826719DF03C5B514"><subparagraph commented="no" id="H337499B8470243CDB6603380943CEEE1"><enum>(F)</enum><text>align the analytic techniques and methodologies of the existing tsunami warning centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1) to ensure seamless continuity of operations and mitigate risk of operational failure by prioritizing investments that include—</text><clause commented="no" id="H000FD357237C44759416F232622F93B3"><enum>(i)</enum><text>replacing end of life equipment;</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="H45C390C95A774B56B3F8083344D3D300"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>ensuring product consistency;</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="H46A5C7CD36A04473BE00CF144FAF1B61"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>enabling consistent operational process for backup capabilities;</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="HB33FD3988AC1456F88283E41834EF99A"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>mitigating existing operational security risks; and</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="H5F0C488224C34F4C8EDD9DAE1EA6E74D"><enum>(v)</enum><text>meeting information security requirements specified in <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/44/35">chapter 35</external-xref> of title 44, United States Code.</text></clause></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H2711E2145E73406AAB8D618A024E0DB9"><enum>(F)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new paragraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HBD6FF051D9B34BC482A298783E324261"><paragraph commented="no" id="HA645F6AD90DA4CE29AFE27917B7BBAC3"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Reporting</header><text>Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this paragraph and annually thereafter until such time as all relevant requirements have been satisfied, the Administrator shall provide to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate an update briefing on the progress of the following:</text><subparagraph commented="no" id="H181D1F00DAEA4520B1D5ECE5A07E0304"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Standardizing products and procedures under paragraph (5), including tsunami assessments, forecast guidance, and related products.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H6E7BA4F9BC6A44E3A08BFFF139B7AD60"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Migrating the message generation systems of the centers supported or maintained under paragraph (1) to the Advanced Weather Information Processing Systems, or successor systems.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="HD5EFFF3B414A438F9BE5960258BC481C"><enum>(C)</enum><text>The structural reorganization effort, if necessary, to align such centers’ organizational charts.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H54B728BB68C54D3FB25033CE80E672DB"><enum>(D)</enum><text>The expected timeline for the full completion of standardizing such centers’ products and procedures.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HA5058693B7E847B89A50EC31DC14428F"><enum>(6)</enum><text>in subsection (f), as so redesignated—</text><subparagraph id="H7E54390CCE3348AF8ED28AF3B24D9FC1"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (1)—</text><clause id="H25B4C73894DE4EAD8454E749226B1A82"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by inserting <quote>detect, measure, and</quote> after <quote>used to</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="HBD1202F7AA904DE5A1A46DC9CF0252FF"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></clause><clause id="HA0CBA7E707494B74A34F1E19911A361D"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (C), by striking <quote>and the Advanced National Seismic System</quote> and inserting <quote>the Advanced National Seismic System, and the global navigation satellite system (GNSS); and</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="HA073A8FF53F74C00A90A2B56B71FB2E9"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H5EDB2C3DD8CC4B12B62B0AC4BEBAD12F"><subparagraph id="H31103576DF2F4A3FBB2DAC4BF0BABCC2"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">ensure research is coordinated with tsunami warning operations;</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HB9AABEA955F9447CA33BD8D1A50085CF"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (3), by inserting <quote>according to industry best practices</quote> before the period; and</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HE3E1BC314C9B4AA2934C3AE543FC643E"><enum>(7)</enum><text>in subsection (h)(2)(A), as so redesignated, by striking <quote>accuracy of the tsunami model used</quote> and inserting <quote>timeliness and accuracy of the forecast used to issue the warning</quote>.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H97AD64FF08C946969C27BE3AEE0A24A3"><enum>(d)</enum><header>National tsunami hazard mitigation program</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 805(c) of the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3204">33 U.S.C. 3204(c)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H6AEF06B2A14946E9A6D844F0E1CF8EF4"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in paragraph (5)—</text><subparagraph id="HF085D362D3704594A21B5C4E345CD0C4"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (B), (C), (D), (E), (F), and (G) as subparagraphs (C), (D), (E), (F), (G), and (H), respectively;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HD3760F38D7F14EEDB6E794C298AA1BB6"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following new subparagraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H4CC03BB75A5A4529A34389E437122890"><subparagraph id="HC707E3EABA124B509DBB7207F1870E40"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Coastal digital elevation models (DEMs) to support the development of inundation maps.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA9EC0421833A4917A126BD6C5D1B1A44"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HD81862882A194A81BD0EFC8A1CAB043A"><subparagraph id="H431812E3C57045468E7D6FD47182CFAF"><enum>(I)</enum><text>Evaluation of the variation of inundation impact resulting from tsunami-driven sediment transport.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H0340DF9F7778422D9470A7155BEDE2A8"><enum>(J)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Evaluation of tsunami debris impact on critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in section 1016(e) of <external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/107/56">Public Law 107–56</external-xref> (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/5195c">42 U.S.C. 5195c(e)</external-xref>)) and lifelines.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H7714CA3372C542319AD9602A605A0F5B"><enum>(K)</enum><text>High-resolution and high-quality digital elevation models needed for at-risk coastlines, ports, and harbors, particularly for regions not covered by existing inundation maps.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H6E3077C2691B4D88B8CC3C2F6D948FA0"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in paragraph (7)(C), by inserting <quote>and behavioral</quote> after <quote>social</quote>;</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H042DA6B8F6AD4C2E8AEC7355183A721C"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Tsunami research program</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 806 of the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3205">33 U.S.C. 3205</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H2C566C5D50F74DC3843AE1A578694D7E"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (a)—</text><subparagraph id="H060C9E9DD60D491BB9F3042D559058D1"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by striking <quote>section 805(d)</quote> and inserting <quote>section 805(b)</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H4952D526072E48DC9458BFB2B67193EB"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by inserting <quote>and management</quote> after <quote>data collection</quote>;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H25F421831963421BAC89C75807D4FD5A"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (b)—</text><subparagraph id="HA530413215C44EA3AB24B62529422756"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (1), by inserting <quote>deployment and</quote> after <quote>may include</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HEA1B22804EDA4AA1BAD561EC32A69881"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in paragraph (3), by striking <quote>social science research</quote> and inserting <quote>social and behavioral science research, including data collection,</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H2F3601D579F449ADA45CCE5AAA488579"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in paragraph (4), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H703C0E2ED0394C6894AEDE3BF8D96519"><enum>(D)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraph (5) as paragraph (7); and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HAA69619758EA4F898F18C58D30702FBB"><enum>(E)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (4) the following new paragraphs:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HE3158B96F86A4CF5B09DCDE32FCCC284"><paragraph id="H9524328069FC41FE832427647004AB8D"><enum>(5)</enum><text>develop decision support tools;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H53095030DBF44DE595D6EB4CAB105083"><enum>(6)</enum><text>leverage and prioritize research opportunities; and</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H6E653A08BACF4E57A238433067FA5E37"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new subsection:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HD4293CD820FB4782AC4C4FE5EDA6DCEE"><subsection id="H3AC54E4D23EB486F8F610F6F4AE85E91"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Research and development plan</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 12 months after the date of the enactment of this subsection and not less frequently than every 36 months thereafter, the Administrator, in consultation with the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services, shall develop a research and development and research to operations plan to improve tsunami detection and forecasting capabilities that—</text><paragraph id="H88528C47BDE74E6584C1AF5C4CF71B28"><enum>(1)</enum><text>identifies and prioritizes research and development priorities to satisfy section 804;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H75AF4FBB54234C18A7239456A5F6E364"><enum>(2)</enum><text>identifies key research needs for better detecting tsunamis that may occur in open ocean and along the coastlines of the United States and its territories, improve forecasting of tsunamis that are not seismically driven, and other opportunities determined appropriate;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HBBDFE3F86AA54CA5B14AEEC56DAB67B2"><enum>(3)</enum><text>develops plans for transitioning research to operations; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H56186BB4ED3347D8B03DA69552C66FF2"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">identifies collaboration opportunities that may further and align tsunami research, development, warnings, and operations between the centers supported or maintained under section 804, the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Tsunami Research, the National Science Foundation, the United States Geological Survey, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, institutions of higher education, private entities, stakeholders, and others determined appropriate.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7b9d16c5d6e64206b5af9bc71a9a90d6"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Assessment of tsunami watches and warnings</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="iddbe4062b51a44a93b7ceb29ac75124a6"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Tsunami Warning and Education Act (enacted as title VIII of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/109/479">Public Law 109–479</external-xref>)) is amended by inserting after section 804 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3203">33 U.S.C. 3203</external-xref>) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idF689143BD50F4F5998BC8AD649957B8C"><section id="id10235ee56f5842cc8bc943a5706894ef"><enum>804A.</enum><header>Assessment of tsunami watches and warnings</header><subsection id="ide78b51ea392a4e2fab62589542cc3652"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Assessment of tsunami watches and warnings</header><paragraph id="idd5366c3e281445a0b7849fcb1368d515"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall—</text><subparagraph id="idde4169e48f044077a845762a77584eb2"><enum>(A)</enum><text>conduct an assessment of—</text><clause id="id8ffc226891ba4fb39a532b2488d3196c"><enum>(i)</enum><text>the tsunami watches and warnings of the National Weather Service; and</text></clause><clause id="idb3e6d37e4b234e619a996f075454ceed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>the information delivery to support preparation and responses to tsunamis; and</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd10527b349614c3db1ee1d1b20dbbea2"><enum>(B)</enum><text>submit to Congress a report on the findings of the Under Secretary with respect to the assessment required by subparagraph (A).</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idbf0f01b90620448a9533ba66fbe73596"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>The assessment required by paragraph (1)(A) shall include the following:</text><subparagraph id="id1f7e5d24f4db4c729e7d45ff79f56b3e"><enum>(A)</enum><text>An evaluation of whether the watches, warnings, and information described in paragraph (1)(A) effectively—</text><clause id="id76d16fa339fb4534b06a37add113a510"><enum>(i)</enum><text>communicate risk to the general public;</text></clause><clause id="id3d53811742b44be9bfce034d49fad98c"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>inform action to prevent loss of life and property;</text></clause><clause id="id618d1dacca2d495fb1bc52bf41293fe8"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>inform action to support tsunami preparation and response; and</text></clause><clause id="idf436a2d84eef464db002077dde6fd5ca"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>deliver information in a manner designed to lead to appropriate action.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc9a85f03e3ec451698337156216344fa"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Subject to subsection (b)(2), such recommendations as the Under Secretary may have for—</text><clause id="id28a796abd23940368a1529076ab6226d"><enum>(i)</enum><text>legislative and administrative action to improve the watches and warnings described in paragraph (1)(A)(i); and</text></clause><clause id="id0b817fd25dbd4da18d57f86cd9682058"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>such research as the Under Secretary considers necessary to address the focus areas described in paragraph (3).</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id326e842eb6f24e2abad1e8cc6ddd6cda"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Focus areas</header><text>The assessment required by paragraph (1)(A) shall focus on the following areas:</text><subparagraph id="idbdc78a2e30054f18a73f70e3ddedd176"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Ways to communicate the risks posed by hazardous tsunami events to the public that are most likely to result in informed decision making regarding the mitigation of those risks.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5081246485d44d26b1cdb61d3e7ab91c"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Ways to provide actionable geographic information to the recipient of a watch or warning for tsunami, including partnering with emergency response agencies, as appropriate.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf6db9b34335643b8b13a401573ef5639"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Evaluation of information delivery to support the preparation for and response to tsunamis</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd4d18650d8d948b8b1f23a6c769a9473"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text>In conducting the assessment required by paragraph (1)(A), the Under Secretary shall consult with—</text><subparagraph id="idae9e9846c49b4d4597ba34e3406b48e0"><enum>(A)</enum><text>individuals in the academic sector, including individuals in the field of social and behavioral sciences;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id05e2ac5a78f74d81a6b36ed7d1277b85"><enum>(B)</enum><text>other weather services;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf612c5e75b70454088ac622b42558e4d"><enum>(C)</enum><text>media outlets and other entities that distribute the watches and warnings described in paragraph (1)(A)(i);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf8ec84910f6c47b8a489f137b274a6ee"><enum>(D)</enum><text>emergency planners and responders, including State, local, and Tribal emergency management agencies;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id7820a62b03a341cd94e30260ffe85f94"><enum>(E)</enum><text>other government users of the watches and warnings described in paragraph (1)(A)(i), including the Federal Highway Administration; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id4d38344b0e1b40ea91043e33a94f6367"><enum>(F)</enum><text>such other Federal agencies as the Under Secretary determines rely on watches and warnings regarding tsunamis for operational decisions.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id59b838316f97407cb1c05737cc81fd78"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Methodologies</header><text>In conducting the assessment required by paragraph (1)(A), the Under Secretary shall use such methodologies as the Under Secretary considers are generally accepted by the weather enterprise, including social and behavioral sciences.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id23c6d9cb44684f4fb7ef753f930302ca"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Improvements to tsunami watches and warnings</header><paragraph id="id91a3b944d3614d59a6dd5d9adb91342d"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Based on the assessment required by subsection (a)(1)(A), the Under Secretary shall make such improvements to the watches and warnings described in that subsection as the Under Secretary considers necessary—</text><subparagraph id="id2640208b27ae40c7a6fd9dd7c896141d"><enum>(A)</enum><text>to improve the communication of the risks posed by tsunami events; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id727583ee0561418e8e9969a81ec632cf"><enum>(B)</enum><text>to provide actionable geographic information to the recipient of a watch or warning for a tsunami.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id9f5a3b6f102e4b56a990003ba05ad457"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Requirements regarding recommendations</header><text>In conducting the assessment required by subsection (a)(1)(A), the Under Secretary shall ensure that any recommendation under subsection (a)(2)(B) that the Under Secretary considers a major change—</text><subparagraph id="idf7aa905ac0c342efba695762903ed4d0"><enum>(A)</enum><text>is validated by social and behavioral science using a generalizable sample;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb8ea821f0c9c4d5ca9a88389710d64a0"><enum>(B)</enum><text>accounts for the needs of various demographics, vulnerable populations, and geographic regions;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id25008446edec44259f54a4d8162c6c0e"><enum>(C)</enum><text>responds to the needs of Federal, State, local, and Tribal government partners and media partners; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id334be775c6a142dfbaa800272f4eb62e" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(D)</enum><text>accounts for necessary changes to Federally operated watch and warning propagation and dissemination infrastructure and protocols.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1fdcc5beae5a44adb45a1ae9c551eeee"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents for the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (enacted as title VIII of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/109/479">Public Law 109–479</external-xref>)) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 804 the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="idca038191-2e68-4cdd-ab9d-b89d26051556"><toc><toc-entry level="section" idref="id10235ee56f5842cc8bc943a5706894ef">Sec. 804A. Assessment of tsunami watches and warnings.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H1E76F45B76224C8F8BBEC1843FB05D76"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Global tsunami warning and mitigation network</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 807(d) of the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3206">33 U.S.C. 3206(d)</external-xref>) is amended by inserting <quote>and management</quote> after <quote>data sharing</quote>;</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H27D9425E5E2E4C68A8136791EF6E707D"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Tsunami Science and Technology Advisory Panel</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 808 of the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3206a">33 U.S.C. 3206a</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf7fd2aa691f14fa89a4365d5e88ff43b"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in subsection (b)(1), by inserting <quote>and behavioral</quote> after <quote>social</quote>; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id68be9d55eabc48ff87f7926ecdfc19b9"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9a2365a74ca54923852082308a9c3d8c"><subsection id="idbbd6d790eb9d4e0b89d4dcd52f6bc18a"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Sunset</header><text>The Panel shall terminate not later than six years after the date of the enactment of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>.</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HB4BE7C35230E45B586290078B2059CFC"><enum>(i)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 809 of the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3207">33 U.S.C. 3207</external-xref>) is amended to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HE9FF1D7F46D54D0DA57DBC5176C36D62"><section id="HBB40AA7FAC1D49048A4845111E7420F0"><enum>809.</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this title $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2028, of which—</text><paragraph id="H0288BF99384344C6A195AF78B81C7569"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">not less than 27 percent of the amount appropriated for each fiscal year shall be for activities conducted at the State level under the national tsunami hazard mitigation program under section 805; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HA487D852B9384B4FB89E1AC5B119C685"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">not less than 8 percent of the amount appropriated shall be for the tsunami research program under section 806.</text></paragraph></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection></section><section id="H3B5FAAE74C8444DC906CE9F0854BBDDC"><enum>106.</enum><header>Observing system planning</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 106 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8516">15 U.S.C. 8516</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H5DDE6347C985456DA5BAECDCE68D8D74"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in paragraph (3)—</text><subparagraph id="H65A85BE85EA64FDF94A67B0716C34D91"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by inserting <quote>Federal</quote> before <quote>observing capabilities</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA2DA1FE2DED54B15BF2667EDCBA72EC0"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon; </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H545AC9331834408B8DC7AC9646690ACD"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in paragraph (4)—</text><subparagraph id="HBF304AC7EC2C4E6A921DDBF5FE820B4B"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by inserting <quote>, including private sector partnerships or commercial acquisition,</quote> after <quote>options</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HC78356866DA24DD4B70A649972E60554"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H4DB7229EAAB44805A78654D11DA93733"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new paragraphs:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HE31ACE08FF4B465BB669D217C54B7262"><paragraph id="HB21ABD21BF874F578C5CCD8A4A4EFAD1"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">compare costs and schedule, including cost-benefit analysis, of Federal and private sector supplemental options to fill the observation data requirements under paragraph (1) and gaps identified pursuant to paragraph (3); and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HF47BD862494D4C5D84A3E4C815518003"><enum>(6)</enum><text>not later than one year after the date of the enactment of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>, submit to Congress a report that provides an analysis of the technical, schedule, cost, and cost benefit analyses to place an operational polar-orbiting environmental satellite capability in the early morning orbit to support the weather enterprise and the Administration’s mission.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></section><section id="H04FB829E147D44F48D0F1891AC0E5F62"><enum>107.</enum><header>Observing system simulation experiments</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 107 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8517">15 U.S.C. 8517</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H489D9FFCDA70453DB6188A025D59AD65"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (b)(3), by striking <quote>providing data</quote> and inserting <quote>comparison to current or experimental commercial system capabilities that provide data</quote>;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HA3D264FC643D46CDBCEE488DC4A88CAE"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (c)(1), by striking <quote>, including polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite systems,</quote>;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H215C1F92FC3E4A259546808B1CE0DED0"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by striking subsection (d); and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H97E5F9EA22FD491984221380A726325D"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by redesignating subsection (e) as subsection (d).</text></paragraph></section><section id="H7232422CD13F4B3C94380CBF061C6B1A"><enum>108.</enum><header>Computing resources prioritization</header><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd060ff96310f4a81af1e6b1ef7674175"><enum>(a)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">Computing research initiative</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 108 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8518">15 U.S.C. 8518</external-xref>) is amended by striking subsection (a)(3)(C) and all that follows through subsection (b)(7) and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="H22F75EA82FFE4680B75D62D5929BCC26"><subsection commented="no" id="HEB7F47B2952244389EE309091D05D0D5"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Artificial intelligence investments</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies to facilitate, optimize, and further leverage advanced computing to accomplish critical missions of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HE6A3246AD1604FC19B319A92C013E7F1"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Centers of excellence</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary may expand, and where applicable establish, centers of excellence to aid the adoption of next-generation artificial intelligence and machine learning enabled advanced computing capabilities. Each such center may carry out activities that include the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H172C571BFAE643DEBFBF9A07A1B5FDC5"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Leveraging robust public-private partnership models to provide access to training, experience, and long-term development of workforce and infrastructure.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HDBD417C8D209462D9C33500EC379ABE4"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Developing and optimizing tools, libraries, algorithms, data structures, and other supporting software necessary for specific applications on high performance computing systems.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H82EBAB9B9C934032B4F602BDB6DF51AA"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Applying modern artificial intelligence, deep machine-learning, and advanced data analysis technologies to address current and future mission challenges.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H9961A6EC739846979DB93D2C56230CCD"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">To the maximum extent practicable, exploring quantum computing and related application partnerships with public, private, and academic entities to improve the accuracy and resolution of weather predictions.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HA768704266814B76AA052783B09849B4"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Multi-Year contracts</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary may enter into multi-year contracts in accordance with section 3903 of title 41, United States Code, and shall ensure compliance with all contract clauses provided in such section to support operations, research, and development related to high performance and cloud computing infrastructure or systems with an unfunded contingent liability in the event of cancellation.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H73F87BECC35040F59C4EFCEEEC9BF8F1"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Report</header><text>Not later than two years after the date of the enactment of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>, the Under Secretary, in collaboration with the Secretary of Energy shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report evaluating the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H297BFBF89CF74DADBAD76D4729BD8A76"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">A best estimate of the overall value of high-resolution probabilistic forecast guidance for hazardous weather or water events (as such term is defined in section 401 of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>) using a next-generation weather forecast and warning framework.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H8D574A8C10514FBA99798C5E2D953D24"><enum>(2)</enum><text>The needs for cloud computing, quantum computing, or high-performance computing, visualization, and dissemination collaboration between the Department of Energy and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H51B5E4C36BE04D76AC1361CCFCAA4D45"><enum>(3)</enum><text>A timeline and guidance for implementation of the following:</text><subparagraph commented="no" id="HC02513D6E0764792893C5C986118C961"><enum>(A)</enum><text>High-resolution numerical weather prediction models.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="HA4FA4CD6BD4A4C4B848F5DD5017623FD"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Methods for meeting the cloud computing, quantum computing, or high-performance computing, visualization, and dissemination needs identified under paragraph (2).</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection><subsection id="id447af0426da84a0e8b1a43b8f548f22e"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Strategic plan on high-Performance computing and data management needs</header><paragraph id="id6f53c7cc1047415fa8522bc0fd1cf2da"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall make publicly available not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and update every 5 years thereafter until 2035, a 10-year strategic plan that outlines the high-performance computing and data management requirements and needs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and actions and strategies to address those requirements and needs.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd687f938884a4f969cb8c5d50002b664"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Plan elements</header><text>At a minimum, the strategic plan required by paragraph (1) shall include the following:</text><subparagraph id="idfcad32c0239248ab8d1786ba453833d6"><enum>(A)</enum><text>A 10-year prospective outlook of computing resources and upgrades needed to meet the mission needs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for fisheries management, oceanographic forecasting, and ecological forecasting missions.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id9a87a4179ed449228332b3f7efb864e0"><enum>(B)</enum><text>A discussion of—</text><clause id="id614e81b8fc72460b86db68c51e7e7837"><enum>(i)</enum><text>computing and processing resources of the Administration and a 10-year projected need for such resources, disaggregated by line office of the Administration;</text></clause><clause id="id195ec582ee474f579601c3f23a6523e5"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>facilities, commercial contracts, and partnerships (with other Federal agencies or other institutions or entities) of the Administration that are providing computing and data management support or capacity as of such date;</text></clause><clause id="id8d7cc3a70c4b466f816f59b5de8f5f77"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>the use by the Administration of cloud computing and other emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning;</text></clause><clause id="id8b333d22b9e9494e8c910da45fcf041d"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>additional technologies that have the potential to increase effectiveness and efficiency for data storage and processing power, including challenges to access and use of those technologies;</text></clause><clause id="idf76e207d7c8140a8b48776a1524b326d"><enum>(v)</enum><text>the distribution of computing resources among the operations and research functions of the Administration;</text></clause><clause id="id5431e167b47f4508b4635099c62d06f7"><enum>(vi)</enum><text>products and services of the Administration that have not become available to the public because of a lack of computing resources;</text></clause><clause id="id4bafdd7a2b0549728008fa7788ac953b"><enum>(vii)</enum><text>current and future workforce development needs, such as information technology and software engineering, of the Administration; and</text></clause><clause id="id6106efecb874452fa3b604ad6cf16978"><enum>(viii)</enum><text>the high-performance computing requirements of the Administration, with a special focus on requirements that are common across line offices of the Administration.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5780b6dcc64b4e36ba108fad6cf3917b"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Timelines, and performance measures for assessing progress toward attaining goals for—</text><clause id="id5e0f182e4e494d8c9a00d45648d58b13"><enum>(i)</enum><text>computing infrastructure and architecture of the Administration (including facilities, hardware, and software); and</text></clause><clause id="id73d52ac5beb64fec8cee17e6a0086c86"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>use by the Administration of technologies that will increase effectiveness and efficiency for data storage and processing power, including challenges to access and use of such technologies.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc9990c589c8e478ab6a99f27d1486360"><enum>(D)</enum><text>A 10-year life cycle analysis of the management of facilities, hardware, and engineering involved in the strategic plan that includes—</text><clause id="id0dd21c8f160047f8bdc9979393c02991"><enum>(i)</enum><text>program formulation for project conception, implementation, and closure; and</text></clause><clause id="ide0d8305448b04022b1196d4e017fc98a"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>technical infrastructure, products, processes, data, and personnel resources required to achieve defined cost, schedule, and performance objectives.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf39ebd69d4c5403b9eb11b24cb349556"><enum>(E)</enum><text>If appropriate, a description of actions taken to implement the previous plan.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id3129028e6a8c498c95ceb327ccdb674e"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Public involvement</header><text>In developing the strategic plan required by paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall invite comments and other feedback from the public to inform the strategic plan.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id042cdebc36014d4f82ffd581ec00a71d"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Annual briefings</header><subparagraph id="id49b1a6b70a8045a78f667746c34d9d98"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter until 2029, the Under Secretary shall brief Congress on the progress made toward the objectives of the strategic plan required by paragraph (1).</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id0094ffef56a2433b94e0bc4610a433dd"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>Each briefing required by subparagraph (A) shall include the following:</text><clause id="ide42b6547feec45c18150d624e1f80e69"><enum>(i)</enum><text>An evaluation of the progress made in implementing the strategic plan.</text></clause><clause id="id2a53643011404147b450bcd22d6bb008"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>Such updates to the strategic plan as the Under Secretary considers appropriate.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="H744E5CC7324C4C6B8280CF32D8221676"><enum>109.</enum><header>Earth prediction innovation center</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Paragraph (5) of section 102(b) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8512">15 U.S.C. 8512(b)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H9826941556A0426187E1498592FE84F5"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subparagraph (D), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HCDAF2B56F4A247AF9D18B8DA889852F1"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by striking subparagraph (E) and inserting the following new subparagraphs:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="H835674881FE34BA3B6FF868DBA0C5E7E"><subparagraph id="H051635AA614A42A2A1E5DC1C9A0BBE0F"><enum>(E)</enum><text>developing community weather research modeling systems that—</text><clause id="H0EE30BF6712E4DEE9ECB1C6E04FA1A95"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">are accessible by the public in accordance with section 10601 of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8512a">15 U.S.C. 8512a</external-xref>) and available for archive and long-term study;</text></clause><clause id="HB97B0F93995F4BA39C06D5E671C204BA"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>meet basic end-user requirements for running on public computers and networks located outside of secure National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration information and technology systems;</text></clause><clause commented="no" id="H661DD12B59CF41C6A2402FE5967FE858"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>use, whenever appropriate and cost-effective, innovative strategies and methods, including cloud-based computing capabilities, for hosting and management of part or all of the system described in this subparagraph;</text></clause><clause id="H6142DBE991E84D34896CD3B9C0ED5D24"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>use modeling systems that allow for interoperability with new model components, modules, and next-generation software and coding languages;</text></clause><clause id="H6E8EF5A23BB345AA9FCB3FE1945F474C"><enum>(v)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">allow for open testing and integration of promising operational model improvements from the broader community;</text></clause><clause id="H59C9D665AABF455DA36AD41A4CE309C1"><enum>(vi)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">access as close to a real-time basis as possible operational data and metadata, including commercially purchased data for use in the model testing conducted by the Earth Prediction Innovation Center pursuant to redistribution restrictions, licensing agreements, and applicable existing laws and regulations; and</text></clause><clause id="HDA9443FE23314AB2AD3AE0AE1337C411"><enum>(vii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">provide supported and portable versions of the unified forecast system, including applications for fire weather, subseasonal to seasonal forecasting, hurricane, space weather, ocean, cryosphere, air quality, and coastal models, that can reproduce current operational global and regional model prediction; and</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H0930B849109C45FCBB67E34252BB8F47"><enum>(F)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">establishing a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Data Lake, to be maintained by the Administration, a commercial partner, or non-profit entity, that consolidates and maintains a publicly available and continuously updated collection of data and metadata used in numerical weather prediction for use in the Earth Prediction Innovation Center’s model testing, pursuant to redistribution restrictions, licensing agreements, and applicable existing laws and regulations.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></section><section id="H1BF0987EC2EF4F63B38DB3A5E4CC47F6"><enum>110.</enum><header>Satellite architecture planning</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 301 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8531">15 U.S.C. 8531</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H4F0057140B1C4655BA85CC9DE66D5636"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (a), by striking paragraph (1) and redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) as paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), respectively;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HF466D012897340BC8DFF8B6056761811"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by amending subsection (b) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H444B24676B1D4D769CF3C2BDC14B37B8"><subsection id="H0EDA5E8B54744F1EB9E0AB10906A7755"><enum>(b)</enum><header>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite systems and data</header><paragraph id="HDF7A60A3485E4C82820BB28907806A80"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall maintain a fleet of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration space-based observation platforms that provide critical operations-focused data and information to support the mission of the Administration to monitor the global environment in order to protect lives and property from extreme weather and other natural phenomena.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HAC3A221BDDE247C79A76112D37E02949"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall implement recommendations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Observing Systems Council to ensure an appropriate mix of government, academic, commercial sector, and international partnerships in the provision of data and information, including a broadened effort on data acquisition through the Commercial Data Program under section 302 when cost effective and beneficial to the Administration.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H8514BC14DA3240539D12394946D491A0"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Priority</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall ensure that platforms maintained under paragraph (1) prioritize the development of products and services that are tailored to meet the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s mission.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HF14CCF3A4F334AFC8C48E85926E6E07B"><enum>(4)</enum><header>National Centers for Environmental Information</header><text>The Under Secretary shall maintain the National Centers for Environmental Information to provide a long-term archive and access to the national and global data and metadata of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="H59F76CB8FE694A81B44EF7A45BB560C2"><enum>(3)</enum><text>in subsection (f)(1), by striking <quote>2023</quote> and inserting <quote>2030</quote>.</text></paragraph></section><section id="HDF169C846B6D4ECCA9C96A3B05F09EAF"><enum>111.</enum><header>Improving uncrewed activities</header><subsection id="id60e9d788f7694fa197eb9cd5747794bd"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research and development</header><text>Section 102(b)(3) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8512">15 U.S.C. 8512(b)(3)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id7179bc3d42a74d9b8acb63cd597486b9"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B), by striking <quote>aerial</quote> and inserting <quote>crewed and uncrewed aerial and surface</quote>; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd0278c624edf49f5953237f18c341d47"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subparagraph (G), by striking <quote>, including commercial observing systems</quote> and inserting <quote>, including stationary and mobile commercial observing systems, such as uncrewed aircraft and marine systems, to provide observations of the atmosphere and ocean, and other observations, in cooperation with the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations</quote>.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id19f818ae2b534a10b0450b5f50034944"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Use of uncrewed aerial systems</header><text>Section 102 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8512">15 U.S.C. 8512</external-xref>) is further amended by—</text><paragraph id="id64f32a520d7b4caeb8f78fe6c094bbe3"><enum>(1)</enum><text>redesignating subsections (c) and (d) as subsections (d) and (e), respectively; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idcf5154fa31864cccad30bcc8f5201dd6"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by inserting after subsection (b) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf343a939da304aab99c72ceb8a1438c0"><subsection id="id5f1f6031f2464a9d9d9ef2fe7a4d4327"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Use of uncrewed aerial systems</header><paragraph id="id68c6d401d9054014829ebe78018c8a4d"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In carrying out the program under this section, the Assistant Administrator for Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the Assistant Administrator for the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, whenever practical, shall use uncrewed aerial systems to assess damage and assist recovery after an extreme weather or water event.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id179906c1a4904a0f8bf0dc21c7ea6a26"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Use of systems</header><text>In carrying out the program under this section, the Assistant Administrator for Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the Assistant Administrator for the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, may acquire uncrewed aerial systems and training resources for the regional offices and partners of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the use and deployment of those systems in storm assessments and response.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="H07CF872BF0044D1BA1C7DDABCCD795E4"><enum>112.</enum><header>Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services</header><subsection id="H503C79023DA348E3886464636C625623"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 402 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8542">15 U.S.C. 8542</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H80B0B695F0464849A71BA7A0123E3874"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (a)—</text><subparagraph id="HE097ADD6EA614DBDB259E6805C8EF187"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by striking <quote>Advancing Weather Services</quote> and inserting <quote>Advancing Meteorological Services (in this section referred to as the <quote>Interagency Council</quote>)</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA8AA8157CDA5496A9C5F59A0CF0C2827"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking <quote>Committee</quote> each place it appears and inserting <quote>Council</quote>; </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HB8897175AF574D0FA3310DA97B3D91B9"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by amending subsections (b) and (c) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="HEF1F5399673F4A6696FAB1996E14EE5B"><subsection id="H57D115BA83084FF8B7A8ADEE4379615E"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Co-Chairs</header><text>The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Under Secretary shall serve as co-chairs of the Interagency Council. The Under Secretary shall serve as the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HFC17F504C4014643AEC3A7268FC55AE7"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Further coordination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall take such steps as are necessary to coordinate the activities of the Federal Government with stakeholders in the United States weather industry, academic partners, State governments, and emergency managers, including by implementing mechanisms to encourage and enable the participation of non-Federal employees in the functions of the Interagency Council.</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="H0709A39C38D94E68A13F168392CEC072"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new subsections:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="H3289998057EA414EA39ACA47ECBFEAEF"><subsection commented="no" id="HD5C74B8665BD4F1F900DB86DB98D4ED3"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Functions</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Interagency Council shall be the formal mechanism by which all relevant Federal departments and agencies coordinate implementation of policy and practices to ensure United States global leadership in meteorological services. In doing so, the Interagency Council shall review programs and support relevant weather research and forecast innovation activities, as well as other related implementation activities, related to Federal meteorological services, including by carrying out the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H89FB777DFAB64EC2A893012E962EE12B"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Identifying and helping prioritize meteorological research and service delivery needs, including relating to observations, operational systems, communications, and infrastructure.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H46165E7060054999A7B064ED356F6034"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Providing recommendations to streamline or consolidate activities and develop greater efficiencies in cross-agency activities.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H8EB94BC972EE46999A29285BA4BA1876"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Leveraging Earth system science research outcomes of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other relevant Federal departments and agencies, including research outcomes related to the relevant recommended key science and applications questions and priorities in the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s 2018 report <quote>Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space</quote>, to understand and predict high-impact weather phenomena.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HE8BF93C05F7945B9906C50E6D05CA907"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Facilitating the expansion and strengthening of partnerships with private sector entities to advance meteorological research, communications, and computing in collaboration with the Earth system science, service, and stakeholder communities.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H53FD58A6DE8146F08142521B5C2820FE"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Sharing information regarding meteorological research improvement needs and science opportunities across relevant Federal departments and agencies.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HD142310EDECD457282002BA0566A3218"><enum>(6)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Providing advice to all relevant Federal departments and agencies regarding potential collaborations and expected level of resources needed to maintain and operate the Interagency Council.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H4B8514316EF342E4944B2B8B987713E0"><enum>(7)</enum><text>Enhancing communication and coordination and promoting sharing within relevant Federal departments and agencies and across the Interagency Council.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HFF05AD9EA91A42FC811BBDE616BF72D5"><enum>(8)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Developing, recruiting, and sustaining a professional and diverse workforce for meteorological research and services.