103 S2812 IS: Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Development Act of 2023
U.S. Senate
2023-09-14
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
1.Short title; table of contents(a)This Act may be cited as the Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Development Act of 2023
.(b)The table of contents for this Act is as follows:Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.Sec. 2. Definitions.TITLE I—Department of EnergySec. 101. Fossil energy and carbon management.Sec. 102. Energy efficiency and renewable energy.Sec. 103. Office of Science.Sec. 104. Department-wide considerations.TITLE II—Department of AgricultureSec. 201. Definitions.Sec. 202. Objectives and organization.Sec. 203. Agriculture advanced research and development authority.Sec. 204. National Institute of Food and Agriculture.Sec. 205. Agricultural Research Service.Sec. 206. Natural Resources Conservation Service.Sec. 207. Forest Service.TITLE III—Department of CommerceSec. 301. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Sec. 302. National Institute of Standards and Technology.TITLE IV—Department of DefenseSec. 401. Corps of Engineers.TITLE V—Department of the InteriorSec. 501. United States Geological Survey.Sec. 502. Land and minerals management.TITLE VI—Department of TransportationSec. 601. Federal Highway Administration.TITLE VII—Environmental Protection AgencySec. 701. Office of research and development.TITLE VIII—National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationSec. 801. Earth science division program.TITLE IX—National Science FoundationSec. 901. Directorate for biological sciences.Sec. 902. Directorate for engineering.Sec. 903. Directorate for geosciences.Sec. 904. Directorate for mathematical and physical sciences.Sec. 905. Directorate for social, behavioral, and economic sciences.Sec. 906. Division of social and economic sciences.TITLE X—Other mattersSec. 1001. Plan for international collaboration.2.In this Act:(1)The term carbon dioxide removal means—(A)the intentional capture of carbon dioxide directly from the ambient air or upper hydrosphere, combined with the storage of that carbon dioxide, which results in a net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as measured on a lifecycle basis, including, at a minimum, through—(i)direct air capture and storage;(ii)enhanced carbon mineralization;(iii)biomass-based carbon dioxide removal;(iv)forest restoration;(v)soil carbon management; and(vi)ocean-based carbon removal.(2)Terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removalThe term terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal means carbon dioxide removal which uses living biomass or soils to capture and/or store carbon dioxide.<enum>I</enum><header>Department of Energy</header><section id="id6f3946a20ca949358f3882aad79e9381"><enum>101.</enum><header>Fossil energy and carbon management</header><subsection id="id3d5238a57ca84b11a56c1c5fbc7e21bd"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management</header><paragraph id="idcdc3aa6c03b04c02a1627cc01cc516ee"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Title II of the Department of Energy Organization Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/7131">42 U.S.C. 7131 et seq.</external-xref>) is amended by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2112208D77EB4EEA996D9CDC73E0A30B"><section id="id8513d524284742ed85198cda8bd561d9"><enum>218.</enum><header>Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management</header><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb0d999d68e7141b7b7bb49b14408adbf"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Establishment</header><text>There is established within the Department an Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (referred to in this section as the <quote>Office</quote>).</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfbb800cd31a64a619c3fa161172ab06c"><enum>(b)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management</header><paragraph id="id2b3e1f99b0fa45c5a2d9d741847bb3fd" commented="no"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Office shall be headed by the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (referred to in this section as the <quote>Assistant Secretary</quote>), who shall be appointed by the President in accordance with section 203.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc2994fd6db6644b7b096e84cdffc3880"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Duties of office</header><text>In carrying out research, development, and demonstration relating to carbon dioxide removal, the Assistant Secretary shall—</text><subparagraph id="iddb92ee273ada4504b20fae5c777a0871"><enum>(A)</enum><text>incorporate best practices from the existing carbon capture and storage research programs within the Department of Energy into the Office;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id26e01078a93542ab8de1d5ff8982d439"><enum>(B)</enum><text>be responsible for crosscut coordination of planning and budget for all research, development, and demonstration programs of the Department of Energy relating to carbon dioxide removal (as defined in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Development Act of 2023</short-title>);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idba2d82c209ad4a1fa5e066e795a0c0b3"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">serve as the primary point of contact for any relevant interagency planning and coordination efforts;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd4cd977d723e41d4999ad63791254de7"><enum>(D)</enum><text>conduct analyses and technology assessments of carbon dioxide removal systems, development, and demonstration programs, including by engaging with the National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/15801">42 U.S.C. 15801</external-xref>)) to assess lifecycle performance of carbon dioxide removal systems; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc451e5e48ff84390b5568d0ac5d30a50"><enum>(E)</enum><text>provide project management services for all demonstration-scale projects emerging from the technological carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration portfolio.