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HBD145B1320EF4644AA69E093441C37B1"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Data inventory</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Interagency Council, in coordination and avoidance of duplication with the United States Group on Earth Observations, shall promote data and metadata access and archive activities to increase accessibility, interoperability, and reusability by maintaining a data inventory of meteorological observations. Not less frequently than every two years for a period of 10 years beginning on the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Interagency Council shall solicit updated information from private sector entities identifying current and near future sources of such data. Such data shall be made available to member departments and agencies under subsection (a).</text></subsection><subsection id="HF1603D59F4854017BBA908876DFDCAB9"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Coordination office</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Interagency Meteorological Coordination Office shall provide to the Interagency Council such administrative and logistical support as the Interagency Council may require, as determined by the co-chairs.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H72E678FCDBA446F48CB747CE8D80CCED"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Cost share</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Member departments and agencies of the Interagency Council specified under subsection (a) may provide reimbursable financial support to the Interagency Meteorological Coordinating Office to enhance cost-sharing and collaboration related to weather research and forecast innovation activities.</text></subsection><subsection id="H3AA31B65B84A4A80BA3AB658918D3DC7"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Report</header><text>Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this subsection and annually thereafter until 2029, the Interagency Council shall publish a report which identifies among member departments and agencies specified under subsection (a) the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H3D03426F69A14904BC6DF65C9BFBE8E1"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Federal programs that use meteorological observations, data sources, and capabilities.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HF7FEA7FC9CCB4EEB8996B7E9A60728B5"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Federal programs that acquire such observations, data, and capabilities from private sector entities.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HAA1627C9400946C8B29A1A5B28506BD6"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Advancements in meteorological data collection, assimilation, and forecasting that could improve Federal programmatic operational capabilities.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H7304738063F44BAC975D865B7C5CA104"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Barriers to acquiring meteorological observations, data sources, and capabilities that could be used to better meet Federal programmatic needs.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H8EAE9F4DAF454D3790E59172BAA30E61"><enum>(b)</enum><header>References</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Any reference to the Interagency Committee for Advancing Weather Services in any law, rule, regulation, paper, document, map, or other record of the United States shall be deemed to be a reference to the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services.</text></subsection></section><section id="H6B24770739694C21894AA8CF6601801E"><enum>113.</enum><header>Ocean observations</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Subsection (b) of section 12304 of the Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System Act of 2009 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3603">33 U.S.C. 3603</external-xref>) is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H6343B5E82499439DACC42B138CE0FB5C"><paragraph id="H26979E0103D94E3186CDFF56A6B207EE"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Ships of opportunity pilot program</header><subparagraph id="H2A451C322867491E9B478D0B01202253"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Administrator, in coordination with the heads of relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall, subject to relevant regulations and certifications, maintain pilot programs or projects to contract with research or commercial ship operators for data collection and assess the potential costs, benefits, and viability of a network of ocean and atmospheric observing instruments operating on research or commercial ocean vessels, including in the Arctic, in order to supplement the Integrated Coastal, Great Lakes, and Ocean Observation System in improving understanding of coastal and ocean systems and their relationships to human activities.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="HA86D19A12AB547399E32EE64BDDDA6F8"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Standards and specifications</header><text>The Administrator shall ensure that data acquired through the pilot program established pursuant to subparagraph (A) meets the most recent standards and specifications required for observation services and data as published pursuant to subsection (c) of section 302 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H8CD0F509631C4D549ABFAE3AB9593182"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Report</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than five years after the date of the enactment of this paragraph, the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall submit to Congress a report on the requirements for a global network of ocean and atmospheric instruments operating on research or commercial ocean vessels for measurement and data transmission.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H97FEB332B9434F0A9ECD10FC40096025"><enum>(D)</enum><header>Sunset</header><text>This paragraph shall terminate on the earlier of—</text><clause id="H712962E083F04A36BB59FFD11E7688FD"><enum>(i)</enum><text>September 30, 2029; or</text></clause><clause id="HB9C8AE3C29B9460F87EF8AD4CAFF4517"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>one year after the date on which the report required under subparagraph (B) is submitted by the Administrator.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><section id="HA9731CF140FB44038749427ACDBDEE8A"><enum>114.</enum><header>Consolidation of reports</header><subsection id="H10430D7625BE4A6BBB726925C6501EC6"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017</header><paragraph id="H14BD9BC0571F47ADA73403869775A02F"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 is amended—</text><subparagraph id="HCF5F4F7DF4F740589CCBAD2864BF8657"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in section 102 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8512">15 U.S.C. 8512</external-xref>), by striking subsection (d);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H82C092D28C52474BB1110E6A9FC4B643"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by amending section 105 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8515">15 U.S.C. 8515</external-xref>) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HED83FE31FEDA4FAF8EAE3D4EA2F08A64"><section commented="no" id="HAE5E686291F34565B39F602444405CC6"><enum>105.</enum><header>Weather research and development planning</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Not later than two years after the date of the enactment of this section and not less frequently than every two years thereafter, the Under Secretary, acting through the Assistant Administrator for Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, and in coordination with the Director of the National Weather Service and the Assistant Administrator for Satellite and Information Services, shall issue a research and development and research to operations plan to maintain United States leadership in numerical weather prediction and forecasting that—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H2BA3D9D2417246BF96A165007ACE9E11"><enum>(1)</enum><text>describes the forecasting skill and technology goals, technology transfer plan, and progress of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in carrying out the program conducted under section 102;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HB89B5D8BC2A24B2F8E7EB7F03A2B7134"><enum>(2)</enum><text>identifies and prioritizes specific research and development activities, data collection and analysis, predictive modeling, demonstration of potential operational forecast application, education, training, and performance metrics, weighted to meet the operational weather and flood-event mission of the National Weather Service to achieve a weather-ready Nation;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H27DB875733B447A99F308E4A02D79596"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">describes how the program conducted under section 102 will collaborate with Federal agencies and departments, international partners, and stakeholders, including the United States weather industry and academic partners, and the role of each in advancing weather forecasting and communication;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HF8E65C282FCF44C2BAB2B29AEE1FAA24"><enum>(4)</enum><text>identifies, through consultation with the National Science Foundation, the United States weather industry, and academic partners, research necessary to advance the scientific understanding of weather processes and provide information to improve weather warning and forecast systems in the United States most effectively; </text></paragraph><paragraph id="id508a9f0a32cd443db7e0c318de3e9814"><enum>(5)</enum><text>describes the ongoing research projects of the United States Weather Research Program, the goals of those projects, and those projects related to weather observations, short-term weather, or subseasonal forecasts within the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research that are closest to operationalization; and </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H17111068218F4103A201C07B6E119829"><enum>(6)</enum><text>describes how the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is advancing community weather modeling.</text></paragraph></section><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H9BAC3E2FAAF6489886E2A4836B28676D"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in section 403 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8543">15 U.S.C. 8543</external-xref>)—</text><clause id="H2615C817001040A8B6E5307973FEC04F"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in subsection (a), by inserting <quote>the</quote> after <quote>Director of</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="H4F7BE59E7C6A42E091FDAB782327BA63"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">by amending subsection (d) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H25B869DD58EC46EEACFD4565AB879C38"><subsection id="H57FB0DB6212B43E991D40C64BDF7A11D"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Annual briefing</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not less frequently than once each year, the Under Secretary shall brief the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives on participation in the program under subsection (a) and shall highlight any innovations that come from the interaction described in subsection (b).</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H50287B2FEF34444EADCCD9615F0ABC0D"><enum>(D)</enum><text>by striking sections 408 through 411 and section 414 and redesignating sections 412 and 413 as sections 408 and 409, respectively.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HC5399E0227AF4E26816BFBCD1D952714"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendments</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The table of contents in section 1(b) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 is amended by striking the items relating to sections 408 through 414 and inserting the following new items:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H4332A1958B034115B84E99A41DC7E7C1"><toc regeneration="no-regeneration"><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 408. Weather enterprise outreach.</toc-entry><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 409. Hurricane hunter aircraft.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HFDB9F400676E4E59A2A250F433E86919"><enum>(b)</enum><header>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Authorization Act of 1992</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Authorization Act of 1992 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/102/567">Public Law 102–567</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="H526CC30806CB488886985649B01B4F87"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in section 106, by striking subsection (c) (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/1537">15 U.S.C. 1537</external-xref>); and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H90541BA0474A4F049AC1606F01C62D17"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in section 108 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8520">15 U.S.C. 8520</external-xref>)—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5bf8aaacba064e3ca8759a42181d70da"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in subsection (a)—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0ecdca7c5ff14ff9a9ab0a3ba73bdd74"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">by striking paragraph (5); and</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id31f009bf3892456e8fcb8d73de3e328e"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraphs (6) through (12) as paragraphs (5) through (11), respectively;</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H9415362E345B478980A6FE5C629E80FC"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking subsection (b); and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HF5D57AA76AA345D7AC7978C8767F0E7E"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection (b).</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id230ae99facad43579f62e500e067e0cd"><enum>115.</enum><header>Precipitation forecast improvement program</header><subsection id="id5042881bd3334a948d7ab80e05cb69c3"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Title VI of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8501">15 U.S.C. 8501 et seq.</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id371675b2dd784cd7afaec6a95d2d49ce"><enum>(1)</enum><text>by redesignating section 603 as section 604; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id67a00355dbd64efe90c7d2f6c7e7f9d8"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by inserting after section 602 the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida8c59b8006ee484dbbf8b54d80bf488f"><section id="id1fb905c9b60d4d34a644b12710346397"><enum>603.</enum><header>Precipitation forecast improvement program</header><subsection id="id73c95fa6625a4149a29e7a727ff0fb44"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the United States weather industry, other Federal agencies, and academic partners, shall maintain a program to improve precipitation forecasting across timescales.</text></subsection><subsection id="idda76fffa2c44410ba6c6bb324b10c308"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Goal</header><text>The goal of the program under subsection (a) shall be to provide more accurate, reliable, and timely precipitation forecasts across timescales through the development and application of a fully coupled Earth system prediction model in order to reduce the loss of life or property related to precipitation extremes, with a focus on the following:</text><paragraph id="id45899674024f48efad4511865e9bd08e"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Improving the understanding and prediction of precipitation extremes from a variety of weather systems, including atmospheric rivers.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8194d7c58220408a97d00036c0584b97"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Evaluating and incorporating, as appropriate, innovative observations into operational monitoring and forecast systems to improve precipitation forecasts.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idaf6fd88edcf048c28e207547450f8a7a"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Improving earth system model predictions of precipitation extremes from atmospheric rivers, tropical cyclones, summer-time thunderstorms, winter storms, and other phenomena, in coordination with relevant programs.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idae196a0b727846b9ac4c0faaf5a66f30"><enum>(4)</enum><text>Enhancing research transition to operations through testbeds, including the evaluation of physical and social science, technology, and other research to develop products and services for implementation and use by relevant stakeholders.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc3e834040e3140c1b7105e2dd895918c"><enum>(5)</enum><text>Incorporating social, behavioral, and economic sciences best practices into operations for more effective and actionable watch and warning products that help drive public safety and damage mitigation decisions in coordination with the programs established in accordance with this Act.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0206d712e39f45a48cd015d5d0dcb162"><enum>(6)</enum><text>Ensuring data and metadata management processes are in place to support data access and archive for long term research and operations among multiple partners.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id1adc3869e1ec43eebb550c687e891ae6"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Activities</header><text>In carrying out the program under subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall support research-to-operations work, including relating to the following:</text><paragraph id="id5bb9c707dfdd4578bdb8859b05534bff"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Implementing key strategies and following priorities and objectives outlined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s <quote>Precipitation Prediction Grand Challenge Strategy</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7315db5da62e4ab396f4cfbb5c433d7a"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Improving the physical science, operational modeling and tools, and technology related to better forecasting precipitation extremes across timescales.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id88222693f5df4391b89963804e1d9bdd"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Improving the social, behavioral, risk, communications, and economic sciences related to vulnerabilities, risk communication, and delivery of information critical for reducing the loss of life or property related to extreme precipitation.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide7c0cfd6018b44c48b1074301d0361d5"><enum>(4)</enum><text>Conducting the research necessary to develop and deploy probabilistic weather forecast guidance technology relating to precipitation extremes in operational practice.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5273c99f55284f469fa68a4e62b57570"><enum>(5)</enum><text>Enhancing the operational capacity of the National Weather Service to deliver decision support for increasing precipitation extremes.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idea9c43c411154c20830419ce185ff8dc"><enum>(6)</enum><text>Expanding computational resources to improve precipitation modeling.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id669969ec38294454b0a1e34ad19bd427"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Annual budget</header><text>The Under Secretary shall, not less frequently than annually, submit to Congress a proposed budget corresponding with carrying out this section.</text></subsection><subsection id="idcef4a9af1a3e4b6d801cdc67a6393a3b"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Sense of Congress</header><text>It is the Sense of Congress that improved precipitation forecasts should support improved water resource management and resilience to extreme water related events, such as floods and drought, which may include the use of enhanced streamflow prediction.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idddfc6433359b4167a75dc1524b04e38e"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents in section 1(b) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 is amended by striking the item relating to section 603 and inserting the following new items:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="id3ca35b24-bd05-4aa8-809d-917c017956ce"><toc><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 603. Precipitation forecast improvement program. </toc-entry><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 604. Definitions.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection></section><enum>II</enum><header>Enhancing Federal Weather Forecasting and Innovation</header><section id="H289F3EB1EAB64B6396CF2BBA389052C0"><enum>201.</enum><header>Weather innovation for the next generation</header><subsection id="HD945B2C32B814FD2B1E7ECED2007A7C7"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall establish a Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Program (in this section referred to as the <quote>Program</quote>) to ensure the continued performance of weather radar capabilities based on defined use needs and requirements, including capabilities currently being developed.</text></subsection><subsection id="H5EBE531BF849402E8B4DDB66A0CD028E"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out the Program, the Under Secretary, in consultation with the Interagency Council for Advancing Meteorological Services, shall—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H8B23034B09044AE485E3E8A2CDD2A007"><enum>(1)</enum><text>partner with the private sector, academia, Federal, State, and local government entities, and any other entity the Under Secretary considers appropriate;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HB1881FC939C3446AA9F352CA01574844"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">identify, evaluate, and test existing or emerging technologies and solutions that improve radar coverage and performance, including by mitigating the potential impact of interferences on weather radar;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HFE32A93C563040EA9FFCC9CF23E8CC31"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to the maximum extent practicable, research additional solutions that could improve radar coverage and performance and mitigate the effects of interferences on weather radar, such as—</text><subparagraph id="id479e28604b39490ca92bf31fdf0c541c"><enum>(A)</enum><text>signal processing algorithms, including the capability to merge data from multiple radars, including commercial radars, and other supplemental data sources;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf064c84f2ffd44b1a89c5d76e143c5ee"><enum>(B)</enum><text>short-term forecasting algorithms to improve weather and water-related forecasts and warnings;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide46dc9518d944191b3f7d2387a3cae10"><enum>(C)</enum><text>gap filling radars to improve radar coverage and provide supplemental or replacement observations in areas impacted by interferences on weather radar;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idae7c37417f7f4d43ae4aa8348ed2635a"><enum>(D)</enum><text>solutions to replace or mitigate the effects of data contaminated by interferences on weather radar; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5df1ca6d130b430c87b5c1419bab7251"><enum>(E)</enum><text>solutions from electromagnetic sources; and</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id56db5607a3b94fbb8f99c65f1c384e9a"><enum>(4)</enum><text>develop, support, or partner with developers to provide commercially viable technical mitigation solutions for interferences to weather radar capabilities that are compatible with the operational requirements of the weather radar system. </text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H2494BE9A40364F48A2EDC0758850A7A5"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Priority</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out subsection (b), the Under Secretary shall prioritize consideration of the following technology-based mitigation solutions:</text><paragraph id="HC656258E93054DEAA5CB71D69B9E0FB9"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Phased array weather radar systems.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H5EE26E0D0F034E73B02E60C5FA904765"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Supplementing or replacing contaminated data with commercial radar data.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id40b7af9f37634105aa4143a0bc45550b"><enum>(3)</enum><text>The use of data from meteorological towers associated with the private sector, or similar capabilities.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H9E2B0AD2F40D474B9F045B95EF0A664B"><enum>(4)</enum><text>The installation and provision of access to rain gauges.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H81E8B28A71E840F793B5ADD57A18FF96"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Any other technology-based mitigation solution the Under Secretary determines could improve radar coverage by overcoming interferences, beam blockage, or ghost echoes.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HAA87C8B67C99461EB2CBF1AF00F1A2B7"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Report; recommendation</header><paragraph id="H3E89926EE0A14FB8B4C343C3A44C6AD7"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than two years after the date of the enactment of this section and annually thereafter until the Program terminates pursuant to subsection (e), the Under Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the implementation of the Program, including an evaluation of each technology-based mitigation solution identified for priority consideration pursuant to subsection (c), and a recommendation regarding additional identification and testing of new technologies based on such consideration.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HECAAE2E1C765466EBDA2E4EA51FA60CD"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Final recommendation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than five years after the date of the enactment of this section, the Under Secretary shall provide to Congress a recommendation on whether additional research, testing, and development through the Program established under subsection (a) is needed, and a determination of whether a cessation of field research, testing, development and evaluation under the Program is appropriate.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HDA35454C9F4E465C82474380640D0674"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Termination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The authority of the Under Secretary to carry out the Program shall terminate on the earlier of—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="HB1075A19A5DD432D92BE9328159282BB"><enum>(1)</enum><text>September 30, 2029; or</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H1A1EBC3A8CEC497BB32E8D59D0D48147"><enum>(2)</enum><text>one year after the date on which the final recommendation required under subsection (d)(2) is submitted by the Under Secretary.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HEDEBE607A7E542D9AA79A0742E8BB8AA"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>In this section:</text><paragraph id="H01865194F12545DC978640FE341158EC"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Ghost echo</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <term>ghost echo</term> means radar signal reflectivity or velocity return errors in radar data due to the proximity of an interference.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id68701658211c44908779f904f29cce08"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Interference</header><text>The term <term>interference</term> means any natural or human-built structure that affects a weather radar system, including any wind turbine or building that could disrupt or limit the effectiveness of a weather radar system.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id477dc4bb5c8c42bca63d092504b3c74a"><enum>202.</enum><header>Radar next program</header><subsection id="id673942c60c5e4f8e84170489032bf662"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the National Weather Service, shall establish a program to be known as the <quote>Radar Next Program</quote> (in this section referred to as the <quote>program</quote>).</text></subsection><subsection id="id8688f89e3a594f129cb4517a52a35eab"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Under Secretary shall—</text><paragraph id="idbc99b03e3d8a4498b47f139efe768133"><enum>(1)</enum><text>develop performance and coverage requirements for the weather radar network of the United States, including the territories of the United States;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="iddb5cca797d1541d9b9fe55e3b50ed8c9"><enum>(2)</enum><text>collaborate with the weather enterprise to determine potential solutions to update the weather radar network of the United States that meets the requirements developed under paragraph (1); and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide0f3af52515c4c7fab9c80d7f1794ed0"><enum>(3)</enum><text>develop a plan in accordance with subsection (c).</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id0ade687cc7174aa3b0c48115a82959ca"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Plan</header><paragraph id="id206e7d9baf98417f90a450b9e5cdf0e3"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall develop a plan to replace the Next Generation Weather Radar of the National Weather Service system in existence as of the data of the enactment of this Act (in this subsection referred to as the <quote>NEXRAD system</quote>).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0566746f508c4df585123cdcc5b36600"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>The plan developed under this subsection shall seek to continue and improve weather radar coverage in the United States and its territories and include the following:</text><subparagraph id="iddc3c226732b24662ab4490b2bfcff5bf"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Estimates of quantifiable improvements in performance, coverage, and accuracy to be made from potential options for replacement of the NEXRAD system.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2f54a33d9c77428cb0d05aa9a103743a"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Development of a proof-of-concept phased array radar to test and determine the specifications and requirements for such replacement.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2c2c77a7a7234e158ff1cd84db0b10fb"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Expected actions needed to implement the recommendations of the report published by the Environmental Information Services Working Group of the Science Advisory Board of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in November 2023 and entitled <quote>A NESDIS Observing System Backbone Framework</quote> to assist in defining a radar backbone architecture that will best serve the United States.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide5970edcedc54f22931f74c3b13f6c22"><enum>(D)</enum><text>Establishment of a weather surveillance radar testbed for the following:</text><clause id="id5bfdf3aa21764fcf8da2d24652b1931e"><enum>(i)</enum><text>Evaluation of commercial radars with the potential to replace or supplement the NEXRAD system.</text></clause><clause id="ida2afdd421a8f412a9f12d7a4b1eef565"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>providing technical assistance for the use of small, gap-filling radars with private and local partners in regions where geographical topography prevents the full use of large systems or in locations where such systems may not be commercially viable.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id67d475d57e3b42c89f065de693fb76e6"><enum>(E)</enum><text>Consultation and input solicited from academia, meteorologists, emergency managers, and public safety or utility officials regarding the specifications and requirements for replacement of the NEXRAD system.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide9ce3164fd844397afdf72494f9b1a84"><enum>(F)</enum><text>Prioritized locations for initial deployment of the system that will replace the NEXRAD system.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc82cb32197eb49d9a5b5bd85367a77ae"><enum>(G)</enum><text>Expected locations of the system that will replace the NEXRAD system, including sites located more than 75 miles away from an existing NEXRAD system station and additional appropriate locations.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id435ad115912f49d5af691e5a6eeaf61c"><enum>(H)</enum><text>Expected or planned improvements to data available for weather and water-related forecasts and warnings from the system that will replace the NEXRAD system.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id94ce165420b54fa6890619c04ab29ad0"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Procurement deadline</header><text>The Under Secretary shall take such actions as may be necessary to ensure the plan developed under this subsection is fully implemented and executed by not later than September 30, 2040.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id0a2c34b8f88441dbbd99fe4d3289784e"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Radar-as-a-Service</header><paragraph id="idc29d0094a12d4c04a8955e476095cf8f"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary may partner or contract with entities outside of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to fill data gaps in weather radar coverage using diverse weather radars and data assimilation technologies in order to—</text><subparagraph id="idd76702f5fab140629bbf67b20ed640bf"><enum>(A)</enum><text>supplement data gaps in weather radar coverage, including at low levels and wide areas, in existence as of the date of the enactment of this Act;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id95d556f5da1a46518539133483083c98"><enum>(B)</enum><text>ensure the continued performance of the United States’ weather radar network; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id335ccf96b9434096a78de393db95a925"><enum>(C)</enum><text>better detect significant precipitation and severe weather over a greater area across a population.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id0eb245382d874bcaa2e8b42f6da2fc08"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Considerations</header><text>In carrying out paragraph (1), the Under Secretary may consider—</text><subparagraph id="id7afcda87ab294d10820ce16ce7275333"><enum>(A)</enum><text>partnering or contracting with entities that have participated in the testbed described in subsection (c)(3), the National Mesonet Program, or Cooperative Research and Development Agreements; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc4afdfe8c7c342c686a01ba8f419380d"><enum>(B)</enum><text>weather camera systems and services, including in consultation with the Federal Aviation Administration, as viable technologies to supplement weather forecasting and prediction needs.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id9a0ee1e7d1f1496bad8140ec113da168"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Updates to Congress</header><text>The Under Secretary shall provide to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate periodic updates on the implementation of this section.</text></subsection></section><section id="ida8418ab75a6346d9a2c48922bb60adc4"><enum>203.</enum><header>Data voids in highly vulnerable areas of the United States</header><subsection id="id8d966cc105fd46129a09072b0aeaf75e"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, in coordination with the Director of the National Weather Service and the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, in consultation with the United States weather industry, academic partners, and in accordance with activities implemented through existing regional atmospheric, coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes observing systems, shall carry out activities to ensure equitable and comprehensive weather observation coverage, impact-based decision support services, and emergency information sharing in the United States, including the following</text><paragraph id="id7431825d866c42ee9ae484bbcac60cc2"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Identifying regions in the United States and the territories of the United States that are under-observed or highly vulnerable to weather impacts that threaten human life, health, and the economy.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8a5a2fa48b714481989962b3fc004c83"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Identifying any challenges that contribute to the lack of operations under paragraph (1).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id24df7eb2fcad4b72b2ab84da47e2cb4d"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Increasing weather observations and developing new weather observational capabilities, such as urban heat island mapping campaigns, with respect to the regions identified under paragraph (1).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id103687ccea814fc487ded72722728a72"><enum>(4)</enum><text>Establishing or supporting testbeds and deployments of decision-support services to Federal, State, and local emergency operations centers to develop and integrate new weather, water, and climate observation or emergency information sharing tools, with respect to the regions identified under paragraph (1).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd2a8b75f6d404bf6a6276f035467defc"><enum>(5)</enum><text>To the maximum extent practicable, advancing weather and water forecasting and climate modeling capabilities for the regions identified under paragraph (1).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id424f231e71294877ae874d0a257b91a6"><enum>(6)</enum><text>Undertaking workforce development efforts for emergency management officials and meteorologists in the regions identified under paragraph (1).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4f63f1bc1de849b7b8b9119553daf853"><enum>(7)</enum><text>Using data-void-filling observations to better resolve extreme rainfall in complex topography.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id753864c7e1fe460f90c2b2f71802e798"><enum>(8)</enum><text>Contributing to a national integrated heat health information system.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id9e206ed60f2046b18dbd70dd6611b94a"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Interagency partnership To support pilot projects</header><text>In carrying out this section, the Under Secretary, acting through the Director of the National Weather Service and in collaboration with the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, shall establish an interagency partnership to support pilot projects that accelerate coordination and use of localized weather, water, and climate data and impact-based communications in infrastructure and emergency management decisions by Federal, State, and local officials.</text></subsection><subsection id="id1276e5a815f5489db73cc6ff4b8a0f13"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Priority</header><text>At least one pilot project under subsection (b) shall address key science challenges to using mesonet data in local decision making and development of new tools and training for owners and operators of critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in section 1016(e) of <external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/107/56">Public Law 107–56</external-xref> (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/5195c">42 U.S.C. 5195c(e)</external-xref>)), such as dams, energy generation and distribution facilities, nuclear power plants, and transportation networks.</text></subsection></section><section id="id3967ed57f3294682b1d19d0bcf2c7907"><enum>204.</enum><header>Atmospheric rivers forecast improvement program</header><subsection id="idb73de87ee1bf4ef09b3488c2eda75187"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the United States weather industry and academic partners and in coordination with the precipitation forecast improvement program under section 603 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017, as added by section 115 of this Act, shall establish an atmospheric river forecast improvement program (in this section referred to as the <quote>program</quote>).</text></subsection><subsection id="id1949b26fdfe04182adecec653f2796ea"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Goal</header><text>The goal of the program shall be to reduce the loss of life and property and economic losses from atmospheric rivers through the research, development, and extension of accurate, effective, and actionable forecasts and warnings including by—</text><paragraph id="idba68068fd2a94ada8979978ccbd047a2"><enum>(1)</enum><text>establishing atmospheric river forecast skill metrics that include assessing the benefits of dynamical modeling, data assimilation, and machine learning improvements in the probabilistic forecasts of landfall location, extreme wind and precipitation, and cascading impacts;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide68e6359e6254366a02b3ad25384a65a"><enum>(2)</enum><text>developing an atmospheric river forecast system within a unified forecast system, and advancing next-generation coupled modeling systems, with the capability of providing seasonal to short-range atmospheric river forecasts that include forecast of snow accumulation and other hydrologic components;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id38966e69635a41ca93fd0c4835a5eeee"><enum>(3)</enum><text>advancing scientific understanding of the roles of atmospheric rivers in subseasonal to seasonal precipitation and probabilistic predictions at subseasonal and seasonal scales;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf622c946f5984d9c921cc147e78b8f4f"><enum>(4)</enum><text>developing tools and improved forecast products to predict periods of active or inactive atmospheric river landfalls and inland penetration over the United States with a focus on addressing stakeholder and public needs related to perceiving, comprehending, and responding to atmospheric river forecast improvements;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7e5650285c124dd7921e4f42c4f41c85"><enum>(5)</enum><text>enhancing the transition of research to operations through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s testbeds, including the evaluation of physical and social science, technology, and other research to develop products and services for implementation and use by relevant stakeholders; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc09638c258ff4cf4934f367ba0b41951"><enum>(6)</enum><text>incorporating into atmospheric river modeling and forecasting, as appropriate, social, behavioral, risk, communication, and economic sciences.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id41dbd988686e4a5dbbcd6159cde26351"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Innovative observations, data assimilation, and modeling</header><text>The Under Secretary shall ensure the program periodically examines, tests, and evaluates the value of incorporating innovative observations, data, and measurements with respect to the improvement of atmospheric river analysis, modeling, forecasts, predictions, and warnings.</text></subsection><subsection id="idf18805e324214b6d8b97b9161ec5ad2a"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Program plan</header><text>Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Air Force or the Commander of the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the Air Force Reserve Command, shall develop a plan that details the specific research, development, data acquisition, partnerships with the weather industry and academic partners, and technology transfer activities, as well as corresponding resources, and timelines, necessary to achieve the goal of the program under subsection (b). Such plan shall be made available to the public on release.</text></subsection><subsection id="idcd22acc468ce4069a6c4f86c69980b54"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Annual budget for plan submittal</header><text>After the development of the plan pursuant to subsection (d), the Under Secretary shall, not less frequently than annually, submit to Congress a proposed budget corresponding with the activities identified in such plan.</text></subsection><subsection id="idaa075216ee324a11b8e6e5af3f2935b1"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Improved modeling</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Under Secretary may—</text><paragraph id="id1b2558ddb5af42d492ea105cb5b4550f"><enum>(1)</enum><text>develop, test, and operationalize prototype high-resolution Atmospheric River Analysis and Forecasting System models through research and operations partnerships with institutions of higher education and other partners outside the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb4401691fc264a629a6c50fb825afff8"><enum>(2)</enum><text>enhance data assimilation of current and new satellite and ocean observations that is useful for atmospheric river analysis and forecasting predictions;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id27d49683107842c79bf1008bab8dad86"><enum>(3)</enum><text>improve data processing techniques related to atmospheric river analysis and forecasting predictions;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id94aef6823a6f43a084999b23b31f7a34"><enum>(4)</enum><text>use artificial intelligence and machine learning methods as applicable to atmospheric river analysis and forecasting predictions;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9f958164cf76409c81f3a00bdaa3ed66"><enum>(5)</enum><text>ensure the surface and subsurface observations of the ocean meet the needs of atmospheric river analysis and forecasting predictions on different time scales; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idffe249f88d34447bafb771d05a03566f"><enum>(6)</enum><text>to the maximum extent practicable, improve or establish baseline weather monitoring services in areas that have historically experienced, or are predicted to experience, atmospheric rivers.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id31b54dfdfac440a0b0db1b8daaab2b3d"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Conduct of reconnaissance</header><text>The Under Secretary shall acquire and sustain adequate aircraft, scientific equipment, and personnel to meet mission requirements of the National Hurricane Operations Plan and the National Winter Seasons Operation plan, and to—</text><paragraph id="idfa7bd38411ef4a9e9e3f492244ed8c89"><enum>(1)</enum><text>ensure atmospheric river air reconnaissance observations are available throughout the expected seasons of tropical cyclones and atmospheric rivers;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id46effe2c257e4ec0a1fb57096eeb1604"><enum>(2)</enum><text>to the maximum extent practicable and in accordance with paragraph (4), ensure data and information collected are made available for research and operations purposes;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb525bb4c4314472991667b276c932476"><enum>(3)</enum><text>participate in research and operations partnerships that guide flight planning and use research methods to improve and expand the capabilities and effectiveness of atmospheric river reconnaissance over time;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id29c3986ceb2a421f8e1e55a2808effe6"><enum>(4)</enum><text>develop data management strategies to ensure that data and metadata are adequately stewarded, maintained, and archived; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0cf9547bd90b4324b45dacc32ea07e46"><enum>(5)</enum><text>undertake such other additional activities as the Under Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Air Force, considers appropriate to improve and grow the hurricane hunter and atmospheric river reconnaissance mission.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id5ffcb38f39204dbfa9a83f2cfc1f3620"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Improved atmospheric river hazard communication</header><text>The Under Secretary may conduct reach and development activities in coordination with the program established under section 403(a) to—</text><paragraph id="idd098d32450a045ea9720622c38a43442"><enum>(1)</enum><text>as appropriate, develop and refine methods to categorize the intensity of weather and oceans hazards, including tropical cyclones and atmospheric rivers, on a quantitative scale and the effectiveness of such scale in hazard communication;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2c6067ab4fee4e78969b4ef83146f11c"><enum>(2)</enum><text>develop best practices for communication of atmospheric river events and hazards across regions of the United States;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4b115372383846bda3a17fc30250c26c"><enum>(3)</enum><text>gather information from areas prone to hurricanes and atmospheric rivers regarding levels of knowledge and preparedness, including responses to early forecasts and warnings by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida7339e20578f484c93dd2a8f25975e87"><enum>(4)</enum><text>explore strategies and effectiveness of communicating that hurricane and atmospheric river events are beneficial at lower intensities versus hazardous at higher intensity. </text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="H8C7BA237BDF94C1AAFC785EF4F83E2B2"><enum>205.</enum><header>Coastal flooding and storm surge forecast improvement program</header><subsection id="HAF314F7297A945059E13E906BB0738D7"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the United States weather industry and academic partners, shall establish a coastal flooding and storm surge forecast improvement program (in this section referred to as the <quote>program</quote>).</text></subsection><subsection id="HDFFCA1D7BCE046A1A15923900211ADA1"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Goal</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The goal of the program shall be to reduce the loss of life or property from coastal flooding, including high tide flooding, and storm surge events through the development and extension of accurate, effective, actionable, and probable forecasts and warnings.</text></subsection><subsection id="HCF9D1FA203354B59A14AEDC7476D5348"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Priority</header><text>In implementing the program, the Under Secretary shall prioritize activities that carry out the following:</text><paragraph id="H0535A16F1B8946DB82001084F09B07B2"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Improving understanding and capacity for real-time operational prediction of the ocean’s role in coastal flooding, including high tide flooding, and storm surge events.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H32E8918067EC4349A3F3818B8767D4A3"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Improving the capacity to mitigate, adapt to, or prevent the impacts of coastal flooding, including high tide flooding, and storm surge events, including by improving the understanding and capacity of coastal communities to perceive, comprehend, and respond to forecast information.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HB91E17252DC6400FB94BC2FD80415BAC"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Incorporating data from in situ distributed sensors into predictive models and re-analyses.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H40816404A56346EF957ED7542C3F5389"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Developing probabilistic coastal flooding, including high tide flooding, and storm surge estimates to complement worst-case scenario estimates, including for use in long-term planning and risk management by States, Tribal governments, localities, and emergency managers in coordination with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, as appropriate.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HDCC56E6A3D534EA183513D944ACBD32C"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Establishing skill metrics for coastal inundation forecasting that quantify the benefits of dynamical modeling, data assimilation, and machine learning improvements in the probabilistic forecast of coastal flooding, including high tide flooding, and storm surge risk and impacts.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HE91809C949C444B28BEEE5F7A26A49F8"><enum>(6)</enum><text>Improving operational regional storm surge models and, in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey, wave prediction models to enhance probabilistic guidance and messaging.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HFFEA88582FD44D7A95845B887B14AB90"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Innovative observations and modeling</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall ensure the program periodically examines, tests, and evaluates the value of incorporating enhanced model physics, hybrid dynamical or machine learning based prediction systems, and innovative observations, such as novel sensor technologies, observation networks, crewed or uncrewed systems, and hosted instruments on commercial aircrafts, vessels, and satellites, with respect to the improvement of coastal flooding, including high tide flooding, and storm surge forecasts, predictions, and warnings.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HE00157514F5C4A0C9C19D964C048AA8B"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Program plan</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall develop a plan that details the specific research, development, data acquisition, and technology transfer activities, as well as corresponding resources and timelines, necessary to achieve the goal of the program under subsection (b).</text></subsection><subsection id="HF9E330AC942B4AE989F05B944FCACB32"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Annual budget for plan submittal</header><text>After the development of the plan pursuant to subsection (e), the Under Secretary shall, not less frequently than annually, submit to Congress a proposed budget corresponding with the activities identified in such plan.</text></subsection></section><section id="H5808103082F143F5A47903EE7A793561"><enum>206.</enum><header>Aviation weather and data innovation</header><subsection id="H0E1BBA1236F348B78920BA148E2424CC"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Program</header><text>The Under Secretary shall maintain an airborne observation program (in this section referred to as the <quote>program</quote>) for the acquisition of atmospheric sensor data and the deployment of critical atmospheric sensors, including in partnership with the weather enterprise.</text></subsection><subsection id="H04C3596A5C9F4C2D996D10E79D774C21"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Activities</header><text>The program shall include activities that carry out the following:</text><paragraph id="H7CD99B5CC2774D0BBDAC61661707E91A"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Procurement of weather data available from commercial aircraft, as determined by the Under Secretary.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H5F8F3346CFE94F8293FF10C94DC52A2D"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Acquisition of additional vertical profile observations that provide spatial and temporal density, as determined by the Under Secretary.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H9656E16CEC5F4C6C9DE886C6EBAA1899"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Analysis of procured data when incorporated into the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s unified forecast system in order to provide improved forecast information for aircraft.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H2A160F5605F94F5884BC2735933A4DAB"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Budget</header><text>The Under Secretary shall, not less frequently than annually, submit to Congress a proposed budget corresponding with the activities described in subsection (b), including and analysis of activities that can be complemented by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration aircraft.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HC856D7C851D84558BC41409FD7557B84"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">From amounts authorized to be appropriated for the Commercial Data Program under section 302 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017, there shall be available not more than $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out the program.</text></subsection><subsection id="H020284ED17854F63814E0C69F1F6A412"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Aviation weather and turbulence forecasting</header><text>The Director of the National Weather Service shall include turbulence events, icing conditions, or other phenomena in the forecasting capabilities of the Aviation Weather Center and the Center Weather Service Units, and deliver operational forecasts with consistent, timely, and accurate weather and turbulence information for the airspace system and the protection of lives and property.</text></subsection><subsection id="HC0C6EA2FF0684BBCB10B1C0A6EB201E7"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>In carrying out subsection (e), the Director of the National Weather Service shall give consideration to recommendations from the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration in furtherance of section 44720 of title 49, United States Code, and improve weather and turbulence forecasting capabilities by—</text><paragraph id="H3C5EE33139FC4E01BE61879C5DD83C5B"><enum>(1)</enum><text>designating or establishing within the Federal Government an interagency working group to determine weather and environmental data or observation requirements, needs, and potential solutions related to aviation weather and turbulence modeling or forecasting;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H4442AF06D45E4FD593A3923A5A33E35E"><enum>(2)</enum><text>identifying current and future potential data gaps related to turbulence events or phenomena that can—</text><subparagraph id="HC445BDEC4CD64150B1ED932E1C56FBC2"><enum>(A)</enum><text>identify or inform route specific flight planning; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H9F0865FF04554265870C2D015E3C1513"><enum>(B)</enum><text>be supplemented or filled by commercial aviation tools;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H3869AAFB2EAB4BA38B192E534894FF9A"><enum>(3)</enum><text>transitioning research initiatives and pilot programs, including a pilot program of instrumentation for observing greenhouse gases and other atmospheric factors deployed on commercial aircraft and support for the evaluation of a sustained observing network using such instrumentation, into operations that improve the forecasting capabilities of the Aviation Weather Center;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HBDA6D81B2B324928A83F5A0147C0D21F"><enum>(4)</enum><text>developing and deploying improved probabilistic aviation weather forecast guidance technology; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H22B0C21D827A4BFB87B75A165B2F720E"><enum>(5)</enum><text>updating interagency agreements as appropriate, including to address reimbursable agreements.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H0824D2C44C3E453F934FF5EAC3505B38"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Next generation aviation research</header><text>Paragraph (3) of section 102(b) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8512">15 U.S.C. 8512(b)</external-xref>), is amended—</text><paragraph id="H6B5EBAB123394DBAB882F81066D120F4"><enum>(1)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (F) and (G) as subparagraphs (G) and (H), respectively; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HE792AC739E724480B885DCA21801368F"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by inserting after subparagraph (E) the following new subparagraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="HCEA4D5DD7188406892C2B3DF53B7A555"><subparagraph id="HE20AFB4486704B79B2C08F22CB3E3157"><enum>(F)</enum><text>aviation weather phenomena, including atmospheric composition and turbulence, to improve scientific understanding and forecast capabilities for the airspace system;</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H8F389200E9704CDEB5A7497882035198"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Aviation information dissemination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall ensure the Aviation Weather Center is able, to the maximum extent possible, to disseminate in a timely manner full resolution aviation weather data, forecasts, and information to meet the needs of aviation users.</text></subsection><subsection id="idd0cff806d9c54d99bff86c48bb4c3e81"><enum>(i)</enum><header>Provision of weather services to the Federal Aviation Administration</header><paragraph id="idc1c9025353824df89100b1cf99a093e7"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Sense of Congress</header><text>It is the sense of Congress that the aviation weather services provided to the Federal Aviation Administration by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are critical to the functions of the Federal Aviation Administration and the safety of the flying public.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id001243eb7eb9496fb44c7921f79eb1ab"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Interagency agreement</header><text>The Under Secretary and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall enter into or otherwise participate in an interagency agreement for a period of not less than 5 years under which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides weather services to the Federal Aviation Administration.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id1fb1f1c1c4c2400ea65c666c743f55e8"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Briefings</header><text>Not less frequently than once per quarter through 2030, the Under Secretary and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall provide a briefing to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives on the status of the provision by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of weather services to the Federal Aviation Administration and the interagency agreement under paragraph (2) </text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id0c752ac9fe604ee8bae9b6dc382c9794"><enum>207.</enum><header>NESDIS partnership program, transition program, and operational planning</header><subsection id="idaac7fe8859424559a05a8f844f839012"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Partnership program</header><paragraph id="idaefe898da2ac43a6b4e3fc524af47d0d"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Assistant Administrator of the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (in this section referred to as the <quote>Assistant Administrator</quote>) shall maintain a partnership program to enhance engagement with the private sector, academia, and other Federal departments and agencies (in this section referred to as the <quote>partnership program</quote>).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idae95a312f1954bba86ff4f44fb15a8c3"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Administration</header><text>The Assistant Administrator, in consultation with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, shall administer broad agency announcements and other transactional authority or contracting mechanisms, on an annual or more frequent basis, to support the partnership program.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id0f854e8a966d4346b4026e9392d903d1"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Transition program</header><paragraph id="id812d09b1edb440bb8a49d54a396a3f57"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>To support the development of next-generation technologies, missions, data systems, spacecraft, and instrument design, the Assistant Administrator, in consultation with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, shall maintain a program to transition selected awards from research and study phases into demonstration (in this section referred to as the <quote>transition program</quote>).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide96072dfd9c749a3a2f0a4eea2231431"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Considerations</header><text>In selecting awardees for demonstrations under the transition program, the Assistant Administrator shall consider technologies, missions, data systems, spacecraft, and instrument design that—</text><subparagraph id="idcaeeb91a32b9427b845ca6b60f2c910b"><enum>(A)</enum><text>improve upon the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s satellite architecture;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id15740face1d24f32a4e0502e33e5583c"><enum>(B)</enum><text>have a direct impact on implementing the recommendations of the Administration’s 2018 Satellite Observing System Architecture Study entitled, <quote>Building a Plan for NOAA’s 21st Century Satellite Observing System</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida6f1b0b8f4614664bf0d6b9658e98cf3"><enum>(C)</enum><text>meet current or future mission requirements.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id2da2d0327d7d481c9efbd1e13db35966"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Operational planning</header><text>In carrying out the transition program , the Assistant Administrator shall monitor demonstration phase progress and plan for promising results that meet mission requirements to be transitioned into the operational satellite architecture of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subsection><subsection id="id8d6b1d25b0d045588cb3745bdf353a26"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Annual plan</header><text>Not less frequently than annually until 2029, the Assistant Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate an annual plan that outlines the progress made in the partnership program under subsection (a), the transition program under section (b), and operational planning under subsection (c).</text></subsection><subsection id="id27ba1670c0f94ad19ffe3c057478f625"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>From amounts authorized to be appropriated to the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, there shall be available $20,000,000 for fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out to this section.</text></subsection></section><section id="H9D7D850360B04D92A56ECBED0B9A8D37"><enum>208.</enum><header>Advanced weather interactive processing system</header><subsection id="H21E0846179FC4893838C07BC6089FA26"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than September 30, 2030, the Under Secretary, acting through the Director of the National Weather Service, shall develop a strategy to transition operations of the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System to an operational cloud-based environment in order to enable a more nimble, flexible, and mobile workforce.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H79BCD21DC407440FAD026E194D7A1215"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Services</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall ensure that the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System in an operational cloud-based environment referred to in subsection (a) provides impact-based decision support services to emergency managers at the Federal, State, local, and Tribal levels, and continues to provide the following services:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H115B10F62BEB43F4A65F0C43C5B40D67"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Integrating and displaying forecast data, including meteorological, hydrological, climate, ocean, satellite, and radar data, for National Weather Service field offices and national centers.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HAAE5C61E751A45B880DBD9E650A9115F"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Acquiring and processing observational data from sensors and local sources.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HD22463FE0ACA4B97B498AF8212A3E5CC"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Providing an interactive communications system, including any relevant capabilities of the existing satellite broadcast network, to connect relevant National Weather Service employees and sites.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H17C0A456DD254AB39337CBC440EA718F"><enum>(4)</enum><text>Initiating the dissemination of weather, water, marine, ecological, climate, aviation, and space warnings and forecasts in a rapid and highly reliable manner.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HB41E7FB6833B4BBF807FF82BFE63E03F"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>The transition of operations required under subsection (a) may include the following:</text><paragraph id="HF32685E25FD94A30B14D993F17FBE275"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Establishment or support of testbeds, pilot projects, and functional testing activities to facilitate remote evaluation and automated testing.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H8D78512979FD42098F3F65F78F966FA7"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Coordinated training efforts needed for Federal and non-Federal users and operators of the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System in an operational cloud-based environment referred to in subsection (a).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H66CF288214E2480ABDA82D82E7D780E2"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Evaluation of bandwidth requirements to achieve a quality user experience.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H8B1BDA22B240404A9D89A3633A5A1A54"><enum>(4)</enum><text>Installation of circuits to reduce lapses in network operations and support backup functions.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H391785ED1CDB4B56AAD603366DD8EE87"><enum>(5)</enum><text>Establishment of a cloud-based, remotely accessible repository for data referred to in subsection (b)(2).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H532192327DFA4CAFAC4C015B9CBA0898"><enum>(6)</enum><text>Development and deployment of virtualized systems to replace physical hardware at operational sites.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HB113C638120A4531B473B6C8D97C122D"><enum>(7)</enum><text>Evaluation of commercial cloud providers, including hybrid approaches, to meet mission needs.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H7F9FCCBC3F1A43B99DB11EE752EDD1B0"><enum>(8)</enum><text>Development, testing, demonstration, evaluation, and operationalization of forecast and warning products, consistent with the mission and scientific expertise of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H6A13832E6EEE4E0984A7F779DA81A864"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Updates to Congress</header><text>The Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate periodic updates on the implementation of this section.</text></subsection><subsection id="H7A6EC023E46040DCA05963191228784B"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Continued innovation</header><text>Nothing in this section may be construed as prohibiting the development of new forecast capabilities, sub-systems, or implementing modeling advancements on the operational computing systems of the Administration.</text></subsection></section><section id="HC9D35B9A0E944B5AA7F3316B572B0049"><enum>209.</enum><header>Reanalysis and reforecasting</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The Under Secretary may support reanalysis and reforecasting activities within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, including through weather testbeds of the Administration, for—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id66944ded0b9c4006b0b41b6cb0367bae"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">improving weather forecasts, extreme weather predictions, and weather and climate datasets; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2b1d8e79c39d46b7bf7737e2bb03508d"><enum>(2)</enum><text>serving as training data for artificial intelligence and machine learning data-driven models.</text></paragraph></section><section id="HD79B41355E7641EEA3AF0C962C3C313D"><enum>210.</enum><header>National Weather Service workforce</header><subsection commented="no" id="H76E1D6FF9B6D4B7F8EBF155D611286D0"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Hiring</header><text>The Director of the National Weather Service shall annually submit to the Under Secretary and Congress an assessment of the milestones, timelines, and service level expectations required for the expeditious hiring and timely on-boarding of employees of the National Weather Service. Each such assessment may include the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H828FBE9039F443EA81B0F73EE0FA5B19"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Recommendations to outsource hiring to any entity other than the National Weather Service in order to meet such milestones, timelines, and service level expectations.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HBEFB7CA6AF5448C3A2199A09F6790215"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Determinations of the number of staff and designated positions required at each forecasting office to provide services to protect lives and property in the geographic region of responsibility.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H682E5588892040FCBF9988EA1D7CD508"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Health and morale assessment</header><text>The Director of the National Weather Service shall contract or continue to partner with an entity other than the National Weather Service to conduct an assessment of medical impacts, including stress and long-term health impacts, on National Weather Service employees related to required rotating shift work. Such assessment may include options for mitigating such impacts on employees and recommendations for improving benefits related to required rotating shift work.</text></subsection><subsection id="id169bb6ca1f7547b4aa9697192884c785"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Role of the Director</header><text>Notwithstanding the results of the assessment under subsection (a), the Director of the National Weather Service shall establish service level standards based on staffing levels. </text></subsection><subsection id="HF4523FF289EE4DAA96BE44EDC88C3346"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Designation of service hydrologist</header><paragraph id="H99880FD6520F4AB18473E3306CFC5B58"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Director of the National Weather Service may designate at least one service hydrologist at each Weather Forecast Office of the National Weather Service.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H2126CCE737A44FE5A70806F82CF91553"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Limitation</header><text>Nothing in this section may be construed to authorize or require a change in the authorized number of full time equivalent employees of the National Weather Service or otherwise result in the employment of any additional employees.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HD152A39B4E0F4B89A4F53357A93C046B"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Performance by other employees</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Notwithstanding paragraphs (4) and (5), the Director of the National Weather Service may assign the performance of the responsibilities described in this subsection to such other staff of the National Weather Service as the Director considers appropriate </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H9ACDB14587FE47B4B5F02B52EAF6E989"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Responsibilities</header><text>In order to increase impact-based decision support services, each service coordination hydrologist designated under paragraph (1) shall, with respect to hydrology, carry out the following:</text><subparagraph commented="no" id="H9D8080006A2F46BBBE2611325F65CB32"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Be responsible for providing service to the geographic area of responsibility covered by the Weather Forecast Office at which the service coordination hydrologist is employed to help ensure that users of products and services of the National Weather Service can respond effectively to improve outcomes from flood events.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H5CBDBF6583D14E2F8C28A5C537FB04DC"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Liaise with users of products and services of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, such as emergency managers, the public, academia, media outlets, users in the hydropower, transportation, recreation, and agricultural communities, and forestry, land, fisheries, and water management interests, to evaluate the adequacy and usefulness of the products and services referred to in subparagraph (A), including extended range streamflow forecasts, water supply forecasts, drought outlooks, flood inundation mapping, coastal inundation, and flood warnings.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H588E18E27E904E1F9B8EA1D374EB00D4"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Collaborate with the National Water Center, River Forecast Centers, other Weather Forecast Offices, the National Integrate Drought Information System, Administration offices, and Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies, as the Director considers appropriate, in developing, proposing, and implementing plans to develop, modify, or tailor such products and services to improve the usefulness of such products and services.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H55CB045D83924320ACC21B83CB2B06ED"><enum>(D)</enum><text>Engage in interagency partnerships with Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies to explore the use of forecast-informed reservoir operations to reduce flood risk and inform decisions related to water resources management.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="HE9358C0566D847B0A9A5D50AB8650FDE"><enum>(E)</enum><text>Ensure the maintenance and accuracy of flooding and water resource management partner call lists, appropriate office hydrologic service policy or procedures, and other hydrologic information or dissemination methodologies or strategies.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H601069CADC414C8A871310CE33CCC4B9"><enum>(F)</enum><text>Work closely with Federal, State, local, and Tribal emergency and floodplain management agencies, and other agencies relating to disaster management, to ensure a planned, coordinated, and effective preparedness and response effort.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HF3864CD14AF540C6A3CE5D30E697CCD7"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Additional responsibilities</header><text>A service coordination hydrologist designated under this subsection may, with respect to hydrology—</text><subparagraph commented="no" id="HDF237E71CE924C71B0EC2AE8D08489E8"><enum>(A)</enum><text>work with a State agency to develop plans for promoting more effective use of products and services of the National Weather Service throughout the State concerned;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H8FFCB286697A4C25824AC4DA51FEF25B"><enum>(B)</enum><text>identify priority community preparedness objectives;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H45EFA66846F646D4A6B68D2A29853363"><enum>(C)</enum><text>develop plans to carry out the responsibilities described in paragraph (4); and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="H50D1EEBF7AF44F14B6E697F7C42092C9"><enum>(D)</enum><text>conduct flooding event preparedness planning and citizen education efforts with and through various State, local, and Tribal government agencies and other disaster management-related organizations.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id55a703f4c1ac4c939bc9d362547e6a7e"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Pilot projects</header><paragraph id="id6ede7638bb8f4c5b8e00d559cec3d0f5"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Director of the National Weather Service shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbadd3d5cd0744eb99a3af50180baec07"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">perform pilot projects for transformational services related to decision support services and technology, transitioning data and services to the cloud, provision of on-site decision support for emergency management operations, and transition to and communication of probabilistic models, forecasts, and hazard information; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0c364bee3add4794bb44e2ad18e3ab04"><enum>(B)</enum><text>conduct a study to assess the capabilities needed to scale those pilot projects toward a new, more efficient and effective operations model. </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id459560fa7ae54f7f8bbd99ed3e85eef3"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Sunset</header><text>The authority under paragraph (1) shall terminate two years after the date of the enactment of this Act. </text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="idbb574e6da42340c992df4301d9472111"><enum>211.</enum><header>Artificial intelligence for weather forecasting</header><subsection id="iddbc721a8a006486e82d92dcadb79c656"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>In this section:</text><paragraph id="idda2cf8b922654a86b2c03b8e949bed3f"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Artificial intelligence</header><text>The term <term>artificial intelligence</term>—</text><subparagraph id="idf1ef259102ef4d62a28debdd4dc86312"><enum>(A)</enum><text>has the meaning given that term in section 5002 of the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/9401">15 U.S.C. 9401</external-xref>); and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc4a12e83ec1843d2ad995aa4a4b7ba42"><enum>(B)</enum><text>includes machine learning, neural networks, and natural language processing.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd74030344ac34050b6c6a7c2832bd62c"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Artificial intelligence weather model</header><text>The term <term>artificial intelligence weather model</term> means a weather model based primarily on artificial intelligence technology to project future Earth system conditions based on machine learning using weather forecasting training datasets.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd1f077a978914ca0a7fffdbd2e6e6afe"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Curate</header><text>The term <term>curate</term>, with respect to a dataset, means—</text><subparagraph id="idca885d6024734d73a4526ce2c2d85f29"><enum>(A)</enum><text>to collect and maintain the dataset—</text><clause id="idf8908fad3b6c429e8ad3b2cca47a402b"><enum>(i)</enum><text>to ensure and document its quality; and</text></clause><clause id="idf032cba433fe458c907d1a5f720ab5f5"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>to provide metadata on its provenance; and</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1759fcc9ce3948568ac57ab38aed0f77"><enum>(B)</enum><text>to update the dataset periodically, as appropriate and practicable.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id4d53bfa247cc4159b96456e4965eec03"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Numerical weather model</header><text>The term <term>numerical weather model</term> means a weather model based primarily on coupled Earth System processes that uses numerical computation to forecast future Earth system conditions.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4ec9899c741b46f489599c148b3988cf"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Observational data</header><text>The term <term>observational data</term> means data and metadata from actual observations of environmental conditions, including remote sensing and in situ platforms.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5f635e4fee11404b943abe3473ff1026"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Synthetic data</header><text>The term <term>synthetic data</term> means data produced from a model or statistical method in order to fill gaps in observational data.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id09daffe0feff435885d190bd73ebcf38"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Weather forecasting training dataset</header><text>The term <term>weather forecasting training dataset</term>—</text><subparagraph id="id53f0068102564ce6b99c46b0add75657"><enum>(A)</enum><text>means a dataset that contains continuous global observational data and synthetic data for Earth system variables relevant to weather forecasting, aviation weather, marine weather, and hydrology and water management; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id66adf0b3960e41c6abd71a4ab5e37bb8"><enum>(B)</enum><text>may include model reanalysis and forecasts initialized through a data assimilation system.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id738c41a74d554262b746840b324c5a62"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Purpose</header><text>The purpose of this section is to—</text><paragraph id="id50269b11927746b5b9a2110e72fff772"><enum>(1)</enum><text>improve accuracy and timeliness of weather, water, and space weather forecasts and effective dissemination of critical information;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb78244f75d6b4d99ba2123ef72c2b1bf"><enum>(2)</enum><text>strengthen analytic capacity to inform resource deployments in response to and to mitigate harm from weather, water, and space weather hazards through the mandated exploration and use of artificial intelligence by Federal agencies;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id40fa5139c5754b6888dfe914a3cb328b"><enum>(3)</enum><text>strengthen public-private partnerships to accelerate adoption and outcomes of the use of artificial intelligence in response to and to mitigate such harm; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id673f43fd13274fb9a708b1f351a4dd46"><enum>(4)</enum><text>strengthen public-private partnerships in highly technical, high-risk, and high-reward fields related to weather, water, and space weather forecasts.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id2f53eab3f7d047088f55f0580c55c4bd"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Earth system forecasting and information delivery</header><paragraph id="id6588ba80ada34aeb9f07fbb7e604f26a"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Training datasets</header><text>Not later than 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the Interagency Council on Advancing Meteorological Services, other appropriate Federal advisory committees as determined by the Under Secretary, and such other technical experts as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, shall develop and curate comprehensive weather forecasting training datasets with relevant Earth system data, quality information, and metadata necessary for weather forecasting.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id06f37d4c91664e259ae388894e5ede72"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Use of existing datasets</header><text>In order to speed the development of the weather forecasting training datasets required under paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall assess, and to the greatest extent practicable build on, existing Earth system reanalysis datasets of the Federal Government.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0a6711a6722c40349f65898aea4314ae"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Artificial intelligence weather model</header><subparagraph id="id1a54b4f48ccf4995b5ceeb599c5c541b"><enum>(A)</enum><header>Global model</header><text>In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary, in consultation with appropriate Federal advisory committees as determined by the Under Secretary, may develop and test a global weather model based on artificial intelligence technologies utilizing data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to the extent possible.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide7b2a11ea0254f62a4c03d1986f8d5bf"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Regional and local models</header><text>In addition to a global weather model under subparagraph (A), the Under Secretary may experiment with regional and local weather models based on artificial intelligence technologies.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id5d957faa88ab4f768cb0234891245850"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Use of artificial intelligence to disseminate information</header><text>In coordination with an artificial intelligence weather model or models developed under paragraph (3), the Under Secretary may explore the use of artificial intelligence to enhance the dissemination of information with respect to weather and evaluate the effectiveness of communication for improved public understanding and preparedness.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide250c420bce24091ae74c6f2d89ecfe2"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Continued support for observations, basic research, and numerical weather models</header><text>Notwithstanding the requirements of this subsection, the Under Secretary shall continue to support and advance the activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—</text><subparagraph id="id17cc764b54ed416d82a0fdb0e30596cb"><enum>(A)</enum><text>to collect and acquire traditional and novel observational data relevant for artificial intelligence and numerical weather, water, and space weather forecasting;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd6c033e83ad4463a825c77c138bed0a7"><enum>(B)</enum><text>to advance research on the Earth system and numerical weather model forecasting;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idcada1e2ede8545eebe1791fedcd9a78b"><enum>(C)</enum><text>to develop and advance numerical Earth system modeling for predictions;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id575042c6c64041ad937cd835dfe8bd1d"><enum>(D)</enum><text>to develop weather model data post-processing techniques; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id11dd6ad0002241a5b88d3b00635dfa2a"><enum>(E)</enum><text>to improve data assimilation techniques.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id7897fd9fe6de494fb3bb3706888d01c3"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Observing system coverage</header><text>In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary may evaluate the use of cost functions in data-driven machine learning model training to balance inequities in observing system coverage and data poor areas.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idde3e1bf474ce4086a1384ed14a1f0f22"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Uncertainty quantification research</header><text>In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary may develop uncertainty quantification research for the purpose of accurate environmental risk and hazard communications of probabilistic predictions and forecasts.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc2a38cec783e4ebd915b0297ae294303"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Report</header><text>Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, and not less frequently than every 2 years thereafter through 2035, the Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report on the activities conducted under this subsection.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idb8ac5f509c1d4a3ba7a71fb726e28a47"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and information delivery</header><text>The Under Secretary shall explore advanced applications of artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts and information delivery, such as by—</text><paragraph id="id619c23f0f76244879ecc25ae1a1aef1b"><enum>(1)</enum><text>improving data assimilation;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id06119b4c6bed401797d54fcbcb0a1df7"><enum>(2)</enum><text>accounting for coupled Earth system processes;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0044a5ed42e44c2c9eb7d398d3edf05f"><enum>(3)</enum><text>using artificial intelligence weather models to generate ensemble forecasts to more accurately assess flow-dependent forecast uncertainties; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id937850cd9b3e426aa0e351b307ce65a7"><enum>(4)</enum><text>improving impact-based decision support to diverse users and communities for greater societal benefits based on those forecasts.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="ida4521b8f5e5549ab987a56f5369baa7c"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather, water, and space weather models</header><paragraph id="idf2383536fbfb42bfbc9b4878f2f16df4"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall provide—</text><subparagraph id="id121088e1032e47d9a455a68db21adf30"><enum>(A)</enum><text>technical assistance, data access, and support for forecasters, scientists, social scientists, and engineers to test and evaluate the use and effectiveness of the artificial intelligence models of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, including within the testbeds of the Administration;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id7c9d4ed633584165be80ff92e014dc65"><enum>(B)</enum><text>best practices on providing forecasts based on outputs from artificial intelligence weather models and numerical weather models, or a combination thereof; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id35a915bf81ed4d158365c45d0ddfb50a"><enum>(C)</enum><text>support for emergency managers to make operational decisions based on outputs from artificial intelligence weather models and numerical weather models, or a combination thereof.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idb808857d985b4b9e8016a9ff562ad4f3"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Assessment of weather models</header><subparagraph id="ideadfa6869e8243d0b1054d9e418cbaa3"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall support the development of a common framework for the assessment of numerical weather models and artificial intelligence weather models by comparing model output and observational data over a period of time in the past through the use of such methodologies as the Under Secretary considers appropriate.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idfbd064424351409aaa93c344de238eca"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Best practices</header><text>In carrying out this paragraph, the Under Secretary may develop and disseminate best practices in collaboration with—</text><clause id="id16b1dffdf2e9464abbbc40b177de873c"><enum>(i)</enum><text>the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy;</text></clause><clause id="iddc285d3f4c5a48ddab8961b03c2a6b80"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>academic and research institutions; and</text></clause><clause id="idc8ebb0a285c7485b8102057f6eef5422"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>the private sector.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id551129f7a4564c5da5a7b34f20c27beb"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Technical assistance</header><text>In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary may provide technical assistance, best practices, and support required under paragraph (1) through the National Weather Service.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4df800db299a44e6b014573bdc998124"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Independent study on the impacts of artificial intelligence weather, water, and space weather models</header><text>The Under Secretary may enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences or another entity as determined appropriate by the Under Secretary to assess the impacts of artificial intelligence weather models on the weather enterprise and make recommendations to improve the integration of such models in operational forecasting.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idb01ae8ad83e94ecc86af94cd2242dac9"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Partnerships for transformational innovation</header><paragraph id="idbf3dc489637a4988bf191a81a5e377a3"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary may explore novel structures for partnerships with private, academic, and international entities for research and development of transformative innovation in weather forecasting and other environmental forecasts—</text><subparagraph id="id3dd3e41d05f547a390a136266ac10361"><enum>(A)</enum><text>to further the understanding of weather, water, and space weather, and their societal impact;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idefbb58cf102c42828b6af72933cf56b2"><enum>(B)</enum><text>to advance the science of weather and water forecasting, including seasonal and subseasonal forecasting; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf1f079a66ab0449b9bde7806ac4d36b7"><enum>(C)</enum><text>to develop, evaluate, and transition artificial intelligence weather, water, and hazard forecasting applications to operations.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id509c41555e734fffa18cd98c162a8263"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Co-investment</header><text>Subject to applicable law, the Under Secretary may consider and adopt novel co-investment strategies with the private academic and international sectors to carry out paragraph (1), including—</text><subparagraph id="idfa165003b10b4757b1893f182e2224f0"><enum>(A)</enum><text>non-Federal Government contributions to resource and support high-risk, high-return research and development in environmental forecasting, data science, artificial intelligence, and related fields;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2c9ff98c8d53430ea2f1486d6161b341"><enum>(B)</enum><text>shared rights to intellectual property from research and development activities under this subsection; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id285a762cff83431b93f3d99b7dd94983"><enum>(C)</enum><text>other approaches to sharing resources and results under this subsection.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id8c7031419ac44b58a5750ad2814b91c9"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Availability of dataset</header><paragraph id="id9b4ff17935154ab287dd42726991942b"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall develop and implement a plan to make available to the public, at no cost and subject to applicable law and policy, the following:</text><subparagraph id="id2231c4b8fae6452f818f47dd2ef4f803"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Operational artificial intelligence weather models developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idbcf9502f9ceb41f0b0466f89b54869c9"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Artificial intelligence weather models that are not operational models, including experimental and developmental models, as the Under Secretary determines appropriate.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id138f5f20b7e347e8859997dddef6ee47"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Applicable information and documentation for artificial intelligence weather models described in subparagraphs (A) and (B), including a description of intended model outputs.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd7e25b01fe214beeb6c275b9afcf35d9"><enum>(D)</enum><text>Subject to subsection (i), all data owned by the Federal Government and data that the Under Secretary has the legal right to redistribute that are associated with artificial intelligence weather models made available to the public pursuant to the plan and used in operational forecasting by the Administration, including—</text><clause id="ide782378a807a4a1f891441467196e433"><enum>(i)</enum><text>relevant metadata; and</text></clause><clause id="idf339be7a2663418cb8b1f936d901b7c3"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>data used for operational artificial intelligence weather models used by the Administration.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id1b8438306efa41a18174680bb03a8a8c"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Accommodations</header><text>In developing and implementing the plan under paragraph (1), the Under Secretary may make such accommodations as the Under Secretary considers appropriate to ensure that the public release of any artificial intelligence weather model, information, documentation, or data pursuant to the plan does not jeopardize—</text><subparagraph id="id74a252a0b2704776bb999d8fbe200052"><enum>(A)</enum><text>national security;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idfe8b723ebb5d47f49e523a60964adee3"><enum>(B)</enum><text>intellectual property or redistribution rights, including under titles 17 and 35, United States Code;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf439cbedb2034ab4bf398d42535c56f3"><enum>(C)</enum><text>any trade secret or commercial or financial information subject to section 552(b)(4) of title 5, United States Code;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8c95d508783b4003940fa1f9e40f00ca"><enum>(D)</enum><text>any models or data that are otherwise restricted by contract or other written agreement; or</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id9d9fe26da2234829baba9096f9455349"><enum>(E)</enum><text>the mission of the Administration to protect lives and property.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idac1b4c4fc4124c1db587505688963a25"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Report</header><subparagraph id="id6c1b7398ec884c42b298ca63014cdcb1"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to Congress a report, in both unclassified and classified form, regarding the risks to the economic and intellectual security of the United States from foreign countries of concern through access by those countries to weather data in the United States.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id76defbd77f96427a8f8627968c283d18"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>The report required under subparagraph (A) shall include—</text><clause id="idae8077b353aa4c1dba55c2430eda5039"><enum>(i)</enum><text>a full analysis of the national, intellectual, and economic security implications for the United States with respect to intellectual property theft or cyber or human espionage through access to weather data; and</text></clause><clause id="idfcd0a512868049eca2ee6af8291135d0"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>conclusions of the Under Secretary and recommendations for legislative and administrative action, if any.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id6df859ec8eaf4789997a355d8a5df15a"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Foreign country of concern defined</header><text>In this paragraph, the term <term>foreign country of concern</term> has the meaning given that term in section 9901 of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/4651">15 U.S.C. 4651</external-xref>).</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idfa3fb36873aa4b39ab7092959f12f0a1"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Retention of federal government expertise</header><text>Subject to applicable law, the Under Secretary may consider novel methods to recruit, retrain, and retain expert personnel to support activities under this section, including by—</text><paragraph id="id7f636b314f434a0b85caac5f43237438"><enum>(1)</enum><text>using methods to be competitive with salaries outside the Federal Government;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idef377de976d9438e82e35881977040ff"><enum>(2)</enum><text>developing staff exchange programs and training programs; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id68742b871fa84302bdcb1c614629992b"><enum>(3)</enum><text>leveraging diverse hiring strategies.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idc869fa3e120d451486c4c74c715c3799"><enum>(i)</enum><header>Protection of national security interests</header><paragraph id="id2c9245316c704c92ab80863b27301bb5"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Under Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, as appropriate, may withhold models or data used under this section if the Under Secretary determines doing so to be necessary to protect the national security interests of the United States.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id64b38178795943d0bcc2cde3dc2d26a6"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Rule of construction</header><text>Nothing in this section shall be construed to supersede any other provision of law governing the protection of the national security interests of the United States.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id00d29dff313548888dba2b89002d875e"><enum>212.</enum><header>Composition of the atmosphere and atmospheric observations</header><subsection id="id3126c516298c4e30ae204a64565ea88f"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Assessments</header><text>Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that includes the following:</text><paragraph id="ida3dc914e0eab49a6b6030bca9d7b716a"><enum>(1)</enum><text>An identification of Federal observation capabilities and data gaps related to the composition of Earth’s atmosphere, including the troposphere and stratosphere.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idde2bc203189d42fca6bada5084217eb0"><enum>(2)</enum><text>An analysis of Federal efforts that advance scientific understanding of the effects on the Earth’s radiation budget of direct or indirect actions that may change the composition of Earth’s atmosphere.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ided75d264f87b4cd8b8a264f077e21adb"><enum>(3)</enum><text>The current and projected use of ground based, space based, and maritime based remote and in situ sensing capabilities, autonomous and manned aerial platforms, and other commercially available technologies and platforms of opportunity to accelerate research and increase observations and monitoring of Earth’s atmosphere.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide482d1daf753456ab09f1639e808bc77"><enum>(4)</enum><text>Recommendations for the adaptation or expansion of technologies and platforms identified under paragraph (3).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id1683330cfcc74cd9a7bd03b600e7896c"><enum>(5)</enum><text>An identification and prioritization of additional observation and analysis capabilities needed to ensure comprehensive monitoring that detects future changes in atmospheric composition.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id19a6e87b081741e89b6c49e8e9189e65"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Considerations</header><text>In preparing an assessment required by subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall consider and use, as appropriate, reports and studies conducted by Federal agencies, the National Research Council, or other entities.