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id4bbee2c9ecc24e5b83dbc6ce55196aea"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Mission</header><text>The mission of the Office shall include the research, development, and demonstration of direct air capture and carbon mineralization technologies.</text></subsection><subsection id="idfe3f37b29b42463aaa0f9f15e036f33d"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Lead office</header><text>The National Energy Technology Laboratory shall have the lead responsibility within the Department of Energy for planning and managing research, development, and demonstration activities relating to direct air capture and carbon storage, with the goal of establishing and driving down technology-specific cost targets.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6b65c6b366fa467ea786ae6b4ce376c4"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Project management requirements</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">All projects carried out by the Office shall be subject to rigorous project management requirements and procedures modeled on Department Order 413.3b (relating to program and project management for the acquisition of capital assets) (or a successor order).</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id1BCCDFF4BBB14A4BAD684C14FB826E8E"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents for the Department of Energy Organization Act (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/95/91">Public Law 95–91</external-xref>; 91 Stat. 565; 119 Stat. 764) is amended by adding at the end of the items relating to title II the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" id="id5a112c23-8bbc-4b04-a785-c04ec582d1e0"><toc><toc-entry level="section">Sec. 218. Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id508a2b6e8ebb4ce9b1abe080dfb119d7"><enum>(3)</enum><header>References in law</header><text>Any reference in a law, regulation, document, paper, or other record to the <quote>Office of Fossil Energy</quote> shall be deemed to be a reference to the <quote>Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management</quote>.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id36ac795d23a044209e134c346d8a6db0"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration</header><text>Section 969D of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16298d">42 U.S.C. 16298d</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="id9347d35bf0c8427d9bbe93c99cb2e950"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (5) and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idD3474CC079F74120BC531269F287CE22"><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id54ddaed3f1974f4aae33832ad997aca9"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">ecologically sound, resilience-oriented, and carbon-sequestering forest management techniques, forest restoration, urban tree planting and management, and reforestation such that negative land-use change impacts, such as endangering food security and biodiversity loss, can be avoided; and</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id52bc3e51b59d4e21848f4c76561f227b"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by redesignating subsections (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), and (k) as subsections (e), (f), (g), (i), (j), (k), (l), and (m), respectively;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id42a03cfcec7a4528812aafad383c1765"><enum>(3)</enum><text>by inserting after subsection (c) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcb694147159d465b8e7d8e1f9b0ee774"><subsection id="idbb3a4ee54f044a289034e590f43a5992"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Program focus areas</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ideb1934e9498543c0bb52886afee0e6be"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Direct air capture and storage technologies</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out subsection (c)(1), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1fb9653875544931b8844da53d7a4376"><enum>(A)</enum><text>contactor design;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide25dc102224c49919b1087f0f9d4f18b"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">low- and zero-carbon heat;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id791905f9484844a98f4c02aff0102313"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">advanced or unconventional systems and components;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0a5643ef236d400693e92ff7db07ff18"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">scale-up studies and pilot plants;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id26bb5bb706824470b75acda0d4015a7e"><enum>(E)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">operational data collection;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb7fc4d1508d941649e7355dcf149745f"><enum>(F)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">engineering design support for large-scale projects; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfee287025c3b4201b493c87603a2c1f6"><enum>(G)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">external techno-economic analyses; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8b777f36e57943428efa0e929d269f0d"><enum>(H)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">monitoring, reporting, and verification capabilities.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id9738158c552844f58698da5ee658ed5c"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage</header><text>In carrying out subsection (c)(2), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to advanced biomass-to-power conversion.