</text></subsection><subsection id="idf6def9987c4a4a07be1bae57e8bb59c4"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Pilot projects</header><paragraph id="id29b8ae713ad34c79aef9722e89a620e1"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Pilot projects</header><text>The Under Secretary may conduct pilot projects of atmospheric composition observational systems and platforms including—</text><subparagraph id="id9b92869db61942f2bda7dc3fe404db4e"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the use of atmospheric observing instruments on commercial and uncrewed aircraft;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd6dc4fb4eefb4a3392ac8ef707f8e2c4"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the use of atmospheric and oceanic observing instruments on uncrewed ocean surface platforms or deployed on commercial or other nondedicated ocean vessels; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id034cca5aa0cb4646b0e1173fd8eec9a0"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in-situ observation capability to conduct regular atmospheric observations of the troposphere and stratosphere.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idf446623477a34326ba9714cad480de84"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Consultation and coordination</header><text>The Under Secretary shall consult and coordinate with relevant Federal agencies to develop processes for the appropriate deployment of systems and platforms pursuant to pilot projects required by paragraph (1).</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id0a26416e8c414c68a6aceebf6a5b95b8"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Authority To enter into agreements</header><text>Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Under Secretary may enter into agreements, to the extent necessary to carry out this section, with governmental and nongovernmental entities—</text><paragraph id="id900e1237e179433e9dc84c8b2f57bcba"><enum>(1)</enum><text>for the purchase of atmospheric composition data from commercial providers;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id816ece7462684bdc8910450617b3c5fa"><enum>(2)</enum><text>for the hosting of observational instruments on government or private platforms; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6680913a427640e887abb2504362347e"><enum>(3)</enum><text>to leverage data from international platforms as appropriate.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idb6c41600ad7f4be39dd955289271a11b"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Definition of appropriate committees of Congress</header><text>In this section, the term <term>appropriate committees of Congress</term> means—</text><paragraph id="id44f53ce90f1a4c22a282d825b609b533"><enum>(1)</enum><text>the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6f1393eb55df43b19c9f66ba867faa2d" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(2)</enum><text>the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives. </text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id1063232429584326988cf8e6c8c9193c"><enum>213.</enum><header>Project to improve forecasts of coastal marine fog</header><subsection id="idb68998166dfc4e1bafac2b9cb93e2f71"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall conduct a project to improve forecasts of coastal marine fog.</text></subsection><subsection id="idbd90b683f4c44abc860a734a036e64ae"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Goal</header><text>The goal of the project required under subsection (a) is to enhance vessel safety and reduce the economic impact of coastal marine fog events, with a focus on—</text><paragraph id="id97282a72ecc843dd92e8a1c0fcc4ef6b"><enum>(1)</enum><text>increasing the number of marine-based observations through additional Federal platforms and commercially acquired observations in locations where impacts from marine fog and reduced visibility have major safety and economic impacts, including through the use of—</text><subparagraph id="id270c7fea5dd14e759b244e9873720af3"><enum>(A)</enum><text>buoys;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1fb0c555de5545b2a2efa4b237db57eb"><enum>(B)</enum><text>meteorological stations measuring visibility, temperature, dewpoint, and wind speed and direction as a stand-alone or co-located with water level sensors, such as those that are part of the physical oceanographic observation system program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb8d76889d6af42b8af27dc81e757f2c8"><enum>(C)</enum><text>stationary platforms or drifting instruments;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida44548b38a6a49a9b0f010116b2b1033"><enum>(D)</enum><text>vessels;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id92017a16cf0242c2bfb135a16264dc78"><enum>(E)</enum><text>unmanned systems;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idccc4ca89cbb34f8f8090403fce2c240e"><enum>(F)</enum><text>remote sensing technologies, including rapid refresh hyperspectral satellite imagery; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id410daf445b73451c9ca9325083d4a252"><enum>(G)</enum><text>advanced algorithms that extract actionable information from observational data, including early detection and regular monitoring of marine fog;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id3a0acefc9dfa42d280e855cd7eafe3c0"><enum>(2)</enum><text>advancing geographic coverage, resolution, skill, and accuracy of marine fog modeling, including, when feasible, additional locations and advancements in marine channel forecast capability;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5d0a46d6a64944fc98a423020ccdc6c0"><enum>(3)</enum><text>improving communication of marine fog advisories by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6915e19f22704acc874afe5ff996b707"><enum>(4)</enum><text>communicating risks posed by hazardous marine fog events in a way that maximizes informed decision making by the public; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9b81503663b147a28d9b1ca763b5145e"><enum>(5)</enum><text>providing decision support services based on environmental information that is actionable to the recipient of a marine fog advisory.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id78a3dc5ef33848a9b66075db56ad0175"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Stakeholder engagement</header><text>In implementing the project required under subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall meet with public and private stakeholders regarding the planning, development, and implementation of the project.</text></subsection><subsection id="id33a0373d9aea4a738a4297264af026a2"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Tribal engagement</header><text>The Under Secretary shall meet with Indian tribes (as defined in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/25/5304">25 U.S.C. 5304</external-xref>)) regarding the planning, development, and implementation of the project required under subsection (a).</text></subsection><subsection id="id8625f055818f40d08c27376ca0edf1ec"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Project plan</header><text>Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall develop a plan for the project required under subsection (a) that details the specific research, development, and technology transfer activities, as well as corresponding resources and timelines, necessary to achieve the goal set forth under subsection (b). </text></subsection></section><enum>III</enum><header>Commercial Weather and Environmental Observations</header><section id="HE642A0750D2449EA8645F4BC0BAB4043"><enum>301.</enum><header>Commercial Data Program</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 is amended by striking section 302 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8532">15 U.S.C. 8532</external-xref>) and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H2336DEB6E8624C55A98F2C6D196F805B"><section id="HA6B958514EE14D9BB66C623FFAF00578"><enum>302.</enum><header>Commercial Data Program</header><subsection commented="no" id="H4D2B14FBB21D4A1E8428245C62EB26F2"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Program establishment</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary, in coordination with the heads of appropriate offices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, shall maintain a Commercial Data Program to coordinate and execute acquisition of weather and environmental data and services from private sector entities for operational use.</text></subsection><subsection id="idffd36bf0660d44168497ec44ae43aeb3"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Program elements</header><text>The Under Secretary may acquire satellite, ground-based, airborne, or marine-based in situ, remote sensing, or crowd-sourced data and services for operational use relating to weather and environmental forecasting and modeling.</text></subsection><subsection id="id51f04ed853164c00b40ab124009f749f"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Coordination and collaboration</header><text>The Under Secretary shall ensure the Commercial Data Program coordinates, collaborates, and ensures access to data across the Administration, including among the following:</text><paragraph id="id0cb5a52e69bd45798ce81a4e8c8471ad"><enum>(1)</enum><text>The National Mesonet Program.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb8acb10ef43e4fe281b420b352e8cc3f"><enum>(2)</enum><text>The Aircraft Based Observation Program.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id725c73652b7745b79e21aa7513956e58"><enum>(3)</enum><text>The National Integrated Drought Information System, including the National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2674dc47595345d5bbf94ee5b0c56da1"><enum>(4)</enum><text>The National Integrated Flood Information System.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide3562f8c316f47d2879bdf6e381a4fbc"><enum>(5)</enum><text>The Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id06ac05d056794ad5baaa3d15b2321d8e"><enum>(6)</enum><text>The National Data Buoy Center.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc13182133c1c49799f07493b17680e74"><enum>(7)</enum><text>The Uncrewed Systems Operation Center.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id220f6f2760bd421bbe1203d6d5ab7f99"><enum>(8)</enum><text>The Ocean Exploration Program.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4991a917a5e74a9f9be9acbc377b536e"><enum>(9)</enum><text>Any other program or office the Under Secretary determines appropriate.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H79A79142A380408BAAC9E11AF56FBCC9"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Standards and specifications</header><text>Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this section and on a continuous basis thereafter, the Under Secretary shall publish data, metadata, and service standards and specifications required for acquired observation services and data for use, licensing, and attribution to ensure quality, impact, and compatibility of such services and data with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration modeling capabilities, meteorological situational awareness, and forecasting.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H9A503CF062544716B4B162D5E71CAFC3"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Prioritization</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In acquiring data and services from private sector entities, the Under Secretary shall prioritize obtaining surface-based, airborne-based, space-based, and coastal- and ocean-based data, metadata, and services for operational use from entities that participate in the Commercial Data Pilot Program or other programs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that acquire commercial data or observations.</text></subsection><subsection id="H775D76ADF7174CC6AEF39F6D18FCF7B6"><enum>(f)</enum><header>NOAA Observing Systems and Fleet Councils</header><paragraph id="H615AFB79E6CF4282B0BD772587784ACA"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall maintain the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Observing Systems Council and the NOAA Fleet Council (in this subsection referred to as the <quote>Councils</quote>) to provide strategic recommendations and guidance regarding the prioritization, design, development, acquisition, upgrading, lifecycle, performance monitoring, and retiring of major components of observing systems and portfolios, including related to the acquisition of commercial weather and environmental data and services.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H7F39180BAEC947ECAD728958F6306D03"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Line office coordination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Councils shall ensure coordination and adherence to uniform policies by providing guidance to all line offices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration engaged in observing systems portfolio design, technology, development, execution, and operation.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H09E9F2D043A846AA8FBE147EF1119642"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Committee</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall maintain a Committee within the Councils to develop and approve procedural directives, guides, or handbooks relevant to management of data and information, including commercial data, and coordinate data governance and management practices across the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to promote consistent processes.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H7C72FF72E1E24EECAAE458B5ED33C868"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><paragraph commented="no" id="H3BFF4625F41F42469B50D18B8DD15276"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out this section.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H2B4C0C43278540348F30D01A6F900EEA"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Sense of Congress</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">It is the sense of Congress that the Under Secretary should seek to enter into contracts or other appropriate agreements that enable the expenditure, to the maximum extent practicable, of amounts authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available in a fiscal year to carry out this section.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HADC3F0A92ED14D7982CC4CD0CB3EDA8E"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Data and hosted payloads</header><text>Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary of Commerce may enter into agreements relating to the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H3152BE03B3EA4AE4BAE7F7EB81128E60"><enum>(1)</enum><text>The purchase of weather and environmental data and services through contracts with private sector commercial data and service providers.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H1AD3AC33BF1B4A01B64832AC9ECE1956"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The placement of weather instruments on co-hosted Federal, international, or private space, airborne, maritime, or ground platforms.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H44AA4DF483F7427FA8EB15F29337B368"><enum>(i)</enum><header>Ombudsman</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall establish or designate at least one Ombudsman position within the Commercial Data Program to implement the recommendations of the Observing System Council under subsection (e) related to commercial weather and environmental data and services acquisitions. Such an Ombudsman shall act as the liaison between private sector data and service providers and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration with respect to receiving recommendations and resolving issues related to engagement, testing, contracting, or other areas related to the Administration’s efforts to acquire commercial weather and environmental data and services. </text></subsection><subsection id="HA700A358A8AC42B69A3257CF7EF224D2"><enum>(j)</enum><header>Report</header><text>Not later than two years after the date of the enactment of this section, the Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate a report evaluating the activities and needed authorities related to data governance and management practices, including acquisition, collection, documentation, quality control, validation, reprocessing, storage, retrieval, dissemination, and long-term preservation activities across all National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration line, staff, and corporate offices.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><section id="H8C50D1706E414914B6B75E0BF99D1B5C"><enum>302.</enum><header>Commercial Data Pilot Program</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 is amended by striking section 303 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8533">15 U.S.C. 8533</external-xref>) and inserting the following new section:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="HC287EEF594F74706AE768E39A87A3E64"><section id="HB93D23358BE74311B34743A63CECCD7E"><enum>303.</enum><header>Commercial Data Pilot Program</header><subsection commented="no" id="H43E5A5F51B6F41F782EA3E34DFF1DC55"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Program establishment</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Within the Commercial Data Program under section 302, there shall, to the maximum extent practicable, be a Commercial Data Pilot Program to engage with external partners and providers to test and develop shared standards and methodologies for quality, use, licensing, and attribution of observation services and data, and to ensure quality, impact, and compatibility of such services and data with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration modeling capabilities, meteorological situational awareness, and forecasting. The Program is authorized to test and evaluate all sources and types of observation services, imagery, products, and data from private sector entities, including new and innovative surface-based, airborne-based, space-based, and coastal- and ocean-based data, metadata, and model components.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HE6368D73CB6F4060B94D11E7DD2B93FD"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Criteria</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall ensure that data acquired through the Commercial Data Pilot Program described in subsection (a) meets the most recent standards and specifications required for observation services and data as published pursuant to section 302(c).</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HC7A504E44AC846C7B91109089B1BB2ED"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Pilot contracts</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall, through an open competition, regularly enter into pilot contracts with private sector entities capable of providing observation services and data referred to in subsection (a) that meet the standards and specifications published pursuant to section 302(c) for so providing such services and data in a manner that allows the Under Secretary to calibrate and evaluate such services and data for use in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration activities.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HDD4ED990C7144F97A20F12D85BB2AD40"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Assessment of viability</header><text>The Under Secretary shall annually assess and submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a summary of the pilot contracts entered into pursuant to subsection (c), an assessment of the extent to which such contracts meet the standards and specifications published pursuant to section 302(c), and any additional information determined necessary related to the following:</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H0BCB69FB05564AE5A9FC920DE76895C1"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The viability of integrating observation services and data from private sector entities into National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration forecasts and models.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H318C683BF19C45B2B100FEB0DB51BE41"><enum>(2)</enum><text>The expected value added or improvements from such services and data if integrated into National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration forecasts and models.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HB7E41EBB4DD84F2898425A18A0A46EB4"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The accuracy, quality, timeliness, validity, reliability, usability, information technology security, and cost-effectiveness of obtaining observation services and data from private sector entities.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6e6c74b13e3640f2af96145159244976"><enum>(4)</enum><text>If the Under Secretary determines it is viable to integrate such services and data into the forecasts and models of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the steps to integrate, not later than one year after the date of the determination, such services and data into operational use by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or any associated challenges in doing so.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H40BBBD475CF04FF69418C3EAF81C79D1"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Obtaining future data</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">If an assessment under subsection (d) demonstrates the ability of services and data from private sector entities to meet the standards and specifications published pursuant to section 302(c), the Under Secretary shall—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H436D766ABABF4C32B5900F5A013E0A98"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">when cost-effective and feasible, obtain observation services and data from private sector entities through the Commercial Data Program under section 302;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HF78EF7EB13AE4585BD1F0B22A5CCB3F4"><enum>(2)</enum><text>as early as possible in the acquisition process for any future National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite system, determine whether there is a suitable, cost-effective, commercial capability available or that will be available to meet applicable instrument, spacecraft, or system requirements before completion of the critical design phase of such planned satellite system;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HDE04A470899540F1A19A82441865E57A"><enum>(3)</enum><text>if the Under Secretary determines under paragraph (2) that a suitable, cost-effective, commercial capability is or will be available, determine whether and how such capability is in the national interest if developed as a solely governmental system; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HC7F1159320794CC78FF66B939D55E7BF"><enum>(4)</enum><text>submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report detailing any determinations made under paragraphs (2) and (3).</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H77026E30DE9F487BAA5AAD46A3418C1E"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">From amounts authorized to be appropriated pursuant to section 302 to carry out such section, not less than 15 percent of such amounts each fiscal year are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><section id="H0D08CC1661D14A26ACB3098A58D6964D"><enum>303.</enum><header>Contracting authority and avoidance of duplication</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Title III of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 is amended by adding at the end the following new section:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="HFD10C5EFBEE64B5880941383C32C41A9"><section id="H48F424BEDC2B4C0492A1C2A49FC31B4C"><enum>304.</enum><header>Contracting authority and avoidance of duplication</header><subsection id="HAEF4EEEA630549DB9EF6934D1654B14D"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Consistent with the authorities of other Federal agencies that contract and partner with private sector entities, including under section 3903 of title 41, United States Code, the Under Secretary is authorized to use contracting mechanisms and enter into agreements that use multiyear contract options. In carrying out sections 302 and 303, the Under Secretary shall, to the greatest extent possible—</text><paragraph id="H57DFFD5C698C494B9F658B332A955F76"><enum>(1)</enum><text>enter into year-long or multiyear contracts using contracting mechanisms that foster resiliency of service and data purchased;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H62F1F4B959D74AF78C0474EAB60CA6C2"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">partner and contract with multiple observation service and data providers simultaneously to reduce risks of data gaps and improve mission robustness; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HEAAFD50837134310B28C9DE7CBE85DB0"><enum>(3)</enum><text>use authorities, such as additional forms of transaction agreements under section 301, that allow for innovative partnerships with private sector entities.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H99C6DF385045479FA466B58C77AA3F1F"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Savings clause</header><text>Nothing in this title may be construed as infringing on the acquisition authority or strategy of Federal entities authorized under title 10, United States Code.</text></subsection><subsection id="HCDDB1A9EAE7A496B840A05CB1BA77303"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Unnecessary duplication</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In meeting the requirements under this title, the Under Secretary shall avoid unnecessary duplication between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, other Federal departments and agencies, and private sector entities, including relating to corresponding expenditures of funds and employment of personnel by—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="H5290E7814BA54C83AB70176568FA3A29"><enum>(1)</enum><text>coordinating existing activities with other civilian Federal departments and agencies which provide, contract, or partner with private sector entities to acquire, weather and environmental observations and data; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HB814EB77A5F4447FB1D53AA450170A86"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">coordinating and soliciting weather and environmental observations and data requirements and needs from other civilian Federal departments and agencies to be acquired by the Commercial Data Program under section 302.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" id="H4B9E4D5D475E4235BD2194C2B297F39A"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Fair compensation for interagency needs</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary, to the maximum extent practicable, shall ensure that Federal departments and agencies utilizing services and data under sections 302 and 303 fairly compensate the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the non-Federal entities providing such services or data, as appropriate, for use.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><section id="H1C535E52E1D84C47AF42814841A952F6"><enum>304.</enum><header>Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Title III of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017, as amended by section 303 of this Act, is further amended by adding at the end the following new section:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="HE0FDE54C2196443BA5B310C2300B9056"><section id="HD348D1F6F96C44D4846714A02AE54353"><enum>305.</enum><header>Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices</header><subsection id="H6C765666374D41C9A4B9F7574E750782"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Data standards</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the weather enterprise, shall seek to establish consistent and open data and metadata standards to support open science, including simple cloud-optimized data formats and application programming interfaces that support findability, accessibility, usability, and preservability.</text></subsection><subsection id="HAD39F71FE05A46EF8D5E6B117C6CA8D0"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Data infrastructure</header><paragraph id="HA952BE3D452E4433BE139A7E166B9C5E"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary, in consultation with the Chief Information Officer and appropriate program heads, shall consolidate and arrange data infrastructure needs to ensure efficient and effective data transfer between National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration offices by considering the use of commercial cloud technologies, or similar hybrid structures, to host and transmit data and metadata.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H7BC816EDC3AB43CF871B2A4594B616D7"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Federal partnerships</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out paragraph (1), the Under Secretary may partner with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Energy, the United States Space Force, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Navy, the Federal Aviation Administration, the United States Forest Service, the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Geological Survey, to collocate data with joint utility and support a transition to cloud architectures, including commercial cloud networks.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HAB49DF6D3C824F92B403E2EE411D2B4A"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Long term data archive</header><text>The Under Secretary shall ensure the long-term management, maintenance, and stewardship of archival data and metadata acquired through the Commercial Data Program under section 302 is conducted within the National Centers for Environmental Information.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HAA04CE95CAE24092BC1E20B4C50F5FE1"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Data sharing with the weather enterprise</header><paragraph id="id014c1e26f57d45b4b0cb1914f8ef7da6"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>To the greatest extent practicable, the Under Secretary shall—</text><subparagraph id="id9fb26eef31154fe693e4f702e4cdbdac"><enum>(A)</enum><text>continue to ensure the delivery of data through sound and robust infrastructure, such as data sharing capabilities of the industry proving grounds; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc6969f5e56f34c33b97f0abec13337d7"><enum>(B)</enum><text>make accessible to members of the weather enterprise that are United States persons data that is—</text><clause id="idfeae71ecf93a4b189b5ee4cddd3569d2"><enum>(i)</enum><text>not subject to redistribution contract permissions; or</text></clause><clause id="id190bae8b09e5478781e8df44f2779610"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>purchased through the Commercial Data Program under section 302 or shared through international government partners.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id86bea567490f4642b245c60fbfd16fcc"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Data assimilated into models or forecasts</header><text>If data described in paragraph (1)(B) must be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models or automated forecast guidance to satisfy terms of a redistribution contract, the Under Secretary shall make accessible without delay to members of the weather enterprise that are United States persons the numerical weather prediction model or automated forecast guidance output, as the case may be. </text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H8FBED60281EF4DA3AEFFA3D35D198DCC"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Data assimilation</header><paragraph id="HE04B615C4DD041D0B1B4A192080F6AF0"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary, in coordination with the Commercial Data Program under section 302, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, the National Centers for Environmental Information, the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, and any other relevant offices within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, shall establish a program to test, advance, and implement data assimilation methods, which may include artificial intelligence, machine learning, data pre- and post-processing, efficient input and output, and next-generation algorithms.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HC58B2A84121544E7A0EFF09A47AE0471"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Data assimilation university consortium</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Through the program established pursuant to paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall establish a consortium consisting of institutions of higher education (as such term is defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1001">20 U.S.C. 1001</external-xref>)) to address critical research challenges for data assimilation and foster a growing data assimilation workforce. The consortium shall seek to—</text><subparagraph id="HDBD4EB667A6D4802803D134E928197B6"><enum>(A)</enum><text>solve critical research issues for data assimilation through innovative research;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf8d91fdda3cc4a49a9b4b206ee391ae9"><enum>(B)</enum><text>increase significantly the number of students, including Ph.D. candidates and other graduate level students, in data assimilation;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id3a16894eee554480a31dfc706b4c288f"><enum>(C)</enum><text>use modern software and frameworks, such as the Joint Effort for Data Assimilation Integration, or emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques, to conduct data assimilation research and development and facilitate research- to- operations efforts to improve weather modeling and prediction;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HCC76E37A44C94290961F2B33CDFAF394"><enum>(D)</enum><text>identify and prioritize critical research areas in data assimilation and facilitate operations to research efforts;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H5EED0B2C10B0443AA20D8BDABB0013CA"><enum>(E)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">establish and enable an effective collaboration infrastructure between National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration facilities, such as laboratories, centers, or joint agency institutes, and the research community, including a mechanism for external partners to host Administration employees; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" id="HEE44A3418334485FA25F104D8BF05729"><enum>(F)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">establish mechanisms to enable all members of the consortium to archive and access data required to support the work under this subsection.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HCDC03502CC604395B5ADB1F4A58F8E69"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall ensure the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and its associated activities focus on research-to-operations and operations-to-research efforts, including by coordinating and collaborating with the Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H06B1F10988CF4A198519B2EC399F47B1"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices security</header><text>The activities authorized under this subsection shall be conducted in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (enacted as division B of <external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/117/167">Public Law 117–167</external-xref>; <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/19231">42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.</external-xref>).</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H21259C0FC15649B2BC816CDB2B4797AF"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Study on data management</header><paragraph id="H04BBAEE6EADD4503B8B0E7A133F24EB0"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this section, the Under Secretary shall seek to enter into an agreement with a non-Federal entity to conduct a study on matters concerning data practices and management needs at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. In conducting the study, the outside entity shall—</text><subparagraph id="HE998DFD367D444C8809C2B917362C1AE"><enum>(A)</enum><text>assess the costs and benefits of current data management needs for observational and operational mission requirements;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H1FC1007B07AF4BCBAC426564C321B702"><enum>(B)</enum><text>develop recommendations regarding how to make more robust and cost-effective the data portfolio of the Administration;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H4997EF038E9D441DA0EC916BD1B835B8"><enum>(C)</enum><text>identify data infrastructure technologies and needs that are essential to the performance of modeling systems of the Administration;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HC8375AAAA0A843308D4E6A84DBFBEE9D"><enum>(D)</enum><text>assess the sharing needs and practices of the Administration for both internal and external dissemination;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H0E77EB674DA84C7B9CF96DF9DCFCB959"><enum>(E)</enum><text>develop recommendations for methods of data infrastructure sharing, including data purchased from the commercial sector; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf8e3f75ee7814c4fa58d6ec11a02f189"><enum>(F)</enum><text>develop recommendations for data standards, formats, and protocols to support artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H7B106422B3684F6F9B2FFD30C453D872"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>Of amounts authorized to be appropriated to the Commercial Data Program under section 302, $1,000,000 shall be available to carry out the study under paragraph (1) to remain available until expended.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><section commented="no" id="HDEEA356D00C74989A3FB25704453CED6"><enum>305.</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The table of contents in section 1(b) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 is amended by striking the items relating to sections 302 and 303 and inserting the following new items:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="H7F732E0935AA42BCBFED70A52D5FFA4F"><toc regeneration="no-regeneration"><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 302. Commercial Data Program.</toc-entry><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 303. Commercial Data Pilot Program.</toc-entry><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 304. Contracting authority and avoidance of duplication.</toc-entry><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 305. Data assimilation, management, and sharing practices.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></section><enum>IV</enum><header>Communicating Weather to the Public</header><section id="H5C56D06DBBFB48A39E2E318BEBA501E6"><enum>401.</enum><header>Definitions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">In this title:</text><paragraph id="HE123D939FAD449B3B729CEDCB1C1558E" commented="no"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Hazardous weather or water events</header><text>The term <term>hazardous weather or water events</term> means weather or water events that have a high risk of loss of life or property, including the following:</text><subparagraph id="HE8B7296A188142F7A6D9F76173A75733" commented="no"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Severe storms, such as hurricanes and short-fused, small-scale hazardous weather or hydrologic events produced by thunderstorms, including large hail, damaging winds, tornadoes, and flash floods.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HFEF5A893A88B4ABCAA1A466C43C7C5B4" commented="no"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Winter storms, such as freezing or frozen precipitation (including freezing rain, sleet, and snow), or combined effects of freezing or frozen precipitation and strong winds.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H47D46360E24E4C97B6C36997A4403D87" commented="no"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Other weather hazards, such as extreme heat or cold, wildfire, drought, dense fog, high winds, and river, coastal, or lakeshore flooding. </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H115A691557BD49AC8DCCE5349240A8F8"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Institution of higher education</header><text>The term <term>institution of higher education</term> has the meaning given such term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1001">20 U.S.C. 1001</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HD5B6BCEA1E69426D87ECA20AB6B2655C"><enum>(3)</enum><header>NOAA Weather Radio</header><text>The term <term>NOAA Weather Radio</term> means the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Radio All Hazards network.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H6744DE6C79BC4988877C7505B188B4BD"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Public cloud</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <term>public cloud</term> means an information technology model in which service providers make computing services, including compute and storage and develop-and-deploy environments and applications, available on-demand to organizations and individuals over the public internet or other means that allows for the widest dissemination of information.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HF0AD49C3C0244947850645C3984CB6F5" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Watch; warning</header><subparagraph id="H78E394235BA1440EAB1E5E2D5986A074" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The terms <term>watch</term> and <term>warning</term>, with respect to a hazardous weather or water event, mean products issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, intended for consumption by the general public, to alert the general public to the potential for or presence of such event and to inform action to prevent loss of life or property.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HCAD9ED0E7F3A4B13A44CB841FE2D19FB" commented="no"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Exception</header><text>The terms <term>watch</term> and <term>warning</term> do not include technical or specialized meteorological or hydrological forecasts, outlooks, or model guidance products.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></section><section id="id565044d19f5c4c7c85f19a78b6e4760f"><enum>402.</enum><header>Hazardous weather or water event risk communication</header><subsection id="idb14a07aa68904e14b7ae3281230267f7"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall maintain and improve the system of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration by which the risks of hazardous weather and water events are communicated to the general public, with the goal of informing action and encouraging response to prevent loss of life and property.</text></subsection><subsection id="idea612d44893b4d96a83f4c28b0ea6259"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Hazard risk communication improvement and simplification</header><paragraph id="idf94003491a984918935a16fb51d03aa8"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall maintain a hazard risk communication program (in this subsection referred to as the <quote>Program</quote>), for the purposes of simplifying and improving the communication of hazardous weather and water event risks.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id18a8be7b75034542b18e9261e3a5529f"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Terminology</header><text>The Program shall identify, eliminate, or modify unnecessary, redundant, or confusing terms for hazardous weather and water event communications and add new terminology, as appropriate.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5d9994072e4045449dc967bd6e0a03c8"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Communications improvement</header><text>The Program shall improve the form, content, and methods of hazardous weather and water event communications to more clearly inform action and increase the likelihood that the public takes such action to prevent the loss of life or property.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4fc22d3fdf6442a995d0a571aed4c854"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Evaluations</header><text>The Program shall, in coordination with the performance branch of the National Weather Service, develop metrics for that branch to track and evaluate the degree to which hazardous weather and water event communications inform action and encourage response.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idee316b1f5e664579b4dfe19c272fca23"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Support plan</header><text>The Program shall develop a plan for the purpose of supporting the activities described in paragraph (3). The plan shall be periodically updated and informed by internal and extramural research and the results of the evaluation of hazardous weather and water event communications conducted under paragraph (4).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id15eac655bac248c6a0910ca45747f17f"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Methods</header><text>In carrying out this subsection, the Program shall develop and implement recommendations that—</text><subparagraph id="id9b87931b0bbb4870a39d8b34513536ea"><enum>(A)</enum><text>are based on the best and most recent understanding from social, behavioral, risk, and communication science research;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1b4761233fee46cba1f40af8c599ceea"><enum>(B)</enum><text>are validated by social, behavioral, risk, and communication science, taking into account the importance of methods that support reproduction and replication of scientific studies, use of rigorous statistical analyses, and, as applicable, data analysis supported by artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id576ab73bef1142338fd1a7c1e1daf277"><enum>(C)</enum><text>account for the needs of various demographics, vulnerable populations, and geographic regions;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idfdbe87b0197947a8b9d7d321d5a79297"><enum>(D)</enum><text>account for the differences between various types of weather and water hazards;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="iddb89b4a516734f3a89a0d5f163fc6d6e"><enum>(E)</enum><text>respond to the needs of Federal, State, and local government partners and media partners; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="iddddf343aef274ca89ec6b53ea7fa78b4"><enum>(F)</enum><text>account for necessary changes in the infrastructure, technology, and protocols for creating and disseminating Federally operated watches and warnings.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id911fee7bc93d48ebb918be16f7bfb621"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>The Program shall coordinate with—</text><subparagraph id="id110ad6b274a4491aa4a4d0fbfdfd2140"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Federal partners, including National Laboratories, cooperative institutes, and regional integrated sciences and assessments programs;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5a3e4ab49c9a42ec9d35aabc991ec3bf"><enum>(B)</enum><text>State and local government partners;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id847af1b9288841d1bf8555fb9b956c52"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Indian Tribes;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id61ab2134395344748a715bf2a7d84ae7"><enum>(D)</enum><text>institutions of higher education; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2d7aba917052455698c1e9b7166a6505"><enum>(E)</enum><text>media partners.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id8ad2b3378cd64fd788b63113db1e625a"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Timeliness and consistency</header><text>The Program shall develop best practices and guidance for ensuring timely and consistent communication across public facing platforms that disseminate hazardous weather and water event information.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="idf5f6166d4bcd4c0d9fd5374bd6c18597"><enum>403.</enum><header>Hazard communication research and engagement</header><subsection id="ida21a1b8b9b5b44cc83c9fc2b690deeb8"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary may maintain, as appropriate, a program to—</text><paragraph id="ideb374c6f29074e4893c5a322b1ac490b"><enum>(1)</enum><text>modernize the development and communication of risk-based, statistically reliable, probabilistic hazard information, with the goal of informing appropriate responses to hazardous weather or water events; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0e7afc0d9c3b40d4a13871fb89392ade"><enum>(2)</enum><text>improve the fundamental social, behavioral, economic, risk, and communication science relating to communications, including by means of collecting voluntary data, regarding hazardous weather or water events.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id1006b7c0d83f497d8ba3549506f6f1a3"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>In carrying out the program under subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall coordinate and communicate with States, Tribal governments, localities, and emergency managers regarding research priorities and results.</text></subsection><subsection id="id7a8b0ade3ac14f87bae859c1a4951ff8"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Pilot program for tornado hazard communications</header><paragraph id="id3b0ed344d2de44f7950d71ab5e3d74e6"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, in coordination with the VORTEX-USA program under section 103 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8513">15 U.S.C. 8513</external-xref>), as amended by section 103 of this Act, and in collaboration with one or more eligible institutions (or consortia thereof), shall establish a pilot program for tornado hazard communications to test incorporation of research into operations with respect to tornadoes.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id011c2f951da2417285a2e79dddf86b12"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Eligible institution defined</header><text>In this subsection, the term <term>eligible institution</term> means any of the following:</text><subparagraph id="ida61798b319b14c3ab490f2d87d0af8e7"><enum>(A)</enum><text>A historically Black college or university located in an area of persistent poverty that is subjected to frequent severe weather, such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and floods.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id69303ec0ec7544f0a72a4a8a509d7892"><enum>(B)</enum><text>An institution of higher education in close proximity to a Weather Forecast Office of the National Weather Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id2b61785ae71d462fb801ece7f4569b19"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Pilot study for hurricane hazard communication</header><paragraph id="id11672bd0bb3a475c86d1843a0f2ec8d9"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, in coordination with the hurricane forecast improvement program under section 104 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8514">15 U.S.C. 8514</external-xref>), as amended by section 104 of this Act, and in collaboration with one or more eligible institutions (or consortia thereof), shall enter into an agreement with an appropriate entity, as determined by the Under Secretary, to conduct a pilot study using a mixed methods approach, including surveys, focus groups, and interviews, to gather information from hurricane prone population areas regarding the levels of preparedness of such areas for hurricanes or in response to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s early forecasts and warnings.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2dfa87d8cd134416b8b827d63dfbdcde"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Elements</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The pilot study required under paragraph (1) shall evaluate the following:</text><subparagraph id="id9220f5d1ec554e7293388fc674b5c026"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Possession of disaster supplies.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id45864b5700d04d6d9aafdca8ea760a6e"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Evacuation decisions.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id9571cf54ad4f487f80923aced50098e1"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Levels of trust of tropical cyclone information and hurricane path prediction from various sources.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide9a1d9ec5a4c40dba0e298a255e43034"><enum>(D)</enum><text>Access to tropical cyclone and hurricane forecasts and warnings in such study participant’s first language.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8bb64f037f3e4d7f9f149ad8d76dde92"><enum>(E)</enum><text>Any reasoning or deliberation by the individuals interviewed as part of the study that may hinder the ability or willingness of the individuals to evacuate.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idb644b8d8c2594f05ae22867e429b92f4"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Additional criteria</header><text>The Under Secretary shall publish the methodology of the pilot study described in paragraph (1) on a publicly accessible website of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id88dbcf2c45e448beb2e364e67ec70711"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Eligible institution defined</header><text>In this subsection, the term <term>eligible institution</term> means any of the following:</text><subparagraph id="id98c51ff9f2fd44549efb182805101944"><enum>(A)</enum><text>An institution of higher education, nonprofit organization, or other institution located in a jurisdiction eligible to participate in the program under section 113 of the National Science Foundation Authorization Act of 1988 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/1862g">42 U.S.C. 1862g</external-xref>).</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida7649bc3199d4c2794cdfdc40cde7a7e"><enum>(B)</enum><text>An institution of higher education, nonprofit organization, or other institution located in proximity to a Weather Forecast Office of the National Weather Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id86303c79a3cd45ea88aaace489ac0c7e"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Hurricane social, behavioral, and economic sciences</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida127e593d17046eb94eb2994c5600326"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out research and development activities to improve how the public receives, interprets, responds to, and values hurricane forecasts and warnings.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2e1339d3b065458ba858a6402c0beffc"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Elements</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In conducting activities under paragraph (1), the Under Secretary shall—</text><subparagraph id="idea9e93be8cc8467cb5fcae3ff1248ca5"><enum>(A)</enum><text>conduct a comprehensive review of the manner by which the public receives, interprets, responds to, and makes decisions regarding hurricane forecasts and warnings, including—</text><clause id="id777900cd77514b74b49169226fb373d0"><enum>(i)</enum><text>how weather observations, downstream models, and processes affect the decision tools or products derived from hurricane forecasts and warnings;</text></clause><clause id="idaf063a2beba54c06975f195c4a9896d3"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>how hurricane forecasts and warnings generated by decision tools and products are used by emergency managers, governments, and other users to benefit the public and stakeholder groups;</text></clause><clause id="idf0be33532e0b40e398f02a4208c8adde"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>how past experiences with hurricanes impact the decision making of the general public;</text></clause><clause id="id0939364309fb483c8d115cdd22ef4779"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>how the source of such hurricane forecasts and warnings affects interpretation;</text></clause><clause id="id6b39cf688b5c41eead50732a70817962"><enum>(v)</enum><text>how tropical cyclone forecasts and warnings are received and interpreted by the general public;</text></clause><clause id="id6ba10e4e3e09456b8a8479f3c4ec64d7"><enum>(vi)</enum><text>how understanding of and response to hurricane forecasts and warnings varies across demographic groups, including the elderly, people with disabilities, and other vulnerable populations;</text></clause><clause id="id22841af75fc4435ca69cf6561def6bf5"><enum>(vii)</enum><text>the effect of language barriers on the accessibility of hurricane forecasts and warnings; and</text></clause><clause id="idfe4957527edb442ab13801a97db81c30"><enum>(viii)</enum><text>how understanding of and response to such hurricane forecasts and warnings varies across geographic areas, including rural, urban, and suburban areas;</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id15ca19fd84a24c3991da30e72f7eca95"><enum>(B)</enum><text>identify communication data gaps based on the review conducted pursuant to subparagraph (A);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idae845694b52d4e8e95dd0c668c986720"><enum>(C)</enum><text>carry out research, including data collection and baseline assessments, in coordination with the hurricane forecast improvement program under section 104 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8514">15 U.S.C. 8514</external-xref>), as amended by section 104 of this Act, to evaluate and quantify the economic value of extending lead times of tropical cyclone and hurricane forecasts and warnings, including identifying the most affected or vulnerable populations and potential impacts to those populations of extending leads times;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id219f4f88aeda42f2941c391f662bf857"><enum>(D)</enum><text>using the post-storm surveys and assessments conducted under section 406 of this Act to conduct retrospective or ex ante assessments of previous hurricane forecasts and warnings to better understand the key components of such forecasts and warnings that affected actions or initiated behavior changes;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8d26c9f3169e414abc8d0a7cb2ba5ef2"><enum>(E)</enum><text>conduct cost- benefit analyses of forecasts and warnings improvement alternatives developed through the hurricane forecast improvement program under section 104 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8514">15 U.S.C. 8514</external-xref>), as amended by section 104 of this Act; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idcd52bd50ff804a17851d72d671327b74"><enum>(F)</enum><text>conduct assessments of the risk to the elderly for pre-, during, and post-storm periods in regions and communities with significant elderly populations, including retirement communities.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="HC314775A9BD8445799FB135A5AD64DA3"><enum>404.</enum><header>National Weather Service communications improvement</header><subsection id="H8B1A8650D7494CD9B6020A8C651FB211"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Improvement of NWS instant messaging service</header><text>The Director of the National Weather Service shall improve the instant messaging service used by personnel of the National Weather Service by implementing, not later than October 1, 2027, a commercial off-the-shelf communications solution that replaces the instant messaging service commonly referred to as <quote>NWSChat</quote>.</text></subsection><subsection id="H72F0C8F715BC425C83726461C722C7F5"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text>The communications solution implemented under this section shall—</text><paragraph id="HAFABBC50EC9642C5B41AA498F1715277"><enum>(1)</enum><text>be hosted on the public cloud; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H3955F7C3B8684C5AA05D41802C056F4F"><enum>(2)</enum><text>satisfy requirements set forth by the Director of the National Weather Service to ensure such solution—</text><subparagraph id="H1608F045073C4C1C82ECA3A4C31FA5E0"><enum>(A)</enum><text>best accommodates future growth;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H209CE8FA2406409FADE2B17F17458976"><enum>(B)</enum><text>performs successfully with increased numbers of users;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HAA7E36FC7A8B40C6B76AAA81AB98D6A4"><enum>(C)</enum><text>is easy to use for the majority of users; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="HF7143334C37A472095C16BC48C055846"><enum>(D)</enum><text>is similar to systems already in commercial use.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H600D671848C24F02AD38FFC335F82AA9"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Funding</header><text>From amounts made available for Operations, Research, and Facilities, the Director of the National Weather Service shall allocate not more than $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027 to carry out this section.</text></subsection></section><section id="H0A21488AC91F41D887B3BEE47A04B3FA"><enum>405.</enum><header>NOAA Weather Radio modernization</header><subsection id="H2CE273957EEC447D92925EEB665E2722"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, expand coverage of the NOAA Weather Radio and ensure its reliability. In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall—</text><paragraph id="HE044E685293845BF860587600ABBAC88"><enum>(1)</enum><text>maintain support for existing systems serving areas not covered by or having poor quality cellular service;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H5AA02C9D00744E368F7D2F79EDC5CB1E"><enum>(2)</enum><text>ensure consistent maintenance and operations monitoring, with timely repairs to broadcast transmitter site equipment and antennas;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HE74302CFCC7F42D099C8AB37F6A05892"><enum>(3)</enum><text>enhance the ability to amplify Non-Weather Emergency Messages via NOAA Weather Radio as necessary; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H8B2E04ADC01F4480A447241BF78FAD93"><enum>(4)</enum><text>acquire additional transmitters as required to expand coverage to rural and underserved communities, units of the National Park System, and National Recreation Areas.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HC649B6D141764C059A3103776D02BC89"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Modernization initiative</header><text>To the maximum extent practicable, the Under Secretary shall modernize NOAA Weather Radio to ensure its capabilities and coverage remain valuable to the public. In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall—</text><paragraph id="H1386518F0E4A4D65BBE1DDEDB32F497D"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">upgrade telecommunications infrastructure of NOAA Weather Radio to accelerate the transition of broadcasts to internet protocol-based communications over non-copper media;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H322DE4AB25574A7691D7DC2343219DC5"><enum>(2)</enum><text>accelerate software upgrades to the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System, or any relevant system successors, in order to implement partial county notifications and alerts;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id48c57829ffe2449f8ddbfc69a21b8871"><enum>(3)</enum><text>enhance accessibility and usability of NOAA Weather Radio data and feeds with feedback from relevant stakeholders, including the private sector;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H6871D313D9B14BDFB6E82935299A57B1"><enum>(4)</enum><text>develop options, including satellite backup capability and commercial provider partnerships, for NOAA Weather Radio continuity of service in the event of Weather Forecast Office outages;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HCE50E8175FD5438DB03AF5C0F4241E7C"><enum>(5)</enum><text>research and develop alternative options, including microwave capabilities, to transmit NOAA Weather Radio signals to transmitters that are remote or do not have internet protocol capability; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HD2B8072A95ED45B0B01988932031BAA8"><enum>(6)</enum><text>transition critical applications to the Integrated Dissemination Program, or any relevant program successors.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H7CDE3CF724CF41D68D600DC6A60A42AA"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Priority</header><text>In carrying out subsection (b), the Under Secretary shall prioritize practices, capabilities, and technologies recommended in accordance with the assessment under subsection (d) to maximize the accessibility of NOAA Weather Radio, particularly in remote and underserved areas of the United States.</text></subsection><subsection id="HFFB8DC9CF00848DE9641981F7B504987"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Assessment for management and distribution</header><text>Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall complete an assessment of access to NOAA Weather Radio. In conducting such assessment, the Under Secretary shall take into consideration and provide recommendations regarding the following:</text><paragraph id="H0980D10328174DB39AC7C8529AACF219"><enum>(1)</enum><text>The need for continuous, adequate, and operational real-time broadcasts of the NOAA Weather Radio in both urban and rural areas.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H8BE9D95AE14B4D19AB118CAA58CB2D3C"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Input from relevant stakeholders on the compatibility of NOAA Weather Radio data with third party platforms that provide online services, such as websites and mobile device applications, or provide NOAA Weather Radio access.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8a621d1acd104b5c9f7c083d5ad79160"><enum>(3)</enum><text>The manner by which existing or new management systems may promote consistent, efficient, and compatible access to NOAA Weather Radio.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idcd3ee677b95041f5b0df566932b4719e"><enum>(4)</enum><text>The ability of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to aggregate real-time broadcast feeds at one or more central locations.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0c0f6c8bef684277811914897b470c27"><enum>(5)</enum><text>Effective coordination between agencies with responsibilities relating to emergencies and natural disasters.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf2a5f0abb01c498eb7134b74d9d2cca9"><enum>(6)</enum><text>The potential effects of an electromagnetic pulse or geomagnetic disturbance on NOAA Weather Radio.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9882ef10c73d4bd283785274e9b6eeae"><enum>(7)</enum><text>Any other function or element the Under Secretary considers appropriate.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="HA3777C8CF49242FE9E86241EEB0F470A"><enum>406.</enum><header>Post-storm surveys and assessments</header><subsection commented="no" id="HEB7FEFF2E6514CB4B8D4035441FD767A"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall perform one or more post-storm surveys and assessments following every hazardous weather or water event determined by the Under Secretary to be of sufficient societal importance to warrant a post-storm survey and assessment.</text></subsection><subsection id="HB675C7F6E8074C589AF231EBDE67A925"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall coordinate with Federal, State, and local governments, private entities, and relevant institutions of higher education (or a consortia thereof) when conducting post-storm surveys and assessments under this section to optimize data collection, sharing, integration, archiving, and access, as appropriate for research needs.</text></subsection><subsection id="H3536CD8154154EDEBB74AB59E5D3EE49"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Data availability</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall make the appropriate data obtained from each post-storm survey or assessment conducted under this section available to the public as soon as practicable after conducting each such survey or assessment.</text></subsection><subsection id="HDD8F5D4A76844F878ED7A805F3D86EE9"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Improvement</header><text>In carrying out this section, the Under Secretary shall—</text><paragraph id="H8FEBCE91D6694F6F9B2B7A3A9735E53A"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">examine the role of uncrewed aerial and marine systems in data collection during post-storm surveys and assessments conducted under this section;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HFF1F03D5E37C4BD5A17D5B273DAD79A7"><enum>(2)</enum><text>identify gaps in tactics and procedures and update such tactics and procedures to enhance the efficiency and reliability of data obtained from post-storm surveys and assessments;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HBA897FEA57094CCF8FAC7503C4E0E6C8"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to the maximum extent practicable, increase the number of post-storm community impact studies, particularly among under-observed, underserved, or highly vulnerable populations, including—</text><subparagraph id="HD3E1BE6148124FEB99B97C80958F5B62"><enum>(A)</enum><text>surveying-individual responses;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H34F05C6611BF40D593BC4077FE400776"><enum>(B)</enum><text>conducting reviews of the accuracy of prior risk evaluations;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H2C2DB298F8C24A00B6D5514F6CCD7D8D"><enum>(C)</enum><text>evaluating the efficacy of prior mitigation activity; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H7BCF36604FC44537BA88684160CD7019"><enum>(D)</enum><text>gathering survivability statistics; and</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idf958724791ef4dd49c759cd15005f467"><enum>(4)</enum><text>as appropriate, integrate community-based, social, behavioral, risk, communication, and economic sciences elements into existing post-storm surveys and assessments, including elements related to the efficacy of forecast and warning information that was shared with the public, barriers that affected the ability of the public to take action, and any challenges with respect to messaging about the hazardous weather or water event.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HAE00607E9CC24DF1810050EADD5B9AEF"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Support for employees</header><text>The Under Secretary shall provide training, resources, and access to professional counseling to support the emotional and mental health and well-being of employees conducting post-storm surveys and assessments under this section.</text></subsection><subsection id="H9FA58C6883AB49058BB9E538AF98E7B8"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Exemption</header><text>Subchapter I of <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/44/35">chapter 35</external-xref> of title 44, United States Code, shall not apply to the collection of information during a survey or assessment conducted under subsection (a).</text></subsection></section><section id="H4CA8FCA8123B44D58A6EC3BC49BAD907"><enum>407.</enum><header>Government Accountability Office report on alert dissemination for hazardous weather or water events</header><subsection commented="no" id="HE7B680D5618A46BBBA4B306F2F413F6D"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report that examines the information technology infrastructure of the National Weather Service, specifically regarding the system for timely public notification via alerts and updates regarding hazardous weather or water events.</text></subsection><subsection id="H6711506D43B648DBB8E68D0334D39C33"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>The report required by subsection (a) shall include the following:</text><paragraph id="HFB04CCABEE784FC4BCB2F780BA80EEDD"><enum>(1)</enum><text>An analysis of the information technology infrastructure of the National Weather Service, including software and hardware capabilities and limitations, including an examination of server and data storage methods, broadband, data management, and data sharing.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HB6630276DEE44BE2B42867AC198CBB9E"><enum>(2)</enum><text>An identification of secondary and tertiary fail-safes for the timely distribution to the public of notifications via alerts and updates regarding hazardous weather or water events.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd0c98f06334048a899e5af06329e3fdf"><enum>(3)</enum><text>A determination of the extent to which public notifications via alerts and updates regarding hazardous weather or water events have been delayed and an identification of possible improvements or corrective measures to address latency in the notification process.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idca7cf566912f407eaac619e0bf7d1e1f"><enum>(4)</enum><text>An assessment of whether collaboration with other Federal departments and agencies, States, or private entities could reduce delays in notifications to the public.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="HD2BE68D37D14437181257F1BF7BCF25E"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">A description of actions being undertaken to better identify critical steps in public notification via alerts and updates for hazardous weather or water events that may be vulnerable to disruption or failure in the event of communication, technologic, or computational failure.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="H0A6D17DFE7804944A709CFC9124F2A8E"><enum>(6)</enum><text>The geographical differences in availability and effectiveness of rural systems, including an estimated number of rural areas affected by unreliable or unavailable systems and barriers to obtain or upgrade such systems.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="H4C3FBD81E0924B6EB4515CC3B0314A8A"><enum>408.</enum><header>Data collection management and protection</header><subsection id="id6c4e4460dfb44a1493dc69148fff307c"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Data collection</header><text>The Under Secretary may collect social, behavioral, and economic data, including data relating to Federal communication of hazardous weather or water events and the public response to such communications. Where appropriate, the Under Secretary shall encourage the collection of secondary data, purchase data, or partner with the private sector to obtain data.</text></subsection><subsection id="id1e58e09a56a747ad8b7f41b8156f435e"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Data management</header><text>The Under Secretary shall establish and maintain a central repository system for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for data related to the communication of and related public response to hazardous weather or water events, including data developed or received pursuant to this title.</text></subsection><subsection id="idbacf26bae42644a49c2b65cbfe63f9ef"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Protection of data</header><text>The Under Secretary shall ensure that data is collected, managed, and used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in accordance with legal, regulatory, and contractual obligations, including <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/44/31">chapter 31</external-xref> of title 44, United States Code, and the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/115/435">Public Law 115–435</external-xref>).</text></subsection><subsection id="idb519e11c400d4dc2b288582c1c2efa1e"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Digital watermarking</header><text>The Under Secretary shall develop methods to reduce the likelihood of unauthorized tampering with online public notifications of hazardous weather or water events, such as developing digital watermarks.</text></subsection><subsection id="idaa7c7dedb1ee452c807fbaab2d64ffcb"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Policies and procedures</header><text>The Under Secretary shall establish policies and procedures for the collection, archiving, and managing of data related to community response, including the response of effected or vulnerable populations, to hazardous weather or water events.</text></subsection></section><enum>V</enum><header>Improving Weather Information for Agriculture and Water Management</header><section id="id47dcb606e5ff4996ba9ce98af9cc6ff0"><enum>501.</enum><header>Weather and climate information in agriculture and water management</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 1762 of the Food Security Act of 1985 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8521">15 U.S.C. 8521</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id91fb034fb79a45ff9a0cc351d1ed8dcd"><enum>(1)</enum><text>by amending subsection (c) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idea46c2f0b3bd47468f04fb37cef84b7f"><subsection id="idd3596d414e374b198751962f2fd82c32"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Functions</header><paragraph id="ida7c6480ee6274c21870be0e16d8bfd06"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall—</text><subparagraph id="id47c8cf38201f458db3e44cec02c46c5e"><enum>(A)</enum><text>conduct and support research to improve understanding of subseasonal to seasonal predictability for temperature, precipitation, and other Earth system variables and applications;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id25b72cb08a4143138105feda0580d245"><enum>(B)</enum><text>collect and use data to make usable, reliable, and timely foundational forecasts of subseasonal-to-seasonal temperature and precipitation;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id7d2c7837ec6142e7a4af90cc8fc3d7e3"><enum>(C)</enum><text>support the advancement of multi-model ensemble forecast systems and forecast verification and evaluation capacity, including by—</text><clause id="id8e9aa8a5bd9e4f9bafcb084f125712a3"><enum>(i)</enum><text>developing advanced coupled data assimilation methods using robust Earth system observational data;</text></clause><clause id="idd1f12f59fe544004b90b03244a360458"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>developing improved coupled subseasonal-to-seasonal ensemble prediction systems;</text></clause><clause id="id2a37c309d17b44249cb6bb7b12a40e82"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>improving exchanges and interactions between datasets across different models and Earth system observations to increase model accuracy of local relationships between and drivers of ocean, land, snow, and ice observations; and</text></clause><clause id="idc9d336703ec74ce38d3232a6dc188337"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>developing data management strategies to support operations and research activities;</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8fbbf082dfa241faa852992c2bcee173"><enum>(D)</enum><text>leverage existing research and models from the weather and Earth system enterprises to improve the forecasts under subparagraph (B);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="iddc8e7720c5224a6282c8bfdad371a6d8"><enum>(E)</enum><text>accelerate the operationalization of emerging modeling technologies developed to support and assist the cross development of fully coupled subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast systems, including during collaborations with other agencies and entities;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd92dd2d908654b2ebe10de6cc12f81ca"><enum>(F)</enum><text>determine and provide information on how subseasonal-to-seasonal temperature and precipitation may relate to—</text><clause id="idb301dd59b678499ebb90ce39e3a4015a"><enum>(i)</enum><text>droughts;</text></clause><clause id="id678c513337164d9095d333d7e5920294"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>fires;</text></clause><clause id="id7e415bb3539b43f2ac36204798946450"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>tornadoes;</text></clause><clause id="id394070027f3f45c6bba693ce76a96c0f"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>hurricanes;</text></clause><clause id="id160d6dd661404d27ad93edd5b343cc41"><enum>(v)</enum><text>floods, storm surges, and coastal inundation;</text></clause><clause id="id7399960715854d88aadebacdea0d4a3f"><enum>(vi)</enum><text>heat waves and marine heat waves;</text></clause><clause id="id6c8544fc084b4e168ea0b9dc7ebe8713"><enum>(vii)</enum><text>winter storms, snowpack, and permafrost thaw;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcc347bce4ecd42659f53088d02677dc6"><enum>(viii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">sea ice conditions; and</text></clause><clause id="id203c038ab9e3448aa12a76927f9306a4"><enum>(ix)</enum><text>other high impact weather or relevant weather disasters.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id422dd54e29664d268ff152133b5c906c"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by amending subsection (h) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idAAD11509C60A436EB889534FDB567973"><subsection id="ida24fb6434a774b00b560c200cf8b8d3e"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Subseasonal to seasonal forecasting pilot projects</header><paragraph id="id0901cf604a744c6d92ddd8c4c56d199a"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Establishment</header><text>The Under Secretary shall establish not fewer than 2 pilot projects, in accordance with paragraph (2), within the United States Weather Research Program of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to support improved subseasonal to seasonal precipitation forecasts for— </text><subparagraph id="id4ec6cc9ee05f414cbcecfecb049064d5"><enum>(A)</enum><text>water management in areas of the United States in which there is—</text><clause id="id9175793e908043fa9a95bb29755f9e96"><enum>(i)</enum><text>a high level of drought; and</text></clause><clause id="id5583904ef5d448cfb2309fb99de490b5"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>a reliance on reservoirs for water storage; and</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf95f0002c0a34b1aae539cf167464c77"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">agriculture in the central United States.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id5fd2f1ec28eb4722a77e2d440046836a"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Objectives</header><text>In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall ensure the following:</text><subparagraph id="id63db86334b6a4259bfd327cb7a9cd36a"><enum>(A)</enum><text>A pilot project under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) addresses key science challenges to improving forecasts and developing related products for water management, including the following:</text><clause id="id30e6df8e9b074664b27224afc69ab032"><enum>(i)</enum><text>Improving operational model resolution, both horizontal and vertical, to resolve issues associated with mountainous terrain, such as intensity of precipitation and relative fraction of rain versus snow precipitation.</text></clause><clause id="idb4a10024bf9a4b9491f93d6c78bc633d"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>Improving modeling of interstate or cross-boundary water movement and storage through rivers, tributaries, and aquifers with relation to water availability.</text></clause><clause id="id3f36fad9f16e419bbb13bc09e5a2eb3e"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>Improving fidelity in the operational modeling of the atmospheric boundary layer in mountainous regions.</text></clause><clause id="idae7bf9e926ba4c2aa51775642ee2762d"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>Resolving challenges in predicting winter atmospheric circulation and storm tracks, including periods of blocked versus unblocked flow over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and western United States.</text></clause><clause id="id00f1df70275441a5b4ae35b6244192e8"><enum>(v)</enum><text>Utilizing outcomes from the atmospheric rivers forecast improvement program under section 204 of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title> and the precipitation forecast improvement program under section 603 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 to produce operational tools and services.</text></clause><clause id="id62bd279a7df04443a2cc4edadcccd8e8"><enum>(vi)</enum><text>Improving the quality and temporal and spatial resolution of observations and accurate operational modeling of air-sea interactions, and the influence of oceans on subseasonal and seasonal forecasting.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8011ebd2615c433dbbeb9898d2eb2715"><enum>(B)</enum><text>A pilot project under subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1) addresses key science challenges to improving forecasts and developing related products for agriculture in the central United States, including the following:</text><clause id="id74a14bd9ccec486c81e38c433204dcc1"><enum>(i)</enum><text>Improving the quality and temporal and spatial resolution of observations and accurate operational modeling of the land surface and hydrologic cycle, including soil moisture and flash drought processes.</text></clause><clause id="id73f63426861147cfb628ba0bf275ade6"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>Improving fidelity in the operational modeling of warm season precipitation processes.</text></clause><clause id="idf55480ea3edd499da84495c6eb759279"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>Understanding and predicting large-scale upper-level dynamical flow anomalies that occur in spring and summer.</text></clause><clause id="ida6fb3e9755614367bcbe37a286a38b4a"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>Improving modeling of interstate or cross-boundary water movement and storage through rivers, tributaries, and aquifers with relation to water availability for agriculture.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idbe703f8fed6141538054787e3fd6ef87"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Activities</header><text>A pilot project under this subsection shall include activities that carry out the following:</text><subparagraph id="idf1f49f8759d44779aa99c2ea9e6d59b2"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Best implement recommendations of the 2020 Report of the National Weather Service, entitled <quote>Subseasonal and Seasonal Forecasting Innovation: Plans for the Twenty-First Century</quote>.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id7140ca9ada7a49bbb969fa125a086d9e"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Achieve measurable objectives for operational forecast improvement.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id149ed55e62054ca58b066d2a0863e857"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Engage with, and leverage the resources of—</text><clause id="idf5fb31816dbe49a5a1a01f3558dc3838"><enum>(i)</enum><text>institutions of higher education (as such term is defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1001">20 U.S.C. 1001</external-xref>));</text></clause><clause id="id86677dd7953a439f96f07c57c02b520e"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>a consortia of institutions as described under clause (i);</text></clause><clause id="id6fa1f23535f4490cae0c0225a5761f39"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>entities within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in existence as of the date of the enactment of this subsection, including Regional Climate Centers and the National Centers for Environmental Information; and</text></clause><clause id="id4b7cbc11808f42c593cde00c5fd52fcb"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>other Federal agencies, as appropriate.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id597cc9b5dd194a8193e20c1f40c8323e"><enum>(D)</enum><text>Are carried out in coordination with the Assistant Administrator for the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and the Director of the National Weather Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id3c76812e33324be193711c5a607651fc"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Sunset</header><text>The authority under this subsection shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this subsection.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="idb1c1d57dd0d84169821f5833111651fa"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by amending subsection (j) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id015e3b05a04447ffafb43057293e34eb"><subsection id="id73e63bb142144429af47a94d740f19cd"><enum>(j)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated $50,300,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out the activities under this section.</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></section><section id="id9451dfe7204f49d090bef18fcea83cdf"><enum>502.</enum><header>National integrated drought information system</header><subsection id="id60ff52525530400b91e59348796b63db"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Section 3 of the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/313d">15 U.S.C. 313d</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id02cdcd3fe38e4d4c979bc7ba202134ab"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (a), by striking <quote>, through the National Weather Service and other appropriate weather and climate programs in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,</quote>;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id033190e32b7a4f64a91f71b3686d0b2a"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (b)—</text><subparagraph id="id5b1e180284884760b269889918256887"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (1)—</text><clause id="id6681ca1a6664484a9d8c7501acde5666"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></clause><clause id="id4c8c917aaf344ea2bafe6c200c7a9c10"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B), by inserting <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon; and</text></clause><clause id="idad40ba10b5c34d5991a3d4ae9511adf9"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id147494013584420ca3a27b44242aefd0"><subparagraph id="id13440fb957774eeb850b8b11484a9893"><enum>(C)</enum><text>incorporates flash drought research and tools to enhance timely response;</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5df080e239e6447a80802e1edd6e9a73"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (5), by striking <quote>improvements in seasonal precipitation and temperature, subseasonal precipitation and temperature, and low flow water prediction; and</quote> and inserting <quote>support improvements in subseasonal to seasonal precipitation and temperature, and low flow water prediction;</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id81a986cc786f41229091fe43b70a3d4a"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in paragraph (6), by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1a9517fd96a94fbaa055bb13af78f1a1"><enum>(D)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new paragraphs:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf5b2f5a0c86e473780332b60411c1db2"><paragraph id="id9635995380584295bb53b9935f5fa2ec"><enum>(7)</enum><text>advance and deploy next generation technologies related to drought, such as monitoring, preparedness, and forecasting capabilities utilizing artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud technologies;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id15c4d55154a540a59a5a2053eb1236cc"><enum>(8)</enum><text>use observational networks, including the National Weather Service cooperative observer program and State or regional hydrological monitoring projects;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2e689665eccb4950a240a95bfac3ca73"><enum>(9)</enum><text>refine drought indicators across multiple spatial and temporal scales;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc0685ac3eed34965943fcc8932761a66"><enum>(10)</enum><text>improve decision-support products;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idec7f6cd04ef243e099699260777d0a01"><enum>(11)</enum><text>optimize data and resources from across the Federal Government;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idcf5ec26b79ee4ba3956683b6d89387c7"><enum>(12)</enum><text>investigate and address data gaps, including snowpack monitoring, space-based or in-situ soil moisture monitoring, groundwater data, and data related to rapid intensification events; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5c83f5fb9f7c494eb02e3f4ca5405b62"><enum>(13)</enum><text>engage with, and leverage the resources of, entities within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in existence as of the date of the enactment of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title> to improve coordination of water monitoring, forecasting, and management.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id89433a3ce2224729acb87ca508b77d3a"><enum>(3)</enum><text>in subsection (c)—</text><subparagraph id="idaa826c4ce12842a094b1db30e71d1355"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (2), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1f1183b57e44415fb8a41a56806fb381"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (3), by striking the period and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2b4bb9d7c78e484e8b4d072dc45c38c8"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new paragraph:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2371acbd5ce24357b11887585fb658a4"><paragraph id="id3447ca0d2e2b4d7baf33994c05fd9938"><enum>(4)</enum><text>in partnership with the National Mesonet Program, establish memoranda of understanding to provide coordinated, high-quality data.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id6abaf514beae46b9afbd389d5300590a"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id148e7696416947eaafb60b8d39b8b15c"><subsection id="idd25637a325d64554b40bdf2c18ecb1ee"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Modeling update</header><text>Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>, the Under Secretary, acting through the National Integrated Drought Information System and the Climate Prediction Center of the National Weather Service, shall develop a plan to incorporate existing drought products of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and improved dynamical and statistical forecast modeling tools into probabilistic forecasts.</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id14da64ea7f98404fb61ec8edc8a637f6" commented="no"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>Section 4 of the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/109/430">Public Law 109–430</external-xref>; <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/313d">15 U.S.C. 313d</external-xref> note) is amended to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id96FEE0CCBD7E4FA8AA3728D1643B848C"><section id="id7325a4da8fbc428b910bef121ec61cef"><enum>4.</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act—</text><paragraph id="id2d49916e6c1f433fabfeef2db56f0443" commented="no"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id77c64354f3604f67b1f1f661dbe0af46" commented="no"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$15,500,000 for fiscal year 2026.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0a0dc07d377c45cbae9f913b754a8daa" commented="no"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$16,000,000 for fiscal year 2027.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id89a00aa5eb8a488187009fb8a7451441" commented="no"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$16,500,000 for fiscal year 2028.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida44713ce6900498bbcffd483255c9223" commented="no"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$17,000,000 for fiscal year 2029.</text></paragraph></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection></section><section id="id71bc0fd0b39a4d6fac92f95edd833dcb"><enum>503.</enum><header>National Mesonet Program</header><subsection id="ida3d6d2ec41494f73abfc26b0a8bbaa12"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Program</header><text>The Under Secretary shall maintain the National Mesonet Program (referred to in this section as the <quote>Program</quote>), which shall—</text><paragraph id="id116b516688564fcb8614c5771c3ee529"><enum>(1)</enum><text>obtain observations to improve understanding of and forecast capabilities for atmospheric, drought, fire, and water events, with a prioritization on leveraging available commercial, academic, and other non-Federal Government environmental data to enhance coordination across the private, public, and academic sectors of the weather enterprise in the United States;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7e4dfe34f37d41dc9754435fe8e0e562"><enum>(2)</enum><text>establish means to integrate greater density and more types of environmental observations into the Program on an annual basis, including by encouraging local and regional networks of environmental monitoring stations and in situ sensor networks, including soil moisture and ground-based profilers, to participate in the Program;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd1d2ac22670c4a9d91743af836c93c1a"><enum>(3)</enum><text>establish memoranda of understanding with networks outside of the scope of the Program in furtherance of this section; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id29a826b3cf5c474a89e892772c2e3bd5"><enum>(4)</enum><text>coordinate with satellite data and services acquired through the Commercial Data Program under section 302 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8532">15 U.S.C. 8532</external-xref>), as amended by section 401 of this Act.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id9784483013b344998e663a032db9c64b"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Program elements</header><text>In carrying out the Program, the Under Secretary shall—</text><paragraph id="id6d8e1437a7b248b2a01785a3ea22dde3"><enum>(1)</enum><text>increase data density by—</text><subparagraph id="idf3d0009e193b40148fb73a4483b17bfb"><enum>(A)</enum><text>improving and increasing the quantity and density of environmental observations used by the Administration and the National Weather Service to support baseline forecasts, including nowcasts, warnings, and hyper local forecasts that protect individuals, businesses, agricultural production, food security, military, and government agencies in the United States, and enabling such individuals and entities to operate in a safe, efficient, and orderly manner;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2bc82c3f18f24dcfb834621143ccf414"><enum>(B)</enum><text>yielding increased quantities of boundary-layer data to improve numerical weather prediction performance, including in subseasonal to seasonal timescales;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id6f7ebf86d3d64aa5a5503a7c909acb74"><enum>(C)</enum><text>identifying available terrestrial or marine environmental data, or quantifiable gaps in such data, to improve the understanding of air-sea interactions; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf9850457c20442d6b9e703a13f9d5c8b"><enum>(D)</enum><text>supporting the National Weather Service in reaching its target of a 30-minute warning time for severe weather through better predictive model algorithms driven by increasingly effective observations;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idcbeabbdaad80418d8888737aea8731bb"><enum>(2)</enum><text>monitor local meteorological conditions by—</text><subparagraph id="ide3579a50cf5846078281bf782d778682"><enum>(A)</enum><text>acquiring soil and moisture data to monitor soil moisture, vegetation water content, and moisture loss from evaporation, in support of operational forecasting, the National Integrated Drought Information System, and local commercial, agricultural, and emergency management needs;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5889c6075017403caaba933714dc04c2"><enum>(B)</enum><text>supporting the National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network in acquiring soil moisture and related data to support the development of decision-support products and other information services; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb3d1f6fcc7c24bcea7eeb767dc6cd951"><enum>(C)</enum><text>expanding and enhancing environmental observational networks in the roadway environment to provide real-time road weather and surface conditions for surface transportation and related economic sectors; and</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id5b5f3a34648e4ebe877997970e6f3335"><enum>(3)</enum><text>administer the Program by—</text><subparagraph id="idf3c1ca95e55c418595c46999a3a6aba1"><enum>(A)</enum><text>obtaining data in furtherance of this section only when demonstrably cost effective and meeting or exceeding data quality standards available to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (referred to in this section as the <quote>Administration</quote>);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id6d3b7f8c689a4c84961d9a8164c8e463"><enum>(B)</enum><text>subject to the requirement in subparagraph (A), leveraging existing networks of environmental monitoring stations, including supplemental radar systems, to increase the quantity and density of environmental observations and data available to the Administration;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id4710fa17a4804ad59598ddf9842bb1e7"><enum>(C)</enum><text>providing the critical technical and administrative infrastructure needed to facilitate rapid integration and sustained use of new and emerging networks of environmental monitoring stations anticipated in coming years from non-Federal Government sources;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd6f97dfc973d4b5dbb3de28e65fcfd9e"><enum>(D)</enum><text>coordinating with existing data developed by the Administration and used for forecasts, including data from the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, the Integrated Ocean Observing System, the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program, the National Data Buoy Center, and the National Ocean Service; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id29a26c87371f4be8b17b0bf7de29f4ae"><enum>(E)</enum><text>identifying and communicating to the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and other partners priorities of research and development needed to advance observations in the Program.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id65b03520c86a4358bbf07d5586d53d55"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Financial and technical assistance</header><paragraph id="idd661b9a977304226a7f658c998a8453b"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In furtherance of the Program, in a fiscal year, the Under Secretary may award not less than 15 percent of the amount appropriated for the Program for that fiscal year for financial assistance to State, Tribal, private, and academic entities seeking to build, expand, or upgrade equipment and capacity of mesonet systems.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6129df1d5f6e42b09183abaa02759983"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Other Federal awards</header><text>Financial assistance under this subsection may be made in coordination with and in addition to awards from other Federal agencies.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id69d4446ef8f3406bb1ac131b1be1d4eb"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Agreements</header><text>Before receiving financial assistance under paragraph (1), the State, Tribal, private, or academic entity seeking financial assistance under this subsection shall enter into an agreement with the Under Secretary to provide data to the Program, subject to verification by the Program of the relative operational value and evaluation of the cost of such data, for use in weather prediction, severe weather warnings, and emergency response.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id51c88d9c9e4143c9bc4714d3ca120b24"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Assistance and other support</header><text>The Under Secretary may provide—</text><subparagraph id="id946a352d3940491b9f61c535087b18d9"><enum>(A)</enum><text>technical assistance, project implementation support, and guidance to State, Tribal, private, and academic entities seeking financial assistance under this subsection; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id619fcd85ad134805854892ea512f3287"><enum>(B)</enum><text>technical and financial assistance for maintenance of monitoring stations in underrepresented or remote areas of the country where it is financially unfeasible for 1 entity to operate such stations without such assistance.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id2290817bb7bd4960a0ccdd8de2155adb"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Terms</header><text>In providing financial assistance under this subsection, the Under Secretary shall establish terms to ensure that each State, Tribal, private, or academic entity that receives financial assistance under this subsection receives a level of support commensurate with the quality and other characteristics of the data to be provided.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id1a4db707b5df4482a4d6d725b4caff5f"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Determination</header><text>A State, Tribal, private, or academic entity may only receive financial assistance under this subsection if the Under Secretary determines such entity will provide sufficient financial support from non-Federal Government sources and fully maintain the quality of the mesonet system and associated data standards required by the Program for a period of not less than 5 years.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id78914363c09948aba8c10675e5972cf9"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Priority</header><text>The Under Secretary shall prioritize providing assistance under paragraph (1) to not fewer than 1 entity in a remote area or an area that has a lack of environmental monitoring stations described in subsection (a)(2).</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id31e9b3cff2be4bf78985aa7d5924f3ae"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Advisory committee</header><paragraph id="idf30db78dee334366a4440ae61846e976"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall ensure the Program has an active advisory committee of subject matter experts to make recommendations to the Administration on the identification, implementation, procurement, and tracking of data needed to supplement the Program, and recommend improvements, expansions, and acquisitions of available data.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idbb51f1f97a0b4966ac2d2bfcd11f6f2d"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Designation of existing committee</header><text>The Under Secretary may designate an existing advisory committee, subcommittee, or working group of the Federal Government, including the Science Advisory Board of the Administration, to carry out the requirement under paragraph (1).