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd2eae7bf2f35424a90cf8209a63d7bf3"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Enhanced geological weathering</header><text>In carrying out subsection (c)(3), the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id570be4a4ffd84fa09ae0a467ba1481b6"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">alkalinity resource assessments;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4693d1b330c944a99ffe2470fa102401"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">pilot studies of ex situ mineralization; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idba738d5225f8465b85a0ba881470fdcd"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">pilot studies of in situ mineralization for carbon storage.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idbd63c2bcafd34431a30176cb99b08d13"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Carbon utilization</header><text>In carrying out carbon utilization activities under the program, the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to the integration of carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id060d6ba85d4947908bd01c6149fdb4ee"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Crosscutting activities</header><text>In carrying out cross-cutting activities under the program, the Secretary shall consider carrying out activities relating to—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0ccedd4453b44d6c97f926b9a3f3e5ac"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">carbon dioxide removal data collection and publication;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf17800deb57d46cbab1150cd18e88e92"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">technology cost and performance;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idad6fb6a70c444119a12a7d8c2b2771b3"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">integrated carbon systems modeling; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7fe7fba9499440a6916f016203bc8207"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">decision science.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="idd8d4cf114b004d249bc2c65059620aba"><enum>(4)</enum><text>by inserting after subsection (g) (as so redesignated) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd1882b84ec794ee0a699b58e40d8eba5"><subsection id="id74f27d00a14f4fe6bdfa05f6071d089c"><enum>(h)</enum><header>Competitive demonstration awards</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3e1c5eaac2114d78aeae49cb66f251c0"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this subsection the Secretary shall make competitive awards for a portfolio of carbon dioxide removal demonstration projects described in paragraph (2).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf65e347171884594be95c28094cddb72"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Eligibility</header><text>Subject to subsection (e), to be eligible for an award under paragraph (1), a carbon dioxide removal demonstration project shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc5960f6c89624e54984c3a5ee65b65fc"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">use 1 or more technologies and strategies described in subsection (c), including activities described in subsection (i);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb7561de361bc4ae8952454c792841aac"><enum>(B)</enum><text>have a total cost of not less than $10,000,000;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id64bd63e8d70f478fb12255b496c1481f"><enum>(C)</enum><text>be located in the United States or, in the case of ocean-based projects, within the territorial sea or exclusive economic zone of the United States;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb1233ced798c40b5b367553965d42ead"><enum>(D)</enum><text>have the potential for large-scale, cost-effective replication; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb64f2b05c6a743d08da55b0c4d5a9b87"><enum>(E)</enum><text>meet such other provisions as may be established by the Secretary consistent with the purposes of this section.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idec306dd55d9c43008f20019c64d75a5d"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Allocation</header><text>In making awards under paragraph (1), out of the funds provided under subsection (m)(1), the Secretary shall allocate—</text><subparagraph id="id2109769298604e9c8d49b8ed5d0e7a26"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$500,000,000 to projects with total costs of not less than $10,000,000 and not more than $100,000,000;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id086c7646cddc4f169ee778fcd222aab3"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$750,000,000 to projects—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide73567e491d549ce8d6ac2e025eb6dfb"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">with a total cost of more than $100,000,000; and</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2f3260f77a5c4b8586e0930ae75461d4"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">under which all captured carbon dioxide is disposed of in geologic storage in saline aquifers; and</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id76f4216f06664d23b71b7fabaf08b719"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$750,000,000 to projects with a total cost of more than $100,000,000, without regard to the type of storage.