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ideba673985eff4eecb7c3ec4b38a0aabf"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Academic expertise</header><text>The advisory committee under paragraph (1), in consultation with the Program, shall include expertise from 1 or more institutions of higher education (as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1001">20 U.S.C. 1001</external-xref>)) to assist the advisory committee to identify, evaluate, and recommend potential partnerships, regional or subregional consortia, and collaborative methods that would expand the number of participants and volume of data in the Program.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id5616736d964247beb793d09e5988f0c9"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Regular briefings</header><paragraph id="id3c38cb6c51cb406e8ed6f1f09deee379"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not less frequently than annually through 2035, the Under Secretary shall provide regular briefings to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives on all activities under the Program.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb86cad96c4494acdb313feb051e15bb9"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Briefing content</header><text>Each briefing required under paragraph (1) shall include information relating to the following:</text><subparagraph id="idcc6d1895f6884a29b56777273869d896"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Efforts to implement the activities described in subsection (b).</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2ef722c262364a1cb62806733914d65e"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Any financial or technical assistance provided pursuant to subsection (c).</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id922c1e02d66a42ec9135ae942bcbaadc"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Efforts to address recommendations received from the advisory committee under subsection (d), if any.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd59e8372fa3f4ae0b6a10545bca937d4"><enum>(D)</enum><text>The potential need and associated benefits of a coastal and ocean mesonet, or other emerging areas of weather data needs.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idde68641e58c44dea94e9ee281fa736b6"><enum>(E)</enum><text>Progress toward eliminating gaps in weather observation data in States and regions of the United States.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id94aec0c28b50404e84f4f68a468b6866"><enum>(F)</enum><text>Any other topic the Under Secretary determines relevant.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id2e556d195cb94bbeb92f009b3b27face"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>From amounts authorized to be appropriated to the National Weather Service, there shall be available not more than the following amounts to carry out this section:</text><paragraph id="id7e46d8124fc745a5a96569f40ce9515a"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$50,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd77c53e325d9492f8ed0990409aa4113"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$55,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide12206d6f7214629954448a4f2757cc9"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$61,000,000 for fiscal year 2027.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd3917c19625043a58eb5184e5a2ae184"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$68,000,000 for fiscal year 2028.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4a24267f7f454d15be16e52c00e9c7f8"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$70,000,000 for fiscal year 2029.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id4b322b2046fc4312996636fc22c96faf"><enum>504.</enum><header>National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network</header><subsection id="idb049e1712b8941f0a1e843e5e863252d"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the Secretary of Agriculture, the Director of the United States Geological Survey, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the heads of other relevant Federal agencies and departments, shall support the development, deployment, and maintenance of soil moisture monitoring networks by managing the National Coordinated Soil Moisture Monitoring Network (in this section referred to as the <quote>Network</quote>) within the National Integrated Drought Information System.</text></subsection><subsection id="ida10979d330604fffb551494a61362162"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Activities</header><text>The Under Secretary shall ensure the Network includes activities that carry out the following:</text><paragraph id="id388d4c6b378a437fb42cd1e2262ddcbf"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Establishing a visible, user-friendly website.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id61a079d33228431ca7a4a92f7aa654f8"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Developing a set of criteria for high-quality data sources.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2b55b19e32684e6b8d87be7fea2eadd9"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Supporting research necessary to develop or improve soil moisture monitoring products at a national scale.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id947a1541ac9440fda70f749a44647abb"><enum>(4)</enum><text>Increasing the number of long-term, high-quality, in situ and remote sensing soil moisture monitoring stations across the United States.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc9198d2f67b64059abd31141eced4b91"><enum>(5)</enum><text>Sharing methodologies and validation protocols with the private sector.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb3dc02a149e148449439b3c83caa0a3f"><enum>(6)</enum><text>Engaging with the citizen science community.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id3f28e6bb541b470ea49c2e547cc3c70b"><enum>(7)</enum><text>Developing, releasing, and promoting new, nationwide point-based and gridded soil moisture data products that meet the needs of diverse end-user groups.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0ccfeb7b8bd545f88bbbb7391bf76738"><enum>(8)</enum><text>Supporting community building and outreach to the network of individuals engaged with soil moisture information delivery, from data provision to end-user decision making.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="ida3b3ac99f492469a82d5c14373b37b2f"><enum>505.</enum><header>National Water Center</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 301 of the Coordinated Ocean Observations and Research Act of 2020 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/10371">42 U.S.C. 10371</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id4df7ebcfe3074c6cae444f412de7466e"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (a)—</text><subparagraph id="ide81850191e0745b89dd407b482b521b9"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (1)(A)—</text><clause id="idae9aab6df9cb4742bdc1fa63380b9469"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in the matter preceding clause (i), by inserting <quote>, within the Office of Water Prediction of the National Weather Service,</quote> after <quote>shall establish</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="id6caf393e37444d38821e16b05d957eb7"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in clause (i), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></clause><clause id="id5dc538ec06a54b3a9227a8ed80b230b3"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>in clause (ii), by striking the period and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="id0ba99ac352f8481088048150bceb3cec"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following new clause:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8b9190417b9e463688f51f0fdf937100"><clause id="idff1f53cfc7ea4b39baf11eac3c1c1d7a"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>to lead the transition of water research by the Federal Government, including model development, into operations of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Weather Service.</text></clause><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5ea36f94335a461fb835687050d8c52a"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (2), by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc17be40394684dc6a0b323bcbc521862"><subparagraph id="id332ab8005efe41b0b5fcfa42ece5a369"><enum>(F)</enum><text>Serving as the primary Center within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for research, development, collaboration, and coordination of the water research and forecast activities of the Administration and other centers and networks of the Federal Government, including those of the Department of Agriculture, the Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the United States Geological Survey, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2d21e2a915954576aee9347ffbc2f24f"><enum>(G)</enum><text>Integrating and promoting consistency among national and regional hydrological forecast operations and service delivery.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id16627fc14d464deeacb473e691e71ed0"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0fd919693ee44c2087e2e95cde27db61"><paragraph id="id1ab509c9f5ad41cc92f70cb1800802d8"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Incorporation into unified forecast system</header><text>The Under Secretary shall use the Weather and Climate Operational Supercomputing System, or any other successor system, to support the development and implementation of advanced water resources modeling capabilities under paragraph (2)(B) and shall incorporate those modeling capabilities into the unified forecast system.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id60db0b600c304724bbee50eb4e38ccd8"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by striking subsection (b);</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc0f058b83c1340548a69b3c042b62bb4"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection (b);</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id1e62ffd1983a4494a6ce9077c6081170"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by inserting after subsection (b), as redesignated by paragraph (3), the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6af90204157f4a869259a26e75367ef2"><subsection id="idbe28e19c128742b0953e511693eb05a6"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Organization</header><text>The Under Secretary, acting through the Director of the Office of Water Prediction of the National Weather Service, shall—</text><paragraph id="idbd4b576a95ae4dbf9ba7c012e2e03a1a"><enum>(1)</enum><text>supervise and oversee the administration, management, and operations of each River Forecast Center of the National Weather Service and coordinate those operations with the National Water Center; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id66f1305eec0041d3b978e5ce00e141d0"><enum>(2)</enum><text>administer the duties and activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration related to the Cooperative Institute for Research to Operations in Hydrology, or any successor entity, and coordinate the activities of the Institute with the National Water Center.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="ide5aab927fa314c4eb7ad42f6333f93bd"><enum>(5)</enum><text>in subsection (d)(4), by striking <quote>fiscal year 2024</quote> and inserting <quote>each of fiscal years 2024 through 2029</quote>.</text></paragraph></section><section id="id9156715c19404cc19ae7a21f9efd5785"><enum>506.</enum><header>Satellite transfers briefing</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Commerce shall brief the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives on the Department of Commerce’s authorities and policies and Federal Government-wide policies related to transferring any portion of the weather satellite systems operated by the Department of Commerce to any other Federal department or agency, including—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1c0e1911c0cf499cbbe20a2852a73592"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">a description of the process for decommissioning a Department of Commerce operational weather satellite, any existing agreements related to transfers of weather satellites, whether decommissioned or not, and any reimbursable agreements related to the transfer of physical property or the operation of Department of Commerce weather satellites on behalf of any other Federal department or agency; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9cd098d7535a4507b883ce0f15b83b47"><enum>(2)</enum><text>a summary of any Department of Commerce plans for potential transfer of existing or future weather satellite systems to any other Federal department or agency.</text></paragraph></section><enum>VI</enum><header>Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Amendments Act of 2024</header><section id="id66924495660F4BE88E06D665A0832B1A" section-type="subsequent-section" changed="not-changed"><enum>601.</enum><header>Short title</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">This title may be cited as the <quote><short-title>Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Amendments Act of 2024</short-title></quote>. </text></section><section id="idc91879db-f480-4ebe-b4bf-1a89c4fc08ed" changed="not-changed"><enum>602.</enum><header>Amendments to the Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998</header><subsection id="idbe42efd0-08f6-4054-b06d-37b268eab14e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Assessments</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5cceec4b-5258-4674-bb3f-115c4d73f6f9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 603 of the Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4001">33 U.S.C. 4001</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf5e9a513-501c-4440-aea9-eed68d7fb54c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in the section heading, by striking <quote><header-in-text style="OLC" level="section">Assessments</header-in-text></quote> and inserting <quote><header-in-text style="OLC" level="section">Task Force, assessments, and Action Strategy</header-in-text></quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf89f8963-77e4-4d7d-8c25-df3cf506ff0d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in subsection (a)—</text><clause id="id2adad5d1-aa07-46b5-83ff-034bd79428a8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraphs (13) and (14) as paragraphs (14) and (15), respectively; and</text></clause><clause id="id56c9684a-fd9f-40fc-9ae6-9b33364956e9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (12) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf4d14eeb-deb3-4e36-b1cd-a7ea2aff33e2" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="idfc2ba2c0-1563-4d15-bf6b-640adb92cf2a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(13)</enum><text>the Department of Energy;</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id47ae64fa-85b9-4902-9d40-8410f5f0e224" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by striking subsections (b), (c), (d), (e), (g), (h), and (i) and redesignating subsection (f) as subsection (b); </text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc3b08fc8-fbc2-4caf-9396-674d7e7bbe44" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><text>in subsection (b), as so redesignated—</text><clause id="id0aa5345d-5cf1-47b3-8e5d-d021e5b5370d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in paragraph (1), in the first sentence, by striking <quote>coastal waters including the Great Lakes</quote> and inserting <quote>marine, estuarine, and freshwater systems</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="id25d4fdab-a5b0-47e2-9128-c0852d5aca55" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in paragraph (2)—</text><subclause id="idf1d60542-021b-45c9-b2d7-b302fdeeb229" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text>by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idFB0DE51341894CDCB1495763791F7D2E" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph id="idd22e176c-4883-4eef-bea1-212712851a93" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>examine—</text><clause id="id81c0edc3a62b43f99ab845715803ec06" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>the causes and ecological consequences of hypoxia on marine and aquatic species in their environments; and</text></clause><clause id="id6919472800924061bbc6c4540f834039" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>the costs of hypoxia, including impacts on food safety and security;</text></clause></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subclause><subclause id="idfaffb8ba-9329-4169-bb5a-374455893d5e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) as subparagraphs (D), (E), and (F), respectively;</text></subclause><subclause id="id5e56a3d6-c70c-4e0f-b50a-91ba9331f7c0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(III)</enum><text>by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7319c3ec-6e5d-430b-a377-9780be6af463" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph id="id92b5a7a8-e69d-46d6-9e12-41ccb3ccd434" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>examine the effect of other environmental stressors on hypoxia;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id11213e29-b3e9-45c5-abf0-558c41d7a9ef" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>evaluate alternatives for reducing, mitigating, and controlling hypoxia and its environmental impacts;</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subclause><subclause id="idc30ede27-7c68-4f98-b715-a94de1843ded" changed="not-changed"><enum>(IV)</enum><text>in subparagraph (D), as redesignated by subclause (II), by inserting <quote>, social,</quote> after <quote>ecological</quote>; and</text></subclause><subclause id="id89e40eb6-ac79-4354-82ea-0e19008e04a9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(V)</enum><text>in subparagraph (E), as redesignated by subclause (II), by striking <quote>hypoxia modeling and monitoring data</quote> and inserting <quote>hypoxia modeling, forecasting, and monitoring and observation data</quote>; and</text></subclause></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idcf93f23c-4d89-4fbc-8b6a-d3b3e06bc9fd" changed="not-changed"><enum>(E)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3ba64063-b5ee-43e9-9b20-943c6e282b2d" changed="not-changed"><subsection id="id41f8b0ad-ca63-42aa-a7aa-1988f9b7f061" changed="not-changed"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Action Strategy and scientific assessment for marine and freshwater harmful algal blooms</header><paragraph id="id8b8f8236-c935-4b7b-a5d1-d4e0277bfa8f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not less frequently than once every 5 years, the Task Force shall complete and submit to Congress an action strategy for harmful algal blooms in the United States. </text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf931fe9e-86d3-42b6-b03c-e34d78dc2dd6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>Each Action Strategy shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide00ba656-9522-49e1-92b9-dad1612f55e1" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>examine, and include a scientific assessment of, marine and freshwater harmful algal blooms, including such blooms—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide5c680d3-49d2-4c66-b6e7-773937fdac12" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in the Great Lakes; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id111d7199229e43079b77fcf60facc63c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in the upper reaches of estuaries; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2e15bef9-d86f-4469-8e16-184e67f1c462" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in freshwater lakes and rivers;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide62ee1979da94e59ac8316472092f47a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>in coastal and marine waters; and</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idafc529f4-a73b-4d14-b7a4-401262e391c5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(v)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">that originate in freshwater lakes or rivers and migrate to coastal waters;</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id872f4e90-bcfb-446f-a63a-e627a6f4f2e8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>examine the causes, ecological consequences or physiological consequences on fish function, and economic or socio-cultural impacts, including food safety and security, of harmful algal blooms;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida585b450-4b59-4ae8-98fc-1a1b54545a41" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>examine the effect of other environmental stressors on harmful algal blooms;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id51568b37-6c91-4779-8b96-b336a3af851b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><text>examine potential methods to prevent, control, and mitigate harmful algal blooms and the potential ecological, social, cultural, and economic costs and benefits of such methods; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb3dcdd21-2c30-44d8-a1fb-6feb851ec76c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(E)</enum><text>identify priorities for research needed to advance techniques and technologies to detect, predict, monitor, respond to, and minimize the occurrence, duration, and severity of harmful algal blooms, including recommendations to eliminate significant gaps in harmful algal bloom forecasting, monitoring, and observation data;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idee0d4286-510f-461c-9c97-6ef3af081310" changed="not-changed"><enum>(F)</enum><text>evaluate progress made by, and the needs of, activities and actions of the Task Force to prevent, control, and mitigate harmful algal blooms;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id67023106-7a53-48ef-9b44-edd2d220acef" changed="not-changed"><enum>(G)</enum><text>identify ways to improve coordination and prevent unnecessary duplication of effort among Federal agencies with respect to research on harmful algal blooms; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5a02f438-8628-4974-a1be-c9e131f8f6e8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(H)</enum><text>include regional chapters relating to the requirements described in this paragraph in order to highlight geographically and ecologically diverse locations with significant ecological, social, cultural, and economic impacts from harmful algal blooms.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1bf57700-ad6e-44ad-810d-637528b8e21d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out subsections (b) and (c), the Task Force shall consult with—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id56e88ae6-bf8f-423d-9597-64e4c228ffc8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">States, Indian tribes, and local governments; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id57445d61-7687-4a9c-8fe9-c16876e06e4d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">appropriate industries (including fisheries, agriculture, and fertilizer), academic institutions, and nongovernmental organizations with relevant expertise.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id81b930ae-9ccc-4214-b228-e595404e5e90" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents in section 2 of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/105/383">Public Law 105–383</external-xref>; 112 Stat. 3412; 136 Stat. 1268) is amended by striking the item relating to section 603 and inserting the following: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5930aae1-6db2-4fc7-8b33-fc780410d08e" changed="not-changed"><toc changed="not-changed"><toc-entry level="section" bold="off" changed="not-changed">Sec. 603. Task Force, assessments, and Action Strategy.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide4735f5f-2748-4f00-94ce-65ed8b4f6218" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">Conforming amendment</header><text>Section 102 of the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Amendments Act of 2004 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4001a">33 U.S.C. 4001a</external-xref>) is amended by striking <quote>In developing</quote> and all that follows through <quote>management.</quote>.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id47eb2e9f-d1a1-4c75-9416-935eddf699be" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>National Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Program</header><text>Section 603A of the Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4002">33 U.S.C. 4002</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id7aac390c-a170-42d7-a20c-00a14646cb90" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (a)—</text><subparagraph id="id9594c758-6162-4ddc-bfae-ce29b67084a5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (1)—</text><clause id="ida1afa58a-0c5d-429f-b4dd-3fa1f2c895eb" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>by striking <quote>predicting,</quote> and inserting <quote>monitoring, observing, forecasting,</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="idc37cd76c-d2f8-458a-bf7d-2b7d9010d731" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon; and</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd25b78f7-85e4-495a-8472-0c3624551028" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the following: </text><quoted-block id="ida9b91407-4802-441a-bd66-f0d88e5e2955" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="idecb2a84d-0b6d-4759-81de-d738b83e76f8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>the scientific assessment submitted under section 603(b); and </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0e998f71-885a-4405-993c-f5019e1d1861" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Action Strategy.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id95d73e1b-450f-4127-9271-89847684d819" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (c)—</text><subparagraph id="id9254e4fc-4675-4e1c-af9d-476846346ce5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (3), by striking <quote>ocean and Great Lakes science and management programs and centers</quote> and inserting <quote>programs and centers relating to the science and management of marine, estuarine, and freshwater systems</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb82f87ff-f7c0-4fb9-b0a6-6eff134c3ee3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (5), by inserting <quote>while recognizing each agency is acting under its own independent mission and authority</quote> before the semicolon;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id65a9a999-5c08-4f9e-b2c2-c98e801741b4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>in subsection (d), by striking <quote>Except as provided in subsection (h), the</quote> and inserting <quote>The</quote>;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb7f2c09560db4550b1356a7c1549a158" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><text>in subsection (e)—</text><subparagraph id="id892c62de-df7d-4672-b8ea-f34882616d49" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5cede39d-1597-4b9c-bc21-0684096d1367" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="ida7ae680a5ece45eeb25df00d33e87a76" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>examine the causes, ecological consequences, and costs of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia;</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id09be09977d334314acea3cee176bc28b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (3)—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idba23307b05aa433793d423f0cc8797c1" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in subparagraph (B), by inserting <quote>, including the annual Gulf of Mexico hypoxia zone mapping cruise</quote> after <quote>Program</quote>; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id482ba89afeb1481e91fa883447e8230a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in subparagraph (C), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon; and</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5cd0d908598844ceb768b0e3d0e361ae" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id19311AC489B84C32A2E3EE064BD6E14F" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph id="id2EAC215645F64FC9A10F2A7991734726" changed="not-changed"><enum>(E)</enum><text>to identify opportunities to improve monitoring of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia, with a particular focus on waters that may affect fisheries, public health, or subsistence harvest;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id081D5C3AFB014EA7B43F790952F83DA0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(F)</enum><text>to evaluate adaptation and mitigation strategies to address the impacts of harmful algal blooms and hypoxia; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id377356ff37dc473187638e7223505083" changed="not-changed"><enum>(G)</enum><text>to support the resilience of the seafood industry to harmful algal blooms and to expand access to testing for harmful algal bloom toxins, including for subsistence and recreational harvesters, through innovative methods that increase the efficiency and effectiveness of such testing in rural and remote areas; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1c4bbe51f8644fce9ecc1f109be884cf" changed="not-changed"><enum>(H)</enum><text>to support sustained observations to provide State and local entities, Indian tribes, and other entities access to real-time or near real-time observations data for decision-making to protect human and ecological health and local economies; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd349c4857e094d23a24b970bd4d5d1a4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to assess the combined effects of harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, and stressors such as runoff and infrastructure changes on marine, freshwater, or estuarine ecosystems and living resources;</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id890e986de9fd45ba96c558fde452913d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in paragraph (4), by striking <quote>agencies</quote> and inserting <quote>entities, regional coastal observing systems (as defined in section 12303 of the Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System Act of 2009 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3602">33 U.S.C. 3602</external-xref>)),</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id691230f1a45b44a4a1f0c707068b54c9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><text>in paragraph (6), by inserting <quote>and communities</quote> after <quote>ecosystems</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id057a39fe-800a-4860-8fc6-a76c07e29266" changed="not-changed"><enum>(E)</enum><text>in paragraph (8), by inserting <quote>and Indian tribes</quote> after <quote>managers</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida45666bd-2372-4f2e-95b8-e28e68b7cf26" changed="not-changed"><enum>(F)</enum><text>in paragraph (9)(A), by striking <quote>, tribal, and local stakeholders</quote> and inserting <quote>and local stakeholders and Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and Native Hawaiian organizations</quote>; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idDB31413C7B784CCCB97D915D967CB9F5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(G)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraphs (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), and (11) as paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (12), and (13), respectively;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idce6393c49a3a418e86ee9e3582c2701a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(H)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (2) the following: </text><quoted-block id="idFEF093C4038A4E359FC494A8F1300649" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id06A36FC58B804997890A71F93A19D08A" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">consult with entities that are most dependent on coastal and water resources that may be impacted by marine and freshwater harmful algal blooms and hypoxia, including—</text><subparagraph id="idE77FCD5FCA014053B70FADB99F31AF59" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>State and local entities;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id37BE22781EAE44678771E56AA5B982EE" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and Native Hawaiians organizations;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8DC7C51489FA40C5AA925A78F99E7BAF" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>island communities;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id59532B00CDF041DC8CD997E1ABCBF7D8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><text>low-population rural communities;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idA8CB9F6599F14CDFA3D52332ACE2FE06" changed="not-changed"><enum>(E)</enum><text>subsistence communities; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idB3AA1ACE3DB2457E9B48B4FE4C53B3CC" changed="not-changed"><enum>(F)</enum><text>fisheries and recreation industries; </text></subparagraph></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfa591f4ed42f402285584b821a3bbd27" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">by inserting after paragraph (10), as redesignated by subparagraph (G), the following:</text><quoted-block id="id5F4F43105DA444218A8D883E36BBC6AA" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="id5FF5E814EA75428789C498DDB889FC68" changed="not-changed"><enum>(11)</enum><text>expand access to testing for harmful algal bloom toxins, including for subsistence and recreational harvesters, through innovative methods that increase the efficiency and effectiveness of such testing in rural and remote areas;</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idc1bbac88-6e4b-4b9a-9f84-041876bf8075" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><text>by amending subsections (f) to read as follows: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfc49402b-be6e-474b-ba2d-4c08f39ba898" changed="not-changed"><subsection id="ida97417d6-3c02-41c4-a9e2-56ceb031f984" changed="not-changed"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Cooperation; duplication of effort</header><text>The Under Secretary shall work cooperatively with and avoid duplication of effort of other agencies on the Task Force and States, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, Native Hawaiian organizations, and nongovernmental organizations concerned with marine and freshwater issues.</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>; and </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbca822dd-d6fe-4412-9ce3-a124e2ef6b24" changed="not-changed"><enum>(6)</enum><text>by striking subsection (g), (h), and (i). </text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idadf35320-30ca-4b13-9f3a-4e28c80f1fc8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(c)</enum><header>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration activities</header><paragraph id="id5a857641-0b66-43f3-a8e2-d8dde343695f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Section 603B of the Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4003">33 U.S.C. 4003</external-xref>) is amended to read as follows: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id19968a6a-6c32-4030-aa35-ea24850c7730" changed="not-changed"><section id="id169a698c-e371-4d51-85bb-c4a911d183c6" changed="not-changed"><enum>603B.</enum><header>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration activities</header><subsection id="id47aad6fd-ab49-4cf7-97c7-1cc37ffcddec" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary shall—</text><paragraph id="id5dbb8ff9-4107-4e3b-bfc8-8b5c48a22572" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>carry out response activities for marine, coastal, and Great Lakes harmful algal bloom and hypoxia events;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id24375185-0db2-48ee-ae11-808a60435d08" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>develop and enhance operational harmful algal bloom observing and forecasting programs, including operational observations and forecasting, monitoring, modeling, data management, and information dissemination;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5878176c17c94311a285973390b52824" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>develop forecast modeling that includes the effect of hurricanes and other weather events on the resuspension of bioavailable nutrients in sediments and related interactions with harmful algal blooms;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf20fc72a-bc78-4743-80f6-54e4852cc217" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><text>enhance communication and coordination among Federal agencies carrying out activities and research relating to marine and freshwater harmful algal bloom and hypoxia;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd44eb538-d85e-4a37-b422-c81af3f81e0b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><text>leverage existing resources and expertise available from local research universities and institutions; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb8a94ab6-2534-40ff-835b-c6a796edec7a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(6)</enum><text>use cost effective methods in carrying out this section.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id7c4a305f-f12a-4ad9-aed4-5e197e8a9bae" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System</header><text>The collection of monitoring and observing data under this section shall comply with all data standards and protocols developed pursuant to the Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System Act of 2009 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3601">33 U.S.C. 3601 et seq.</external-xref>). Such data shall be made available through the National Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System established under section 12304 of that Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/3603">33 U.S.C. 3603</external-xref>).</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="idd49d187a-5226-4b9e-8c96-174303d29ec2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents in section 2 of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/105/383">Public Law 105–383</external-xref>; 112 Stat. 3412; 136 Stat. 1268) is amended by striking the item relating to section 603B and inserting the following: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="idd7e4c337-de87-44b1-aecc-23e30756ff9d" changed="not-changed"><toc changed="not-changed"><toc-entry level="section" changed="not-changed">Sec. 603B. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration activities.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id56de2d4d-819f-43d1-8db5-269b0c9daa1e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Environmental Protection Agency activities</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb7ee6f2e-40f8-4552-8dbd-30f1732d877d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 is amended by inserting after section 603B (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4003">33 U.S.C. 4003</external-xref>) the following:</text><quoted-block id="idddecf0a8-c3be-4fc3-bf93-37dc86e079a3" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><section id="id311f3a0a-42ce-4708-aa6f-1c2e5de9734e" changed="not-changed"><enum>603C.</enum><header>Environmental Protection Agency activities</header><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id31214c35-3b42-4c40-be20-0961025ef17b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Administrator shall—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide05bad06-f416-48ea-aea4-2654243738b5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>carry out research on the ecology and human health impacts of freshwater harmful algal blooms and hypoxia events;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idfb814cff96754948b0edc72e3d2dc765" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>develop and enhance operational freshwater harmful algal bloom monitoring, observing, and forecasting programs in lakes, rivers, and reservoirs, and coordinate with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on such programs in the Great Lakes and estuaries (including tributaries thereof), including operational observations and forecasting, monitoring, modeling, data management, and information dissemination, to support event response, prioritization, prevention, adaptation, and mitigation activities;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5a0d7166-908a-4775-adec-fa79ff9b15ce" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">enhance communication and coordination among Federal agencies carrying out freshwater harmful algal bloom and hypoxia activities and research;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7a3f5e44-3fe2-4f83-bd9c-a10bf1d04c15" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to the greatest extent practicable, leverage existing resources and expertise available from Federal and State partners and local research universities and institutions; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida16ff39c-2d40-482c-9844-50f26cb8536c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">use cost-effective methods in carrying out this section.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9351c04c-aab9-48a1-ad7b-cc33d8a8df92" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Nonduplication</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Administrator shall ensure that activities carried out under subsection (a) focus on new approaches to addressing freshwater harmful algal blooms and are not duplicative of existing research and development programs authorized by this title or any other law.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idce82f8a6-7455-4162-a736-1ea4a1fe18c2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents in section 2 of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/105/383">Public Law 105–383</external-xref>; 112 Stat. 3412; 136 Stat. 1268) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 603B the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc3d94de6-e2a1-4df4-a731-0834eed8e161" changed="not-changed"><toc changed="not-changed"><toc-entry level="section" bold="off" changed="not-changed">Sec. 603C. Environmental Protection Agency activities.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idcb5b7cc8-3e2d-41f1-a1c9-d463598589a4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(e)</enum><header>National harmful algal bloom and hypoxia observing network</header><paragraph id="id8cc1a36d-9105-4fbb-abb1-fe4d6f34fc16" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Section 606 of the Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4005">33 U.S.C. 4005</external-xref>) is amended to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idae9ea49f-c8a7-48ea-90c2-de48222339b0" changed="not-changed"><section id="id787469fb-a8ac-4563-afdc-55de2e0c7483" changed="not-changed"><enum>606.</enum><header>National harmful algal bloom observing network</header><subsection id="id33b5fd31-4b55-4cc3-9721-bab08a2ac887" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, acting through the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science and the Integrated Ocean Observing System of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, shall integrate Federal, State, regional, and local observing capabilities to establish a national network of observing systems for the monitoring, detection, and forecasting of harmful algal blooms by leveraging the capacity of regional associations of the Integrated Ocean Observing System, including through the incorporation of emerging technologies and new data integration methods.</text></subsection><subsection id="id2cf7861d-72c6-4352-ae8f-ca6c099a94ca" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Coordination and data assembly</header><text>In carrying out subsection (a), the Program Office of the Integrated Ocean Observing System shall—</text><paragraph id="id231684c8-a54a-4189-96f3-a819b0e06a81" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>coordinate with the National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science regarding observations, data integration, and information dissemination;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idfbdec5aac5dc4029a950a6dd038c9f03" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>organize, integrate, disseminate, and provide a central architecture to support ecological forecasting of harmful algal blooms; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id40bc62fb42394b159f74aef77a61cb0f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">coordinate with the Water Quality Portal to store and serve discrete data related to the monitoring of freshwater, estuarine, and coastal harmful algal blooms.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id5e63170f-d667-4090-a35c-ada4583fdcd4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents in section 2 of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/105/383">Public Law 105–383</external-xref>; 112 Stat. 3412; 136 Stat. 1268) is amended by striking the item relating to section 606 and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="id7dc5e8b5-719d-4617-a2de-7c208ea9e6d2" changed="not-changed"><toc changed="not-changed"><toc-entry level="section" changed="not-changed">Sec. 606. National harmful algal bloom observing network.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id63bcf167-4f63-45b5-9735-2800450dbe86" changed="not-changed"><enum>(f)</enum><header>National-Level incubator program</header><paragraph id="idf074f71e-5722-4361-9c9e-2826a31a1693" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 is amended by inserting after section 606 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4005">33 U.S.C. 4005</external-xref>) the following: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5c809380-b0e2-4f2f-a087-b520886e1bd8" changed="not-changed"><section id="id8f624765-dca4-4fd9-8144-1682230ab339" changed="not-changed"><enum>606A.</enum><header>National-level incubator program</header><subsection id="id6ddcef99-546b-4ca5-949e-04bb19c0292f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, in collaboration with the Administrator and research universities and institutions, shall establish a national-level incubator program (in this section referred to as the <quote>program</quote>) to increase the number of strategies, technologies, and measures available to prevent, mitigate, and control harmful algal blooms.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb6258dea-96a8-4ab7-bbca-e559bd2d6dcc" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Framework</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The program shall establish a framework for preliminary assessments of novel strategies, technologies, and measures to prevent, mitigate, and control harmful algal blooms in order to determine the potential effectiveness and scalability of such technologies.</text></subsection><subsection id="ida8070ec2-987b-4bd2-88d4-37ce4a5179fa" changed="not-changed"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Funding</header><text>The program shall provide merit-based funding, using amounts otherwise available to the Under Secretary for the award of grants, for strategies, technologies, and measures that eliminate or reduce, through biological, chemical, or physical means, the levels of harmful algae and associated toxins resulting from harmful algal blooms. </text></subsection><subsection id="id1e9632a3-83d6-488f-ab5a-2500217d739d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Database</header><text>The program shall include a database for cataloging the licensing and permitting requirements, economic costs, feasibility, effectiveness, and scalability of novel and established strategies, technologies, and measures to prevent, mitigate, and control harmful algal blooms.</text></subsection><subsection id="ide655d233-6e6e-41c8-947f-e483ceb5052f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Prioritization</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Under Secretary shall prioritize proposed strategies, technologies, and measures that would, to the maximum extent practicable—</text><paragraph id="id96a17623-1e6e-4844-9852-ff9500e06974" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>protect key habitats for fish and wildlife;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb880cf28-cff8-4f21-bf8f-0b85d8f3a73e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>maintain biodiversity;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id50a7561a-befa-45e3-b2d0-870bfc77bf70" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>protect public health;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id40731015-0c5e-45c5-ada2-a8baa177a6f3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><text>protect coastal resources of national, historical, and cultural significance; or</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8683bc0b-6253-4ada-a9ef-3e923728e539" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><text>benefit low-income communities, Indian tribes, and rural communities.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id407013f1-aa33-4523-bc10-2f10f11a7d83" commented="no" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents in section 2 of the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/105/383">Public Law 105–383</external-xref>; 112 Stat. 3412; 136 Stat. 1268) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 606 the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="id3cbfcdf1-645d-456c-901e-c729f0886539" changed="not-changed"><toc changed="not-changed"><toc-entry level="section" changed="not-changed">Sec. 606A. National-level incubator program.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id0751ddaf-39f5-4e92-8159-0fb55ca818cf" changed="not-changed"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>Section 609 of the Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4008">33 U.S.C. 4008</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id2f65b135-fccb-47bb-8ede-243bc20a3734" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in paragraph (1), by striking <quote>means the comprehensive research plan and action strategy established under section 603B</quote> and inserting <quote>means the action strategy for harmful algal blooms in the United States most recently submitted under section 603(c)</quote>;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2c7069fa-2958-4a72-a07c-6b020666cfe5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block id="id22ac02eb-4ce4-4be2-9d09-f42d87509b08" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="id545bc7f1-98b2-48df-9204-15ba3d1341e9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Harmful algal bloom</header><text>The term <term>harmful algal bloom</term> means a high concentration of marine or freshwater algae (including diatoms), macroalgae (including Sargassum), or cyanobacteria resulting in nuisance conditions or harmful impacts on marine and freshwater ecosystems, subsistence resources, communities, or human health through the production of toxic compounds or other biological, chemical, or physical impacts of the bloom.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id9376104c-b0fe-47c6-97ec-9657d861267d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by striking paragraph (9);</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida0e19e09-c883-4ef1-9832-b45982fda0a4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), and (8) as paragraphs (5), (8), (9), (11), and (13), respectively; </text></paragraph><paragraph id="idef7cadc2-84af-45f0-a139-ea5f661730e6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (3) the following: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb7ae8966-f090-4e02-86c4-cd8c4cdb6081" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="id80e15653-77b2-4599-b5b2-d0787dba982e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Harmful algal bloom and hypoxia event</header><text>The term <term>harmful algal bloom and hypoxia event</term> means the occurrence of a harmful algal bloom or hypoxia as a result of a natural, anthropogenic, or undetermined cause.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id69CAAA24CDE34E60AF022E852A356FD0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(6)</enum><text>in paragraph (5), as redesignated by paragraph (4)—</text><subparagraph id="id3DDDC043EE9648CCBFACB24080B90F57" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by striking <quote>aquatic</quote> and inserting <quote>marine or freshwater</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id70BD7678D18448999A9A0EFCEE3524F0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking <quote>resident</quote> and inserting <quote>marine or freshwater</quote>; </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3eb2b6d394b3480eb01a77ebc719f1ba" changed="not-changed"><enum>(7)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (5), as redesignated by paragraph (4), the following: </text><quoted-block id="id369279817F094748964D227E190E7C1A" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="idAADFE3AFE13E4A5095440EE6AF21E09E" changed="not-changed"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Indian tribe</header><text>The term <term>Indian tribe</term> has the meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/25/5304">25 U.S.C. 5304</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0337E2190CD04246AE56B19D26530B53" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" changed="not-changed"><enum>(7)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">Native Hawaiian organization</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <term>Native Hawaiian organization</term> has the meaning given that term in section 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/7517">20 U.S.C. 7517</external-xref>) and includes the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id91c7f776-8e6a-43ee-80fe-1d243c74b04b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(8)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (9), as redesignated by paragraph (4), the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6b144fea-78b8-4706-a2cb-7bdad4081535" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="id19e306f6-5b7d-44fc-a0de-f9a1e8b30dad" changed="not-changed"><enum>(10)</enum><header>Subsistence use</header><text>The term <term>subsistence use</term> means the customary and traditional use of fish, wildlife, or other freshwater, coastal, or marine resources by any individual or community to meet personal or family needs, including essential economic, nutritional, or cultural applications.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9e584c8d7a1e4221ae2a8f2056d6ff10" changed="not-changed"><enum>(9)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (11), as redesignated by paragraph (4), the following: </text><quoted-block id="id351532E90E8A4E1184BF424A59295331" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="id85283A5402ED4725BC3A426624C06DF6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(12)</enum><header>Tribal organization</header><text>The term <term>Tribal organization</term> has the meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/25/5304">25 U.S.C. 5304</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id2e9a4966-6c91-4dae-9557-6805c50b857d" commented="no" changed="not-changed"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>Section 610 of the Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Research and Control Act of 1998 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4009">33 U.S.C. 4009</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph commented="no" id="id4A7843DD05CC44CF9F8612F6801DDD69" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>by amending subsection (a) to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf40233ea-6b13-470b-adc2-081c77e2712e" changed="not-changed"><subsection id="id90b8f73f-f1a8-40ae-936b-af2888dc6356" commented="no" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this title, for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="iddf011445-e2c7-4069-8d05-775c3d1c7434" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">$19,500,000 to the Under Secretary; and </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb63f0325-7ecd-4f30-a757-28815c2dec69" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">$8,000,000 to the Administrator.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="id1E0C1F5E138A4984A9D7709E505EA7FF" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id469f754ada6f4c93ac86a6982ee24b08"><subsection id="id359b129a0da940ff8399f9f9dca482df"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Transfer authority</header><text>As specifically provided in advance in appropriations Acts, the Under Secretary or the Administrator may transfer funds made available to carry out this title to the head of any Federal department or agency, with the concurrence of such head, to carry out, as appropriate, relevant provisions of this title and section 9(g) of the National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2018 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4010">33 U.S.C. 4010</external-xref>).</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection></section><section commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcb6a5541-d863-421f-9860-9459cd4451f2" changed="not-changed"><enum>603.</enum><header>Other harmful algal bloom matters</header><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" changed="not-changed" id="ida502819a484640a986b397b2b95afd68"><enum>(a)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 9(g) of the National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2018 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/4010">33 U.S.C. 4010</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5131e77f-de55-4542-a0ba-763be5d545e8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in paragraph (1)—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id433E2E1AF2BB416CB3277C757234DB0A" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in subparagraph (B), by adding at the end the following new sentence: <quote>The appropriate Federal official may waive the non-Federal share requirements of the preceding sentence if such official determines no reasonable means are available through which the recipient of the Federal share can meet the non-Federal share requirement.</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9FDE7176231F4988B08A9D077834E8B5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">by adding at the end the following: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id59363853-e1e9-4a32-a13c-eceacc77b351" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph id="id6de44c75-a7b6-4025-8660-b85813a63bf1" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><header>Contract, cooperative agreement, and grant authority</header><text>The appropriate Federal official may enter into contracts, cooperative agreements, and grants with States, Indian Tribes, Tribal organizations, Native Hawaiian organizations, local governments, or other entities to pay for or reimburse costs incurred by such entities for the purposes of supporting the determination of, and assessing the environmental, economic, social, subsistence use, and public health effects of, a harmful algal bloom or hypoxia event of national significance.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="ida80b83e2-ea9d-443e-88e9-7376f05ab2a9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in paragraph (2)—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf77757058c2747ada7b2d215459cf2ac" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in subparagraph (A), by inserting <quote>a leadership official of an affected Indian Tribe, the executive official of the District of Columbia, or the executive official of an affected territory or possession of the United States,</quote> after <quote>State,</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida8c5ff7e1811455b958ae9bb0b1c02a5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B), by striking <quote>consider</quote> and all that follows through <quote>boundary.</quote> and inserting “consider factors such as—</text><quoted-block id="idC1B7A01D934D400ABC8050A724DA4E21" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><clause id="idB824157579A94360BB1ECA94C9A5C95C" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>the risk to public health and the potential severity of the detrimental environmental effects of the harmful algal bloom or hypoxia event, as indicated by— </text><subclause id="idb948d8b69c2a417cb80700476aa65a11" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text>data on shellfish or water quality obtained through sampling programs, including baseline data, and regulatory or advisory thresholds established to explain management actions related to the event;</text></subclause><subclause id="idadcb3e6909994f639ec2c91c62a5757d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>toxin levels in fish, marine mammals, seabirds, shellfish, or water during the event;</text></subclause><subclause id="ide3458e2442354e10a8e3236b36011530" changed="not-changed"><enum>(III)</enum><text>toxic aerosols produced during the event, including potential human exposures to toxic aerosols;</text></subclause><subclause id="ida2356b120f324923880fac974167ac30" changed="not-changed"><enum>(IV)</enum><text>reports of human or animal illnesses or mortalities during the event;</text></subclause><subclause id="idc847526386674642a0b771f2a60728c7" changed="not-changed"><enum>(V)</enum><text>any closures of fishing or shellfish harvesting locations or recreational public waters, including beaches, during the event;</text></subclause><subclause id="ide4f05a7e7a7a4290845f40635dfe97c9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(VI)</enum><text>the duration and spatial extent of the event; or</text></subclause><subclause id="idec183358184846da90f1ba641ba8eff8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(VII)</enum><text>impacts to habitats or ecosystems associated with the event; </text></subclause></clause><clause id="id4455bb80aeb34aa7a5c1c6e4499d3e5c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>the potential economic, social, and subsistence impacts associated with the harmful algal bloom or hypoxia event, including to fisheries and aquaculture, recreation and tourism, monitoring and management, social or cultural resource use, and event response activities, assessed in comparison with historical data from when a State or region did not experience such an event, as possible, as indicated by—</text><subclause id="idd5ba8884f906417d976f62d57b9f50ef" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text>increases in public health expenditures;</text></subclause><subclause id="id4076aff3217542eabbf3270ac34b0c49" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>losses to commercial fisheries and aquaculture industries, recreation and tourism, real estate, and other impacted industries or businesses; </text></subclause><subclause id="idfc29de2260474f79b7023242b2df0a37" changed="not-changed"><enum>(III)</enum><text>increases in monitoring and management expenditures, including costs incurred for event response and clean-up (such as for beach clean-up following an influx of biomass or a fish-kill) by public or private sectors; or</text></subclause><subclause id="idda98c1be26924835859beea7ace9b63f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(IV)</enum><text>impacts to subsistence resources, including nutritional, cultural, and economic effects on subsistence communities;</text></subclause></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5b3668e558d24924af3cfce839ee6a77" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the relative magnitude of those impacts in relation to past occurrences of harmful algal bloom or hypoxia events that occur on a recurrent or annual basis; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida1036aef1a054983980b62c35af2f6c9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iv)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the geographic scope of the harmful algal bloom or hypoxia event, including the potential of the event to affect several municipalities, to affect more than 1 State, or to cross an international boundary.</text></clause><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0733a3bf60764fb6af2e3a3a5edaa614" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>in paragraph (3), by adding at the end the following: </text><quoted-block id="idDD91BB09796B43D4A235F725AE724CA0" style="OLC" act-name="" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph id="idCB132B9A78BB4A66A700AAF0129815D0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><header>Indian Tribe</header><text>The term <term>Indian Tribe</term> has the meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/25/5304">25 U.S.C. 5304</external-xref>).</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4ab7d998351441328f5b4372d2055ba5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(E)</enum><header>Native Hawaiian organization</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <term>Native Hawaiian organization</term> has the meaning given that term in section 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/7517">20 U.S.C. 7517</external-xref>) and includes the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id46dd628d979d4217ae1cb28185b039a4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(F)</enum><header>Tribal organization</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <term>Tribal organization</term> has the meaning given that term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/25/5304">25 U.S.C. 5304</external-xref>).</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0e23aaeb90174e968646948ebe0f93b4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following: </text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4eaee02a-2818-4bf9-b7f8-6de950964887" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="idcd3f1c3d-cbbe-4682-9a73-ec0af095436c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029, to remain available until expended.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id63e8e9cbd5b040f7ac2f94335aeb9fa2"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Protect families from toxic algal blooms</header><text>Section 128 of the Water Resources Development Act of 2020 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/610">33 U.S.C. 610</external-xref> note) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id955f33ccd21344c1939601f7c6d39f30"><enum>(1)</enum><text>by redesignating subsection (e) as subsection (f); and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id52c92051a1f9435a9f3936058b5bce68"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by inserting after subsection (d) the following new subsection:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id57e3257c174b4214b406f9468ba75769"><subsection id="idb5a139bbbea24b2390a7115ea65591b5"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Harmful algal bloom technologies</header><text>In carrying out the demonstration program under subsection (a), the Secretary may enter into agreements with water and irrigation districts located in the focus areas described in subsections (c) and (d) for the use or sale of any new technologies developed under the program to expedite the removal of harmful algal blooms in such areas.</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>VII</enum><header>Preventing Health Emergencies And Temperature-related Illness and Deaths Act of 2024</header><section id="id3dea159188f34868b13bc0c63cdf8dcc" section-type="subsequent-section" changed="not-changed"><enum>701.</enum><header>Short title</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">This title may be cited as the <quote><short-title>Preventing Health Emergencies And Temperature-related Illness and Deaths Act of 2024</short-title></quote> or the <quote><short-title>Preventing HEAT Illness and Deaths Act of 2024</short-title></quote>.</text></section><section id="idd431a63851f841b58ed31193b81d6078" changed="not-changed"><enum>702.</enum><header>Definitions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">In this title:</text><paragraph id="ida2b0f5c549e6416eb1a8d26a53a53636" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Extreme heat</header><text>The term <term>extreme heat</term> means heat that substantially exceeds local temperature norms in terms of any combination of the following:</text><subparagraph id="idc494f2157f12490caf669bb6f722c6f0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Duration.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id38d2de50eb2a45eba8bcb3307d22b2b3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Intensity.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id9853f78e47bc4779a0ea9b6ba3450453" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Season length.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id90d14f5a14f940448583d065332a2d68" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><text>Frequency.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idb5c7b18f33f743cc8725bfdf5c98a919" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Heat</header><text>The term <term>heat</term> means any combination of the atmospheric parameters associated with modulating human thermoregulation, such as air temperature, humidity, solar exposure, and wind speed.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id1e1d48baad6a4317984b7577bd828c0a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Heat event</header><text>The term <term>heat event</term> means an occurrence of extreme heat of 2 days or more that may have heat-health implications.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4fca8c844bc144288394bff95b212a8a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Heat-health</header><text>The term <term>heat-health</term> means health effects to humans from heat, during or outside of heat events, including from vulnerability and exposure, or the risk of such effects.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id77395b04d36c418e8c610eb686ba7a82" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Planning</header><text>The term <term>planning</term> means activities performed across timescales (including days, weeks, months, years, and decades) with scenario-based, probabilistic or deterministic information to identify and take actions to proactively mitigate heat-health risks.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide9a98fb166d14db9a785b08092ee7af3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Preparedness</header><text>The term <term>preparedness</term> means activities performed across timescales with decision support tools to manage risk in advance of a heat event and increased ambient temperature.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9359d7c39af54f99856be4f99eb43805" changed="not-changed"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Tribal government</header><text>The term <term>Tribal government</term> means the recognized governing body of any Indian or Alaska Native tribe, band, nation, pueblo, village, community, component band, or component reservation, individually identified (including parenthetically) in the list published most recently as of the date of enactment of this Act pursuant to section 104 of the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/25/5131">25 U.S.C. 5131</external-xref>).</text></paragraph></section><section id="id3f595054c40b4075bd06cef1a0cbd03c" changed="not-changed"><enum>703.</enum><header>National Integrated Heat Health Information System Interagency Committee</header><subsection id="idb6300748b2af4d9ea48641a2fb00d54b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Establishment of committee</header><text>There is established within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration an interagency committee, to be known as the <quote>National Integrated Heat Health Information System Interagency Committee</quote> (in this section referred to as the <quote>Committee</quote>).</text></subsection><subsection id="id118e07e4c15f4468acc789d622bdba0a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Purpose</header><text>The Committee shall coordinate agencies represented on the Committee to execute, as appropriate, activities across such agencies to ensure a united Federal approach to reducing health risks from heat.</text></subsection><subsection id="id4fff1af209204ea7b329a5e2c91cb2c8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Membership</header><paragraph id="id7ffb4d35dbd0404fa5cd13fb9f587ce2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In order to carry out and achieve the purpose described in subsection (b), the Committee shall include the following:</text><subparagraph id="id301542e1c7194c6eb9e3132da8c67ead" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>The Director of the National Integrated Heat Health Information System.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id3240ac66e2ad407698cacaa32efbd0b2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Not fewer than 1 representative from each of the following:</text><clause id="id7e070f64969f42b9b223bd14409d9006" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>From the Department of Commerce, the following:</text><subclause id="idf3459490617847409219fbd50a21d07f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text>From the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the following:</text><item id="id4ef3cacd34234aad8a7bff719993d14b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(aa)</enum><text>The National Weather Service.</text></item><item id="idd0b2045d7290453fbdff5a6045d37ded" changed="not-changed"><enum>(bb)</enum><text>The Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research.</text></item><item id="id7d5129946c694fc5936261fe2886b948" changed="not-changed"><enum>(cc)</enum><text>The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service.</text></item></subclause><subclause id="id1caffa05da7d4f308968b221162e8b37" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>The National Institute of Standards and Technology.</text></subclause><subclause id="idfb7f62eac8764f48a7cbb636454c824a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(III)</enum><text>The Bureau of the Census.</text></subclause></clause><clause id="idae04582d1e5b4eb6a1d986dfe2c7f5b4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>From the Department of Health and Human Services, the following:</text><subclause id="id8c77e6d0efde4ba1a8989d5ea91b9827" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.</text></subclause><subclause id="idaca0401f0e814bdbbb7d115ddaf1157a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Preparedness and Response.</text></subclause><subclause id="id83cb079ca57d41059c1130259e514c2c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(III)</enum><text>The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.</text></subclause><subclause id="id0f8dff598a0a40fa80557c5bb3ddc0ff" changed="not-changed"><enum>(IV)</enum><text>The National Institutes of Health.</text></subclause><subclause id="id89182d7914c943dbbeae9b50cd930d0b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(V)</enum><text>The Indian Health Service.</text></subclause></clause><clause id="id3cb2b1b48e724c7386113424b70f6a8f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>From the Department of the Interior, the following:</text><subclause id="ida7a0e548c03d4ffdbf82110fb952af8d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text>The Bureau of Indian Affairs.</text></subclause><subclause id="id5672cb0696954106809b6128ad7e3723" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>The Bureau of Land Management.</text></subclause><subclause id="id6268c08f4f1d40ddb660944650649daf" changed="not-changed"><enum>(III)</enum><text>The National Park Service.</text></subclause><subclause id="idf2a05575908641afaaacdfd439cb4aff" changed="not-changed"><enum>(IV)</enum><text>The Office of Hawaiian Relations. </text></subclause></clause><clause id="id9ac0bdac33db450ba401604e5146aa0f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>From the Environmental Protection Agency, the following:</text><subclause id="idbc3a4156b1634771b03af3c513ea8d2f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text>The Office of Air and Radiation, if the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency determines appropriate.</text></subclause><subclause id="id2158d107e85d4777892396f1b6bc6805" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>The Office of Research and Development, if the Administrator determines appropriate.</text></subclause><subclause id="id3e7a4c2f7531477486d150b3f154a426" changed="not-changed"><enum>(III)</enum><text>The Office of International and Tribal Affairs.</text></subclause></clause><clause id="id86cc594d4521478dad324de87a7aedd8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(v)</enum><text>The Federal Emergency Management Agency.</text></clause><clause id="ida0863375d7c047809686c0cf8b9028a4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(vi)</enum><text>The Department of Defense.</text></clause><clause id="id808d0094b586487b872c65b73bd8da57" changed="not-changed"><enum>(vii)</enum><text>The Department of Agriculture.</text></clause><clause id="idbc9f4b6a4b7e4aaf8da3ffd35ab24d22" changed="not-changed"><enum>(viii)</enum><text>The Department of Housing and Urban Development.</text></clause><clause id="ideef984c88e4d4f16b9076bdd6ebd469e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ix)</enum><text>The Department of Transportation.</text></clause><clause id="id6cd98ad7cd294eedb59440ae6e6ca16a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(x)</enum><text>The Department of Energy.</text></clause><clause id="id503c7229f1494a8a885bdfe0a0a8af64" changed="not-changed"><enum>(xi)</enum><text>The Department of Labor, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.</text></clause><clause id="idb7dde67e554e4d7a9aa35077d1decc34" changed="not-changed"><enum>(xii)</enum><text>The Department of Veteran Affairs.</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1b5b4af05d0947c9b9f0a533c58ef8cd" changed="not-changed"><enum>(xiii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Department of Education.</text></clause><clause id="id1a42ff8d000a4b7aaedc481602f07774" changed="not-changed"><enum>(xiv)</enum><text>The Department of State.</text></clause><clause id="id834f33c67083460a9c9e069e41a6c4d3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(xv)</enum><text>The United States Agency for International Development.</text></clause><clause id="idf54b7e4ab86f44e19680d609027bce15" changed="not-changed"><enum>(xvi)</enum><text>Such other Federal agencies as the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere considers appropriate.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id99fa73c358494f05b92b73dd3bffbf3e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Selection of representatives</header><text>The head of an agency specified in paragraph (1)(B) shall, in appointing representatives of the agency to the Committee, select representatives who have expertise in areas relevant to the responsibilities of the Committee, such as weather prediction, health impacts, behavioral science, public health hazard preparedness and response, or mental health services.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6727f9517c1843359bbefbcaf23dde96" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Co-chairs</header><subparagraph id="id36183ad52abd4f3681038170efec98a9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The members of the Committee shall select 3 individuals from among such members to serve as co-chairs of the Committee, subject to the approval of the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1c3e50baac184c758fc630a51a7bc471" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Selection</header><clause id="idce01dc04c822432c9ac86b27fc18712f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><header>Initial selection</header><text>Of the co-chairs first selected, one shall be from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, one shall be from the Department of Health and Human Services, and one shall be from the Federal Emergency Management Agency.</text></clause><clause id="idd4faac8dc368417b8d153c2bd0be9b28" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Subsequent selection</header><text>Subsequent co-chairs shall be selected from among the members of the Committee, except the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall have the opportunity to maintain a co-chair position.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id54ef7c8cd4bb40d3b4d47c3c03a145f0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Terms</header><text>Each co-chair shall serve for a term of not more than 5 years.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ideea3bf76b10d4b9d8b57c8835bc5942f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><header>Responsibilities of co-chairs</header><text>The co-chairs of the Committee shall, in consultation with the Director of the National Integrated Heat Health Information System—</text><clause id="idec3f7f4c5d164e078dc7f77a62c082fb" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>determine the agenda of the Committee, in consultation with other members of the Committee;</text></clause><clause id="idab16fbb0264f480b912b31b332c59be2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>direct the work of the Committee; and</text></clause><clause id="id83acd48afd434e41a1ea1fc131480bb4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>convene meetings of the Committee not less frequently than once each fiscal quarter.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idaa7cbc4031164b1993092124697d62d2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Responsibilities of Committee</header><text>The Committee shall coordinate an integrated, Federal Government-wide approach to reducing health risks and impacts of heat, including by—</text><paragraph id="id3051e84c586246e89eb9801bc320b8b0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>developing the strategic plan required by subsection (e);</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd128b20456ef44c59f6485d7545495b0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>coordinating across Federal agencies on heat-health communication, engagement, research, service delivery, and workforce development; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb9a4d98ab308432eb9d6f2c9189552e8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>building capacity and partnerships with Federal and non-Federal entities.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idc7bab02bae52446684cb204f6a3f5137" changed="not-changed"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Strategic plan</header><paragraph id="iddb999821c354488b9d4beee48f5fab0a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Committee shall submit to Congress and make available on a public website a 5-year strategic plan that outlines the goals and projects of the Committee, including how the Committee will improve coordination and integration of interagency Federal capacity and capabilities to address health risks of heat, including—</text><subparagraph id="id78f257dcd08e4c4496c6f0e2543f6936" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>a strategy for improving and coordinating existing Federal data collection and data management to include sharing of data and statistics on heat-related illnesses and mortalities and other impacts to inform heat-related activities;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida139ba20e3014df68a00c699e6d12996" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>a strategy for improving and coordinating Federal activities to understand user gaps and needs, conduct research, foster innovative solutions, and provide actionable information and services; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8a7bdefc041b4969b3e4aa4f9e8dda6a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>mechanisms for financing heat planning and preparedness within such agencies as the Committee considers appropriate.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="ide3a2b936d6e74b03857e7fd03ee1051d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Implementation</header><text>The head of an agency represented on the Committee may implement the portions of the strategic plan required by paragraph (1) that are relevant to that agency.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id1fca8b09394f44db875b6f48d742f3b8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Updates</header><text>Not later than 5 years after the submission of the strategic plan required by paragraph (1), and every 5 years thereafter, the Committee shall brief Congress on an update of the plan, which shall include progress made toward goals outlined in the previous plan and new priorities that emerge.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="ide02986a43b0d4b6db0294faffd199c86" changed="not-changed"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text>In carrying out the responsibilities of the Committee, the Committee shall consult with relevant—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4093a91ba7c743dea5b62a82e81e4731" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">regional, State, Tribal, and local governments; </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6c3557d5773f46fb8302180dfc658bb6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">international organizations and partners; </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7779c084f57e4bb1919b9c3ffe5ac727" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">research institutions; </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5d9ad49da7c844b7bc3bf4ca7d45f39c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">nongovernmental organizations and associations; </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id66f70e39eb2f46ddac511dab5a5e3081" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">medical experts with expertise in emergency response; and </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8b8a58fc15044928acaa4263b4bda089" changed="not-changed"><enum>(6)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">environmental health, economic or business development, or other stakeholders. </text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id7b74f8fc5a624f129274fdba66458fb5" changed="not-changed"><enum>704.</enum><header>National Integrated Heat Health Information System</header><subsection id="id52d578bd238547879c52ff33cb815d6f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Establishment</header><text>The Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere shall establish within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration a system, to be known as the <quote>National Integrated Heat Health Information System</quote> (NIHHIS) (in this section referred to as the <quote>System</quote>).</text></subsection><subsection id="ida8b8a536ac3e4bbd85302de2e00f0fd2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Purpose</header><text>The purpose of the System is to reduce heat-related impacts by—</text><paragraph id="idfcde67eaffbe4b919d20923f94bdf782" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>improving the delivery of data, information, forecasts, warnings, predictions, and projections related to temperature and extreme heat and related impacts; </text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6998b23f2e2e4e1e81dce724bc6e8aca" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>through the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, developing science-based solutions and tools to improve impact-based decision support services for heat impacts to human life, property, and the United States economy; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id97e5d3fc0c864adf98d5c956f31d4128" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>supporting a research program on heat health, in coordination with the agencies represented on the National Integrated Heat Health Information System Interagency Committee. </text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id0672fe5ea8cf4e3b8f9a82d437a63dcc" changed="not-changed"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Data management</header><paragraph id="id01c6cb9bd2324be0a67f191cd5ea34a7" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Availability</header><text>The data and metadata associated with the System shall be fully and openly available, within the legal right to redistribute, in accordance with <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/44/31">chapter 31</external-xref> of title 44, United States Code (commonly known as the <quote>Federal Records Act of 1950</quote>), and the Federal Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/115/435">Public Law 115–435</external-xref>;132 Stat. 5529) and the amendments made by that Act, to maximize use of such data to support the goals of the System.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id08640720fbf64b558e0a7b8a6f263ba2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>National Centers for Environmental Information</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida79c302b5ba84e2aad32c8694c91df2e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere shall manage, maintain, and steward archival data and metadata associated with the System within the National Centers for Environmental Information.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idcf7d819aed90419b9c453b3f7375eb7d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Warning coordination meteorologist</header><text>The Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere shall designate at least one warning coordination meteorologist, as described in section 405 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/8545">15 U.S.C. 8545</external-xref>), at the National Centers for Environmental Information.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="idf9fe5672cece4473a3b3a586f17e1b48" changed="not-changed" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" section-type="subsequent-section"><enum>705.</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">There is authorized to be appropriated to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to carry out sections 703 and 704, including for any administrative costs for the National Integrated Heat Health Information System Interagency Committee and the National Integrated Heat Health Information System, $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029. </text></section><enum>VIII</enum><header>National Landslide Preparedness Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</header><section id="id8ec08948-3c6d-4aae-831b-1db55a35dbd6" section-type="subsequent-section" changed="not-changed"><enum>801.</enum><header>Short title</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">This title may be cited as the <quote><short-title>National Landslide Preparedness Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title></quote>.</text></section><section id="id6f8817f728144f53970de549a7f6faf0" changed="not-changed"><enum>802.</enum><header>Certain definitions under Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act</header><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id317a160f4e944fb6b908964c54aa91d6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 12(a) of the Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/9707">15 U.S.C. 9707(a)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id50da2658018c4b94894a0dec9f49d338" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">by redesignating paragraphs (1) and (2) as paragraphs (4) and (5), respectively; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id741021e169a54e349b4084cc06590379" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by inserting before paragraph (4) (as so redesignated) the following:</text><quoted-block id="id87D5DA41B0C040A1A872A46E9444CC2F" display-inline="no-display-inline" style="OLC" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="id45D28D916C344878ACED6703DE2521D5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Atmospheric river</header><text>The term <term>atmospheric river</term> means a transient corridor of strong water vapor in the atmosphere that—</text><subparagraph id="id8D7C1312BE4741EC96A37AABCA96DEE0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>produces significant quantities of rain or snow; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idE42A98A27C614B4DA7A2DE3C8F4FCAE9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>may be primarily beneficial to the water supply or hazardous due to flooding.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id95CAC63200894B23A0ECCE5D84890036" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Atmospheric river flooding event</header><text>The term <term>atmospheric river flooding event</term> means an atmospheric river that—</text><subparagraph id="id3ddf295acd3b41f9b32c4525c8199c56" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>results in flooding of rivers and streams or other hazards to human life, property, or the economy; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id49b09a23a6d54767bfd04e8b63f76ac9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>is of particular concern to human health, property, and the economy, as determined by the Secretary of Commerce.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id49B8355F6ACC473FBBF9011AE63F5E53" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Extreme precipitation event</header><text>The term <term>extreme precipitation event</term> means precipitation quantities exceeding the 5-year annual recurrence interval for a specific location.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id19a9022356654e829073c8e38f5c2213" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text>Section 12(d)(1) of the Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/9707">15 U.S.C. 9707(d)(1)</external-xref>) is amended by inserting <quote>, such as precipitation resulting from hurricanes, atmospheric river flooding events, and extreme precipitation events</quote> before the period at the end. </text></subsection></section><section id="id6ccb599ba2c947c8a7e450064c907b68" changed="not-changed"><enum>803.</enum><header>Reauthorization of National Landslide Preparedness Act</header><subsection id="idd1cf09f6707a4988815234c0fd0edea7" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>Section 2 of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3101">43 U.S.C. 3101</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id6faf61bebfb949adb6e460b50a76a121" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraphs (4) through (11) as paragraphs (7), (8), (10), (11), (13), (14), (15), and (16), respectively; </text></paragraph><paragraph id="idbc1e07b3cbe74a98b587628a4139dbaa" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (3) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7bc5ca8a6bf741c78432a77d9c2dabac" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="idf2d03eb3c379414199ea1b925c96415b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Atmospheric river</header><text>The term <term>atmospheric river</term> has the meaning given the term in section 12(a) of the Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/9707">15 U.S.C. 9707(a)</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0244c0bfaed44a7885330872dde66213" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Atmospheric river flooding event</header><text>The term <term>atmospheric river flooding event</term> has the meaning given the term in section 12(a) of the Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/9707">15 U.S.C. 9707(a)</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id14b2992ec1b44634bc0f0de5ee39bd13" changed="not-changed"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Extreme precipitation event</header><text>The term <term>extreme precipitation event</term> has the meaning given the term in section 12(a) of the Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/9707">15 U.S.C. 9707(a)</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idDA7595CB79A14009B0A7843D7B275174" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (8) (as so redesignated) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id93E112D0CFE945AEA7C35FD74ADE7FF5" changed="not-changed"><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1AD668F0299E4FA9AEE0AE283AE912C2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(9)</enum><header>Institution of higher education</header><text>The term <term>institution of higher education</term> has the meaning given the term in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/1001">20 U.S.C. 1001(a)</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id0251de1026a34aac934badc6a5154a05" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (11) (as so redesignated) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id464341B463E643A2A7959D6FA009CEA1" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="id4a91883e7f20434db54426f231bee135" changed="not-changed"><enum>(12)</enum><header>Native Hawaiian organization</header><text>The term <term>Native Hawaiian organization</term> has the meaning given the term in section 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/7517">20 U.S.C. 7517</external-xref>), except that the term includes the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands and the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. </text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="idde910c72dfca49db84d288d67ca3cede" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5269B55D38C048FFA5A2DE5A21E5298A" changed="not-changed"><paragraph id="idef631e0017d84365ae1d53677c2ffc52" changed="not-changed"><enum>(17)</enum><header>Tribal organization</header><text>The term <term>Tribal organization</term> has the meaning given the term in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/25/5304">25 U.S.C. 5304</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id5c9825de63214d8bbb601d58a460d47e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>National landslide hazards reduction program</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb9a0e83459bc4b9da7c4053086bb9fe8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">Establishment</header><text>Section 3(a)(3) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(a)(3)</external-xref>) is amended by striking <quote>protect</quote> and inserting <quote>contribute to protecting</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb6cefbd60c3c482b9bba8f08452630d6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Program activities</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 3(b)(1)(C)(ii) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(b)(1)(C)(ii)</external-xref>) is amended by striking <quote>implement</quote> and inserting <quote>disseminate</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id79341cda4e04479da23d4729712e92b3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>National strategy</header><text>Section 3(b)(2) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(b)(2)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph id="idc8638079481841f4ab46769b73356662" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (A) through (C) as clauses (i) through (iii), respectively, and indenting appropriately; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id51e48fcd3eb94b66b1e15a8eff184bf6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in the matter preceding clause (i) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>Not later than</quote> and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9E2DBB4922EC4AD3B5F0F9702469252F" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4dd414272b3d44219d12c2d57de562ca" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4332a9938c8845048c51dbb0f06cded1" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1706317DC0C748CB91088D10963DE8CD" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id408c857437a245528162f5cb8f599e43" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Assessment</header><text>For purposes of the first national strategy published after the date of enactment of the <short-title>National Landslide Preparedness Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title> under subparagraph (A), the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, shall include an assessment of the risks that atmospheric river flooding events and extreme precipitation events pose to the safety of life and property in the United States with respect to landslide hazards.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idefab8e99996240e38cc94107b5bb63ec" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><header>National landslide hazards database</header><text>Section 3(b)(3) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(b)(3)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph id="id3cb3315e03854d0cae827b5710e1f28d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (C) and (D) as subparagraphs (D) and (E), respectively; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc610d05b93ca4fb699766a0defc3cc2e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by inserting after subparagraph (B) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id720677fb3c874454acf46639e30ed9d4" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph id="ida54cd18e4c8145dcbfa38f5e4f27a820" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>the identification of areas in need of additional hazard risk assessment, including areas that may be at risk due to—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbbf1d11446df41dab0f850fe8d8b6404" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>hydrology or changes in hydrology that may include erosion, drought, or other characteristics that could impact landslide risk; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5974a1cf30e64167a573f071fc469a7a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">atmospheric river flooding events and extreme precipitation events, as identified by the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary;</text></clause><clause id="id890fea08346246fda9e4d2f2503aad72" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>geologic activity, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or tsunamis; or</text></clause><clause id="id54c1a4527952441a927b54cd9c34e433" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>data-poor areas or hazards with poor monitoring that could contribute to increased landslide risk;</text></clause></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id5dde4a47ed6b4d42983099f9fb8c14b6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Landslide hazard and risk preparedness for communities</header><text>Section 3(b)(4) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(b)(4)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph id="id8017a495e12a41dea1e71452f38605ef" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by inserting <quote>Native Hawaiian organizations and other stakeholders, as appropriate,</quote> before <quote>and Indian tribes</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idfe6d4fc6fb3643ce9f5aa0ee2e368797" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A)—</text><clause id="idcbac3e44841d4ab5bf012d508d986e6e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking <quote>local, and Tribal governments and decisionmakers</quote> and inserting <quote>and local governments, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, Native Hawaiian organizations, and other decisionmakers</quote>;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb09946717cda4778ad57e778e831c3bc" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>by striking clause (iii) and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9ABDC7EBB7084D1A8D8E7EF832F55ECA" changed="not-changed"><clause id="id059adf862b3e4f778a540a4541335219" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>health and safety with respect to landslides;</text></clause><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause><clause id="idd7554e4d60854fa28940571164b620fe" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>by redesignating clause (iv) as clause (v); and</text></clause><clause id="idbd43495e89c74a8fbf53662db7bc8ee3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>by inserting after clause (iii) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8F6F48A5B4CA413CB4E607DD2939076E" changed="not-changed"><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8fb290c10f704020b32f89a962a4b28b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>reducing losses from landslides, including the threats caused by atmospheric rivers and other extreme precipitation events; and</text></clause><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide99b77ae96214a8b9f79dbd06d1b4864" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B)—</text><clause id="idc808098583eb42d49eb434c4df98209f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in clause (i), by striking <quote>local, and Tribal officials</quote> and inserting <quote>and local officials, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and Native Hawaiian organizations</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="ide1543419f80e47ab9b627dd29a056b40" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in clause (ii), by striking <quote>local, and Tribal emergency managers</quote> and inserting <quote>and local emergency managers and emergency managers of Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and Native Hawaiian organizations</quote>.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd761a3aa439c4678abe4f444b271474e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Debris flow early warning system</header><text>Section 3(b)(5) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(b)(5)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph id="id5f1fdf7d43aa46cd874f13c1793563b6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B), by striking <quote>State, territorial, local, and Tribal governments</quote> and inserting <quote>State, territorial, and local governments, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and Native Hawaiian organizations</quote>; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida1428615982c4102a0c33da1a9c40f32" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (A) through (C) as clauses (i) through (iii), respectively, and indenting appropriately;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida0ec184e23bd4ec7866de2fe1a48df46" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in the matter preceding clause (i) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>In carrying out</quote> and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2C342AA5DF134AD4AE06B60B1F4C0DE7" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id25d6cb954d4f43bb8cd5dab2b8d86bbd" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In carrying out</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb7ef9465f88847d9bf7f13a2a872476a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8F2FBF52E2D34FE6A2C042A824752436" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id24a42cd56a5d4e028840578a1f908d6c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text>In carrying out subparagraph (A), the Secretary may consult with an institution of higher education described in subsection (d)(2)(B)(iv) and other stakeholders to establish and support emergency response procedures, as appropriate.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id55042d33130a4a359488361554a80bb7" changed="not-changed"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Emergency response activities</header><text>Section 3(b)(6) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(b)(6)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc782d4b7ff754da4b0fc3585eacaedfa" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (A) through (C) as clauses (i) through (iii), respectively, and indenting appropriately;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idfc4a54c1aabb406fbe7ecfe914e56bfa" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in the matter preceding clause (i) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>In carrying</quote> and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7FF665641CAC484D819B61B095EA4559" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4dc98208a4b547c7b83dbd93904a7fb0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; </after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idba196b168b3f4f5eac09b461b7cd8017" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in subparagraph (A) (as so designated)—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8776cfa09da14652b1726dc29f101612" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in the matter preceding clause (i) (as so redesignated), by inserting <quote>Native Hawaiian organizations,</quote> before <quote>and Indian tribes</quote>;</text></clause><clause id="id86818b7ec2da426f880ba514d714d7c9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in clause (ii) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>and</quote> at the end;</text></clause><clause id="ide97b2cdb768947038eb9c6542d44f220" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>in clause (iii) (as so redesignated), by striking the period at the end and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="id2a59bb0d32a94ff28e37c606c19558cb" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide5042513d410422786a7d63fd84cbade" changed="not-changed"><clause id="ide3b6358334714ff89dea05f9239d5124" changed="not-changed"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>to improve real-time risk management during landslide events, including with respect to landslide events caused by—</text><subclause id="id2018eba3b0334c3a9ac5c6ee7b87cdb7" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text>hydrology or changes in hydrology that may include erosion, drought, or other characteristics that could impact landslide risk;</text></subclause><subclause id="idf3720a6b0d5b4dcfa90001bf49e40302" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>atmospheric river flooding events and extreme precipitation events, as identified by the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary;</text></subclause><subclause id="idb439e72064f14881b4bda03b7fa6bfcd" changed="not-changed"><enum>(III)</enum><text>geologic activity, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or tsunamis; </text></subclause><subclause id="idaff49a263edf42de90d6f036e49047f2" changed="not-changed"><enum>(IV)</enum><text>data-poor areas or hazards with poor monitoring that could contribute to increased landslide risk; or</text></subclause><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idce48e25c17c543aab2076d9f90b25bde" changed="not-changed"><enum>(V)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">thawing permafrost and glacial retreat causing destabilization of slopes.</text></subclause></clause><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id01f9a675a8c8462082539bcc07dfafc3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idC4AB5579486F43E39B886A67D4AD55DB" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida8d60e274dfd48f9993431582affc2c9" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text>In carrying out subparagraph (A), the Secretary may consult with an institution of higher education described in subsection (d)(2)(B)(iv) and the private sector.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id50246c944b1e4d70ac0c1066c96724f1"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Interagency Coordinating Committee on Landslide Hazards</header><text>Section 3(c)(2) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(c)(2)</external-xref>) is amended by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idC2D2F848994D4E4B92A0338A450B7B15"><subparagraph id="id0d4fadb076844d0a9956ae70791548d5"><enum>(J)</enum><text>The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id8675b44fbb374eb9bc5751c4a9c9b296" changed="not-changed"><enum>(9)</enum><header>Advisory committee</header><text>Section 3(d)(2)(B) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102(d)(2)(B)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8bea9f6b2c4c47289ecc9db24868d821" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in clause (iii), by striking <quote>geological</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id94854ac4dd6e45c08e05509a7431e87a" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in clause (vi), by striking <quote>local, and Tribal emergency management agencies</quote> and inserting <quote>and local emergency management agencies and emergency management agencies of Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations</quote>.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id782547176dee4d129d6fb1f15c0893dc" changed="not-changed"><enum>(10)</enum><header>Regional partnerships</header><text>Section 3 of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph id="id463d897616ad4de7a46335d9c4b441fb" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating subsections (e) through (i) as subsections (f) through (j), respectively; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id0a946a4e94d24b73991050282e7694be" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by inserting after subsection (d) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8a7f2cc6d78144eca26ed4145758780e" changed="not-changed"><subsection id="id4f6ec86bd3ab44faae3929f8398b40fb" changed="not-changed"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Regional partnerships</header><paragraph id="idb3a9840fb43141fa8d1917ef65e9dfea" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of the <short-title>National Landslide Preparedness Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>, the Secretary shall establish in the State of Alaska and other regions, as the Secretary determines to be appropriate, a regional partnership with an eligible partner described in paragraph (2).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6de1b2c2790941ac84598f6bf1008a13" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Eligible partners</header><text>An organization or institution of higher education with expertise in landslide mapping, research, and monitoring shall be eligible for a regional partnership under paragraph (1).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9d890b777187413da905bd67a1862583" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Purposes and duties</header><text>A regional partnership established under paragraph (1) shall—</text><subparagraph id="id266f20fc55774c4f8bf915985aedc9a5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>allow the Secretary to leverage applicable expertise in regional organizations;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id49820ff3519640f8bf25e15ab3dd92d6" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>coordinate long-term landslide research specific to the applicable region; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id54b26ee7ebfb4fd5b9155a60ba2fc42d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>align interagency landslide monitoring efforts.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id05f7a26c8f624114bd79c28fa61af35d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(11)</enum><header>Grant programs</header><text>Section 3 of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102</external-xref>) is amended, in paragraph (1) of subsection (f) (as so redesignated)—</text><subparagraph id="id175882549349451bbe907a93cb1491fe" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A)(i), by striking <quote>local, and Tribal governments to research, map, assess</quote> and inserting <quote>and local governments, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and Native Hawaiian organizations to research, map, assess, monitor</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id0fb87100df6a4e08beeb642c6685b1b4" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in subparagraph (B)—</text><clause id="id9a016ecbe519486fbd3e93950c8fc68c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in clause (i), by inserting <quote>institutions of higher education described in subsection (d)(2)(B)(iv),</quote> before <quote>and Indian tribes</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="id15de7751bcfd4ba48ee77164dc0a904b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in clause (ii)—</text><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idde5a4f1c68924604b0d63818a85996a5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">by redesignating subclauses (II) through (IV) as subclauses (III) through (V), respectively; and</text></subclause><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5790881cba15449eb14e4f8c93834e9e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>by inserting after subclause (I) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id10a1e6fc78f14971884fa8cd94196795" changed="not-changed"><subclause id="id77085487a5bf44388bb3fe40bf27e4b0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>in regions that have recently experienced loss of life due to landslides;</text></subclause><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subclause></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2a97e092aa3d47c89b1c95ab5c6b1c73" changed="not-changed"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in subparagraph (C)—</text><clause id="idcf2c5e5369594e2fadd8f7f64f38dbca" changed="not-changed"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in clause (i), by inserting <quote>awarded</quote> after <quote>grants</quote>; and</text></clause><clause id="idba6a37a402b3439c84ec2691d570bb26" changed="not-changed"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in clause (ii), by striking <quote>made</quote> and inserting <quote>or other accomplishments resulting</quote>.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idfe56f35544524bd5a173b8e31750b888" changed="not-changed"><enum>(12)</enum><header>Significant events</header><text>Section 3 of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102</external-xref>) is amended, in subsection (h)(3) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>local, and Tribal partners</quote> and inserting <quote>and local partners, Indian tribes, Tribal organizations, and Native Hawaiian organizations</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id818bc2312a384cd1958f0f219e37745d" changed="not-changed"><enum>(13)</enum><header>Funding</header><text>Section 3 of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3102">43 U.S.C. 3102</external-xref>) is amended, in subsection (i) (as so redesignated)—</text><subparagraph id="id2b97fd0432e54ec9bc96c8acc7ea99f3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking <quote>2024</quote> and inserting <quote>2029</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf8da6e5dbf3d47c0b9b1e4cb3d2f2b87" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (1), by striking <quote>there is authorized to be appropriated to the United States Geological Survey, $25,000,000 to carry out this section</quote> and inserting <quote>from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the United States Geological Survey, $35,000,000 shall be used to carry out this section, of which not less than $10,000,000 shall be used for the purchase, deployment, and repair of landslide early warning systems in high risk areas</quote>.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idad1aaeb469d446b2be279770dad13fc5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(c)</enum><header>3D elevation program</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id38af30b4dae64371b916d1fc3abfbbe5" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Establishment</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Section 5(a) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3104">43 U.S.C. 3104(a)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0a894ceddbf64bb7bc72826c58a0b730" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in paragraph (1)(A), by inserting <quote>and derivative</quote> after <quote>3D elevation</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfdd21e70295b451bac6d1821df1c520b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in paragraph (2)(B)(i), by inserting <quote>, process, and integrate</quote> after <quote>acquire</quote>.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3790dfeecf6748c68d768e447bb80021" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>3D Elevation Federal Interagency Coordinating Committee</header><text>Section 5(b)(3) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3104">43 U.S.C. 3104(b)(3)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph id="id0d73c5d1a8cd4b7191f805cd1c267081" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (D) and (E) as subparagraphs (E) and (F), respectively; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id106fa9a805394ddf9c23949221c7dc10" changed="not-changed"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by inserting after subparagraph (C) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4c09203136744c8382625a25b40d184b" changed="not-changed"><subparagraph id="idf0a3b443386446c89ae0c20c7d92157f" changed="not-changed"><enum>(D)</enum><text>the 3D Hydrography Program Working Group;</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfae16bf762454ad0b8ac0552e196a1af" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Grants and cooperative agreements</header><text>Section 5(d)(3) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3104">43 U.S.C. 3104(d)(3)</external-xref>) is amended by striking <quote>publically</quote> and inserting <quote>publicly</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide007f31ce1e349b5adc40b1a26f2c385" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" changed="not-changed"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Funding</header><text>Section 5(e) of the National Landslide Preparedness Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/43/3104">43 U.S.C. 3104(e)</external-xref>) is amended by striking <quote>2024</quote> and inserting <quote>2029</quote>. </text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>IX</enum><header>Illegal Red Snapper Enforcement Act</header><section id="id2fab8d34-2155-46ce-8f48-419b8a10c291" section-type="subsequent-section" changed="not-changed"><enum>901.</enum><header>Short title</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">This title may be cited as the <quote><short-title>Illegal Red Snapper Enforcement Act</short-title></quote>.</text></section><section commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9d71c1b0-24d5-430a-898b-630e51a7ea3a" changed="not-changed"><enum>902.</enum><header>Methodology for identifying the country of origin of red snapper imported into the United States</header><subsection id="id4ee4d303-cf6c-4c4d-a513-69c449f6af57" changed="not-changed"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>In this section: </text><paragraph id="ide398b789-575f-4bbb-ae66-34bc45183cba" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Administrator</header><text>The term <term>Administrator</term> means the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idad00afd0-8a1c-4a71-9d37-7dd587c3944c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Appropriate committees of Congress</header><text>The term <term>appropriate committees of Congress</term> means—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2d03f596-46cc-4477-91c1-e7b08dc5be60" changed="not-changed"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc62e6d9ae8344da58b4bf45cf0024c47"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives. </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idb2e0c000-5032-4165-8fc9-7384336fb7eb" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Under Secretary</header><text>The term <term>Under Secretary</term> means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idfadaf331-d7ae-462a-8eca-73c6cb53339c" changed="not-changed"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Standard methodology for identification</header><text>The Under Secretary and the Administrator, in consultation with the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Commandant of the Coast Guard, shall jointly develop a standard methodology based on chemical analysis for identifying the country of origin of red snapper imported into the United States that—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id813dba24-03b4-4525-9bd8-08217696deb0" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">is consistent with the needs of Federal and State law enforcement agencies in combating illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idbc1416fb-034a-4fb7-8b25-83946e46e71b" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>minimizes processing time; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7dc8d547-5951-4fee-bd9b-c3c17ed056e3" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>involves the use of a field kit that can be easily carried by one individual.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id3cbe225a-8137-404a-818c-9832fe27321e" changed="not-changed"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Report</header><text>Not later 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that includes the following: </text><paragraph id="ide29205d6-43f2-4f4d-9a89-20ba77c99c81" changed="not-changed"><enum>(1)</enum><text>A summary of the methodology developed under subsection (b). </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id189b101e-4b06-4a47-a7b5-72fe93e9c5c8" changed="not-changed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>A plan for operationalizing the methodology developed under subsection (b). </text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide7daadd2-3f65-45e5-a3e4-6bdfb9ad8e17" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" changed="not-changed"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Recommendations for further research on identification methods, including other potential applications of the methodology. </text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>X</enum><header>Accelerating Networking, Cyberinfrastructure, and Hardware for Oceanic Research Act</header><section id="id0E50CD2DA5BF4E4BBF67E0AB3CEC021A" section-type="subsequent-section"><enum>1001.</enum><header>Short title</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">This title may be cited as the <quote><short-title>Accelerating Networking, Cyberinfrastructure, and Hardware for Oceanic Research Act</short-title></quote> or the <quote><short-title>ANCHOR Act</short-title></quote>.</text></section><section id="idE85A34F1F26B4B49950902344612E2CB"><enum>1002.</enum><header>Definitions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">In this title:</text><paragraph id="id2907087B3BFC480484C2C51E281EA7B3"><enum>(1)</enum><header>U.S. Academic Research Fleet</header><text>The term <term>U.S. Academic Research Fleet</term> means the United States-flagged vessels that—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idE54E5E1F22B043949692D338B00F4E7F"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">have been accepted into, and are active participants administered within, the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idDB966B12DA7B49E09DD2CD0EFA9B3E32"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">are operated as oceanographic research vessels by research universities and laboratories; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idE7AA51A0C1D64D9DB93957851AB22E46"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">receive funding from the National Science Foundation; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id39515A64EB954D2AB9463449AD03EA95"><enum>(D)</enum><text>have achieved designation as a member vessel through a standard evaluation process. </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id7FCDDD6D10694E98B36FDC62A61D0759"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Director</header><text>The term <term>Director</term> means the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idDD9FF93EE1964A0EBBF3FC22D8B204D5"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Oceanographic research vessel</header><text>The term <term>oceanographic research vessel</term> has the meaning given the term in section 2101 of title 46, United States Code. </text></paragraph></section><section id="id3AF48985F0C64F8CAD3B92B8B9DE93B6"><enum>1003.</enum><header>Plan to improve cybersecurity and telecommunications of U.S. Academic Research Fleet</header><subsection id="id92EC8EE5BBF34BA8A98540D10F8DAF6C"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director shall, in consultation with the head of any Federal agency, university, or laboratory that owns or operates a vessel of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet, submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Space, Science, and Technology of the House of Representatives a plan to improve the cybersecurity and telecommunications of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet. </text></subsection><subsection id="idE22B1FB45E9D4B129543F890D693CC07"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>The plan required by subsection (a) shall include—</text><paragraph id="id77CD81F9820542778AAE21ECCDE8095E"><enum>(1)</enum><text>an assessment of the telecommunications and networking needs of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet, consistent with the typical scientific mission of that vessel;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id86767CAE9E4A4E76B313EE3B3E950B82"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in accordance with guidance issued by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and the National Institute for Standards and Technology, an assessment of cybersecurity needs appropriate for—</text><subparagraph id="idA682EDB45EF84079AA08986AF37D5278"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the ownership of vessels within the U.S. Academic Research Fleet; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id54B837ACD8F34E50A17EF5C462485E17"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the typical research functions and topics of such vessels;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id98167B0372034A16A788D5FD3B1906FC"><enum>(3)</enum><text>an assessment of the costs necessary to meet the needs described in paragraphs (1) and (2), including—</text><subparagraph id="id7C24880AA0F9456C9DEF4E1D16908C18"><enum>(A)</enum><text>any necessary equipment, such as satellite communications equipment, software, high-performance computing clusters shipboard and shoreside, or enterprise hardware; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id23CAA666F2224A2C9BEAE8C3574A81EA"><enum>(B)</enum><text>estimated personnel costs in excess of current expenditures, including any necessary training, support, or logistics;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idFA2BB243C12F4DF1875F128DE7DA2454"><enum>(4)</enum><text>an assessment of the time required to implement any upgrades required to meet the needs described in paragraphs (1) and (2) under varying budgets and funding scenarios;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id571D0A07661F4086A7F7C95F206A969B"><enum>(5)</enum><text>the adoption of common solutions or consortial licensing agreements, or by centralizing elements of fleet cybersecurity, telecommunications or data management at a single facility; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idBF3D18877A9C4D5AB59B587F14C27B3E"><enum>(6)</enum><text>in consultation with any non-Federal owners of a vessel of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet, a spending plan for the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, non-Federal owners of vessels of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet, users of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet, or any combination thereof, to provide funding to cover the costs described in paragraph (3).</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idFF76A5CB245E4ADC973495CD4FF6E765"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Considerations</header><text>The Director shall, in preparing the plan required by subsection (a), consider—</text><paragraph id="id1661C233E5914FBFBE3AE7CBB642C369"><enum>(1)</enum><text>the network capabilities, including speed and bandwidth targets, necessary to meet the scientific mission needs of each class of vessel within the U.S. Academic Research Fleet for such purposes as—</text><subparagraph id="id7DB8D888FB1C4477A114F26D63B4DDBB"><enum>(A)</enum><text>executing the critical functions and communications of the vessel;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2561DFC1F0234DA18E80DCEC19980AA2"><enum>(B)</enum><text>providing network access for the health and well-being of deployed personnel, including communications to conduct telemedicine (including mental health care), counseling, interviews with crisis response providers, and other remote individual care and services; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id6DDC66C4407E4E799D8B32793F1EF4A4"><enum>(C)</enum><text>as necessary to meet operations, uploading any scientific data to a shoreside server, including the copying of data off ship for disaster recovery or risk mitigation purposes;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id6A8F1917DFD34D20911EE42AD18DF155"><enum>(D)</enum><text>as appropriate, conducting real-time streaming to enable shore-based observers to participate in ship-based maintenance or research activities;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id87E27E84E2EF4A1A9E6C16882C04953A"><enum>(E)</enum><text>real-time coordinated viewing of—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id61CE18E4EE5848A5806173A0B92A328D"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">scientific instrumentation so that it is possible to conduct scientific surveys and seafloor mapping with fully remote subject-matter experts; and</text></clause><clause id="id769AD5B011374ACCBD821F74A16F73C9" commented="no"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>critical operational technology by manufacturers and vendors so that it is possible to carry out maintenance and repairs to systems with limited expertise on the vessel, with fully remote subject-matter experts advising; and</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idA30A13E6429B4A778ED8926543D9CA7F"><enum>(F)</enum><text>as appropriate, enabling video communications to allow improved outreach to, and other educational services for, K–12 students, including occasional remote classroom teaching for instructors at sea to improve oceanographic access for students; and </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id286F1E13D502456BB829DCA3A5EC07CD"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in consultation with the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, the Director of the National Institute for Standards and Technology, and the heads of other Federal agencies, as appropriate—</text><subparagraph id="idDF810D0CA594495D9079F0D8B63B1632"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the cybersecurity recommendations in the report of the private scientific advisory group known as JASON entitled <quote>Cybersecurity at NSF Major Facilities</quote> (JSR–21–10E) and dated October 2021 as applied to the U.S. Academic Research Fleet;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idDA31D122BB834F22A9828BB61E2E1D35"><enum>(B)</enum><text>aligning with international standards and guidance for information security, including the use of encryption for sensitive information, the detection and handling of security incidents, and other areas determined relevant by the Director;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idC6280E3651AF419396B1CFDDCCCF4CC8"><enum>(C)</enum><text>facilitating access to cybersecurity personnel and training of research and support personnel; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idD99D4056B03348899750208D7C021EDA" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(D)</enum><text>the requirements for controlled unclassified or classified information.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>XI</enum><header>Other authorities</header><section id="id2d68c6b48b03473191a7921919264218"><enum>1101.</enum><header>Meteorological observations in the Arctic region</header><subsection id="id36ca4d6cedc6401fa750ab7e1743de21"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Establishment of meteorological observation stations in the Arctic region</header><text>The Under Secretary may take such action as may be necessary in the development of an international basic meteorological observation network in the Arctic region of the Western Hemisphere, including the establishment, operation, and maintenance of observation stations in cooperation with—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id304e0667f14549419cc9297f7c04eb15"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Department of State and other Federal agencies;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idab4ae6d3942c48689a222c29da3ab736"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the meteorological services and space-based assets of the United States and foreign countries;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcaecbaf4164c41d2bc5fcbc00103872c"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the commercial sector;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb62b7b240f79408cbab7ee9cce704f43"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">local communities and Indian Tribes in the Arctic region; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida2c27ddfc67a4446afbdb0c9ae22c09f"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">persons engaged in air and marine commerce.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idd1548e471d2e47488abcf721dd7c55fd"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Appointment and compensation of employees for conduct of meteorological investigations in Arctic region</header><text>The Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Under Secretary, may—</text><paragraph id="id03933804e2ea47c0b40870076d923032"><enum>(1)</enum><text>appoint employees for the conduct of meteorological investigations in the Arctic region without regard to the civil service laws and fix their compensation without regard to chapter 51 and subchapter III of <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/5/53">chapter 53</external-xref> of title 5, United States Code, and sections 5542, 5543, 5545, and 5546 of that title, at base rates not to exceed the maximum scheduled rate for GS–12 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of that title; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0eac1cda7213419c8a6e06b46f0d7f34"><enum>(2)</enum><text>grant extra compensation to employees of other Federal agencies for taking and transmitting meteorological observations without regard to section 5533 of title 5, United States Code.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id60a047f1ed604e2e921eca81cec19eaf"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Transfer from other government departments of surplus equipment and supplies for Arctic stations</header><text>Subject to approval of the President, and without charge to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Air Force, and the Secretary of the Navy may transfer to the National Weather Service equipment and supplies that are surplus to the needs of their respective Departments and necessary for the establishment, maintenance, and operation of Arctic observation stations in the United States.</text></subsection><subsection id="idffdc41a03bcb4a0db86965a578b591e8" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Sense of Congress</header><text>It is the sense of Congress that observations in polar regions and remote areas are important for weather and environmental monitoring.</text></subsection><subsection id="id2956081c495a42e0acd1463593dbea65"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Repeal</header><text>The first section of the Act of February 12, 1946 (60 Stat. 4, chapter 4; <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/313a">15 U.S.C. 313a</external-xref>) is hereby repealed.</text></subsection></section><section id="id1d7cdfc22cd04e5bbba83104b4804351"><enum>1102.</enum><header>Unfunded priorities list, reports, and plans</header><subsection id="id99b0604e823d44d19e5b58d937866e1a"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>In this section:</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id943feb472c834afeb7edcc6e674e0248"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Administration</header><text>The term <term>Administration</term> means the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id193d3960f9ed4f0d850d2562bc178d61"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Administrator</header><text>The term <term>Administrator</term> means the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. </text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4753d1249fad4d4ead48f2470e06a400"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Appropriate committees of Congress</header><text>The term <term>appropriate committees of Congress</term> means—</text><subparagraph id="idcfa763d754a340c1a037460dd467ba0c"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida3a02353e348416ea32ca620aa3072f7"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idefd3086219c04009abc2f1d98e2add02"><enum>(C)</enum><text>the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idfd7ce5ec0d164619b4ff1c7c80457f97"><enum>(D)</enum><text>the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb8ff66e7e16547ac94f2ffea8bdf489e"><enum>(E)</enum><text>the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id2a3952291c104ebe95c267af0d55521a"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Capital budgetary line item</header><text>The term <term>capital budgetary line item</term> means a line item in the budget justification materials submitted to Congress in support of the budget of the President for a fiscal year pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, for any aircraft or vessel for the Administration valued at more than $3,000,000.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8bbb19a1684f44c899026436a653d928"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Infrastructure and assets</header><text>The term <term>infrastructure and assets</term> means—</text><subparagraph id="id76bd7d0ad29e45cc85c41389660305a5"><enum>(A)</enum><text>repair and construction of infrastructure, facilities, and laboratories;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc4279828f1c149e08477c22134cc8535"><enum>(B)</enum><text>instrumentation;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id73e4962dd7ae43bfa39ab5322512f745"><enum>(C)</enum><text>resources for data storage and analysis, including options for cloud-based and supercomputing services; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida089e12d0fd0464b8b255748be7d96d5"><enum>(D)</enum><text>with respect to the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, aircraft, vessels, and uncrewed systems, associated facility construction and repair needs, instrumentation, and requirements to operate new and existing assets to reliably meet the mission needs of the Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id5f8293411abf4468b72e7bfc441d97fe"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Unfunded priority</header><text>The term <term>unfunded priority</term> means a program or mission requirement that—</text><subparagraph id="id8db3dd1f42d04da1a714fe5ea446c53b"><enum>(A)</enum><text>has not been selected for funding in the applicable proposed budget;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id48da3601f09747c29d7a20ebd9ed6709"><enum>(B)</enum><text>is necessary to fulfill a statutory or mission requirement; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8b34f33341f14fef84c9971af07d3a41"><enum>(C)</enum><text>the Administrator would have recommended for inclusion in the applicable proposed budget had additional resources been available or had the requirement emerged before the budget was submitted.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="ided5b209ca6634a589433ba13a8faf886"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Unfunded priorities list</header><paragraph id="idaa5618d0eb834ae8a02c73fd8ea47c35"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 15 days after the date on which the President submits to Congress the budget of the President for a fiscal year pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, the Administrator, in consultation with the Assistant Administrator for each line office of the Administration, shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that includes a list of unfunded priorities of the Administration.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idcda7ea6108674969b49ed605f5686951"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Inclusions</header><text>The list required by paragraph (1) shall include unfunded priorities related to the needs of the Administration—</text><subparagraph id="id91dcdbb0864843e1ab87ce052fce871f"><enum>(A)</enum><text>to meet statutory and mission requirements to—</text><clause id="id0580a291b7c049a0b9281e01b160bac4"><enum>(i)</enum><text>protect human life, property, and the economy from the impacts of weather, water, and space weather;</text></clause><clause id="id391808f43ef041fb9b26565ede352d7d"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>manage the Nation’s fisheries and ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes resources; and</text></clause><clause id="idee4f9e5230fe4fd08353d87815951c0d"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>manage, steward, and make improvements to data storage, accessibility, interoperability, and utilization;</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id63b0e0b28eca401caa2e3a2f1c33cb0f"><enum>(B)</enum><text>with respect to infrastructure and assets to meet statutory and mission requirements, including—</text><clause id="id92877183e93b47fc9ae97ddd5ece0064"><enum>(i)</enum><text>needs with respect to—</text><subclause id="idbbbd7291b9f84a519a047a486b3b6b03"><enum>(I)</enum><text>repair and construction of infrastructure, facilities, and laboratories;</text></subclause><subclause id="idfb39894ab0824c0d9e2e6e53095879d6"><enum>(II)</enum><text>scientific support equipment and instrumentation; and</text></subclause><subclause id="id48a3519d5e994596b10f30ef0f9ad27b"><enum>(III)</enum><text>resources for data storage and analysis, including options for cloud-based and supercomputing services; and</text></subclause></clause><clause id="id86425042fc4f45a580290589b759a2c9"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>with respect to the Office of Marine and Aviation Operations, in coordination with the Assistant Administrator for Marine and Aviation Operations, needs with respect to aircraft and vessels, associated facility construction and repair needs, and resources required to operate new and existing assets;</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida2c0ad3af5c847c5a520b7f5fea221d6"><enum>(C)</enum><text>with respect to operational shortfalls that compromise the ability of the Administration to meet the statutory and mission requirements described in subparagraph (A), including by compromising the ability of the Administration to meet those requirements in a timely manner;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id48a752ae565d4a2385ee355fc24b4cdd"><enum>(D)</enum><text>with respect to mitigating fishery disasters, including in accordance with the requirements under the heading <quote><header-in-text style="appropriations" level="appropriations-small">Fisheries disaster assistance</header-in-text></quote> in title II of the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023 (division N of <external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/117/328">Public Law 117–328</external-xref>); and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide077eddf90b9470285e0ebe88be47a7f"><enum>(E)</enum><text>with respect to transitioning successful experimental programs under the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research as of the date of the enactment of this Act into an operational capacity under another office of the Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id0192df88dbb447269fad581ce904138e"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Prioritization</header><text>The list required by paragraph (1) shall—</text><subparagraph id="id347cfbef21014669a405f8633dbf24e1"><enum>(A)</enum><text>present the unfunded priorities of the Administration in order from highest to lowest priority, as determined by the Administrator; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb940ff74a93443cca2321dfb6e34e08c"><enum>(B)</enum><text>with respect to each unfunded priority, include—</text><clause id="id85baa63dafe54b1b847351d6bd7f3201"><enum>(i)</enum><text>a brief description of the unfunded priority and its relationship to the statutory and mission requirements of the Administration;</text></clause><clause id="id7750cae3d6a346fda76d3c41de2831ee"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>an estimate of the funding level required; and</text></clause><clause id="ide49022b4c7c04d0eb91844da658f8a17"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>an assessment of the status of the design or acquisition program, if applicable.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id3db6a0ea339043b8859dccc9eb05bc52"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Stock assessments and surveys</header><paragraph id="id360ab15f99e94e7fa324ceb1fbbecc73"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Planned stock assessments and surveys</header><text>Not later than February 1 of each year, the Administrator, in consultation with the Assistant Administrator for Marine and Aviation Operations and the Assistant Administrator for the National Marine Fisheries Service, shall make available on a publicly accessible website a list of planned stock assessments and surveys for the upcoming fiscal year.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id653f05a2a05c42d682c6dd30d6c62765"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Priority stock assessments in unfunded priorities list</header><text>The list required by subsection (b)(1) shall include such priority stock assessments described in subparagraph (B)(ii) of section 304(e)(1) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/16/1854">16 U.S.C. 1854(e)(1)</external-xref>), as added by paragraph (3), that are unfunded priorities.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id45487d87bb5f43558ed0810d2ec75564"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Data poor stocks</header><text>Section 304(e)(1) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/16/1854">16 U.S.C. 1854(e)(1)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph id="id15617de6efe144e78ee8b7a0190b055e"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by inserting <quote>(A)</quote> after <quote>(1)</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idcdef3a64d045437b992633dd8bd36355"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb67e31f542374871b805cbc7fb77e20f"><subparagraph id="id6638a89427c84806b9a4c7ac93d5db42" indent="up1"><enum>(B)</enum><text>The report required by subparagraph (A) shall include—</text><clause id="ida5bb5ca45afb4588b6289043ff78d6dc"><enum>(i)</enum><text>an assessment of whether stock survey data is adequately available, not available, or not sufficiently available;</text></clause><clause id="idf0e91dc234d9422894d480305df55ab8"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>priority stock assessments and surveys conducted for the purpose of—</text><subclause id="ide42f204568c142ad92f55534082434fb"><enum>(I)</enum><text>significantly decreasing uncertainty in stock assessments;</text></subclause><subclause id="id49f390c69af94690be984c1ea41b73ed"><enum>(II)</enum><text>maintaining continuity of data for species management; or</text></subclause><subclause id="id70f75e0b76af4bc99314c35a6585be22"><enum>(III)</enum><text>increasing the ability of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to meet the statutory and mission requirements described in section 1102(b)(2)(A) of the <short-title>Weather Act Reauthorization Act of 2024</short-title>; and</text></subclause></clause><clause id="id5f6fa29683db4591801e1eb5d0a7ee43"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>for the priority stock assessments under clause (ii), a description of the type, resource needs, and estimated cost of increased survey efforts to meet the goals under that clause.</text></clause></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id5c86a2bf1f47410db3a2888efbaf2468"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Capital investment plan</header><paragraph id="idbf4e640332dd4763b67083aee44feef8"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 60 days after the date on which the President submits to Congress the budget of the President for a fiscal year pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, United States Code, the Administrator, in consultation with the Assistant Administrator for Marine and Aviation Operations and the Assistant Administrators for the line offices of the Administration, as appropriate, shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a future-years capital investment plan.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc22df0224dd2469c86b1e24abdeb9ca2"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Inclusions</header><text>The plan required by paragraph (1) shall include—</text><subparagraph id="idac0c10d75cfe4e1f8c184e19a85f7ff6"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the fleet replacement and modernization plan required by section 604 of the NOAA Fleet Modernization Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/891b">33 U.S.C. 891b</external-xref>);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc9ae10edfc41405bb3e9043fd693dbf2"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the NOAA Aircraft Recapitalization Plan and any plan developed to carry out section 11708 of the Don Young Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2022 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/33/851">33 U.S.C. 851</external-xref> note prec.); and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idfb11313c79dd40e6bdb73f7e141ce745"><enum>(C)</enum><text>any other plan the Administrator considers appropriate.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idb13b75eae39349449aafe9fe293057bf"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Elements</header><text>The plan required by paragraph (1) shall identify, for each capital budgetary line item—</text><subparagraph id="id74ce517b9a8d49e58ab5cd28223f7043"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the proposed funding level included in the applicable proposed budget;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id579bd031a54c46a38d41b03abbb0840a"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the total estimated cost of completion;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id894b139ddcbd4e0786d0e23a18d49857"><enum>(C)</enum><text>projected funding levels for each fiscal year for the next 5 fiscal years or until completion, whichever is earlier;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb05ce74e72f8479f91a0cd793a08cd86"><enum>(D)</enum><text>an estimated completion date at the projected funding levels; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id33c469ecef124bedbe17056c1b70f9ba"><enum>(E)</enum><text>changes, if any, in the total estimated cost of completion or estimated completion date from previous future-years capital investment plans submitted under this subsection.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id6c5b84a8fc6f48aa9efb5816d0877e16"><enum>1103.</enum><header>Miscellaneous authorities</header><subsection id="ideaa031272cca4b058dd4d1255324fe00"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Technical assistance in the Pacific</header><paragraph id="id78c14d78f47b45a59e58101d86e43d5e"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Subject to the availability of appropriations, and at the discretion of the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Under Secretary may provide to Pacific Island parties technical assistance and services in line with the mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc2f13d996d884f51879f02f9682ac646"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Regional capacity</header><subparagraph id="idf6a235d2a51949819edf1b120b1e2691"><enum>(A)</enum><header>Use of existing programs, offices, and sites</header><text>To implement this subsection, the Under Secretary shall primarily use existing programs, offices, and sites of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the Pacific Islands region.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida57108edd5e2449fb177f8d70121cf21"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Cooperative institute</header><text>In order to further augment existing regional capacity in the Pacific Islands region, the Under Secretary may consider the formation of a cooperative institute to focus and advise on the unique needs of that region.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id566507a010dd4dcb95ab73c6086c20b3"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Pacific Island parties defined</header><text>In this subsection, the term <term>Pacific Island parties</term> means—</text><subparagraph id="id29bb8ed2665e48a49f25faaa468e7e0d"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id492267461ae1407ab990dad22b1633e9"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia, which have each entered into a Compact of Free Association with the United States; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idef315873366448e3b16f212e5851427f"><enum>(C)</enum><text>such other parties as the Under Secretary considers appropriate.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idfc3a0755191541afba879ec06dc0e94b"><enum>(b)</enum><header>State assistance</header><text>The Under Secretary may provide technical assistance, data, and operational products or services in support of State governments, or entities and institutions partnering or collaborating with State governments, in the voluntary production of State climate or weather assessments.</text></subsection><subsection id="idda458dd9b6734ffcb68260927e0678a2"><enum>(c)</enum><header>International collaboration</header><paragraph id="id69f337842fa3496c9ed57650c6275041"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary, acting through the Director of the National Weather Service, may establish and maintain partnerships and other relationships with national and regional weather services around the world to support the co-development and deployment of weather and climate information and instrumentation.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4171a7dda13045b0802dbe089ebea653"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Existing agreements and partnerships</header><text>Partnerships and other relationships established and maintained under paragraph (1), including those provided by the international desks of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, shall build upon existing agreements and partnerships with the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, and the World Meteorological Organization.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id813760989ebe4167be3b12669f366fde"><enum>(d)</enum><header>App- or web-Based tools</header><text>The Under Secretary may, in alignment with the 21st Century Integrated Digital Experience Act (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/115/336">Public Law 115–336</external-xref>; <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/44/3501">44 U.S.C. 3501</external-xref> note) and the memorandum of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget dated September 22, 2023, and entitled <quote>Delivering a Digital-First Public Experience</quote> (M–23–22), develop and implement mobile applications, modern application programming interfaces, or web-based tools to increase the utility of and access to data, services, and products of the Administration.</text></subsection><subsection id="id150450f94ce04ffaabcfee876aea7a7f"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Briefing</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, shall provide the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a briefing on the number and time commitment of intra-agency and interagency meetings, councils, boards, and summits attended by each line office Assistant Administrator and Deputy Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subsection></section>