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id9f949420f4e14ba0a34a102dfc79b982"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Cost-share</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida6f418ee45954893aee56b9c62aea0b8"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Except as provided in subparagraph (B), with respect to a project receiving an award under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall require that—</text><clause id="id4144a7c0085f4579adcee9a4008f7802"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in the case of a project that disposes of carbon dioxide in geologic storage in an operating oil and gas field, not less than 50 percent of the total project cost shall be provided by a non-Federal source; and</text></clause><clause id="id7954b486dafe4cf7aa4f837152ebdb6c"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in the case of a project that is not described in clause (i), not less than 20 percent of the total project cost shall be provided by a non-Federal source. </text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id36c9914ca54548408ef31748541e3656"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Exclusion</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Federal share of the cost of a project receiving an award under paragraph (1) with a total cost of not less than $10,000,000 and not more than $100,000,000 may be up to 100 percent.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id291fcd03e4d74f4c9cd2caba1c74aa90"><enum>(5)</enum><text>in subsection (m) (as so redesignated), by striking paragraphs (1) through (5) and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0e9492715e1542ac882c653d5db4aa9c"><paragraph id="id21e6b47da2d24e33ad7e3b640d4b48b2"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$2,089,000,000 for fiscal year 2024, of which $2,000,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (h), to remain available until expended;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idedc92cbc02984d6e82af89f0824f5fe7"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$217,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id69b4edb448254cd0a0c60ece29dbc9d9"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$312,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id1dacfdbd6568415b8784afd17ebb89ee"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$360,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id3e6429cb0b7b46c2878e91ae5be5540f"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$440,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2f1e0d6384f14677b625f72b113b8b74"><enum>(6)</enum><text>$441,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide48cc1842fab49a1bd1de89d0001c8bd"><enum>(7)</enum><text>$451,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id3ef3aacde8c640be9d4ac1b197b920f2"><enum>(8)</enum><text>$424,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id49b99df799084cd193c393cff840005f"><enum>(9)</enum><text>$380,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf9538245e0724841ad78f57727f12b3b"><enum>(10)</enum><text>$337,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="ide9170262e47147329e8e7056d8332580"><enum>102.</enum><header>Energy efficiency and renewable energy</header><subsection id="id050da8b73a574484a3e70a2285a1fbc9"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Advanced materials and manufacturing technologies office</header><paragraph id="idfb2134c291e04b5b867ec0f7f3f98052"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary of Energy shall establish direct air capture as a research priority of the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office, with a focus on improved techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials. </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf465038a9d194b6184dc8b32d874f17f"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office shall carry out research relating to direct air capture under paragraph (1) in coordination with the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id462abc3c923d4b41820c7d84a82014c2"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><text>The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (referred to in this section as the <quote>Assistant Secretary</quote>), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in the areas described in this paragraph.</text><subparagraph id="id325c3f2f7d8142128b41f30d8e9f12ef"><enum>(A)</enum><header>Systems engineering and process design</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to integrated catalyst reactor design optimized for carbon dioxide removal and utilization.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida91255a6cbbb40cbb31943e2910d6e28"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Alkalinity source pathways</header><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id658eff64feb449f9b4ca0eb66ef68441"><enum>(i)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development of new, low-emissions sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization.</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id16781b2fd6794cbeb98255d175327f2a"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities in clause (i) in collaboration with the Director of the United States Geological Survey.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id818bfc57cf164861acb7306d177e1cf4"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Contactor design</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to design of air contactors for direct air capture with low pressure drop, high surface area, and high longevity.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id2bede97ef6aa41adb330f0374d5cdce0"><enum>(D)</enum><header>Manufacturing improvement</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1d0ad439eb50414689c1496f62e11a05"><enum>(E)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idb85894f2750d44ada328be96d38e78c3"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Bioenergy Technologies Office</header><paragraph id="id4ac7465cc75844f99270c304d04d9872"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary of Energy shall establish terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal as a research objective in the biomass energy program of the Bioenergy Technologies Office.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc4a2c7737907419283b633919514f92f"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Objective</header><text>In carrying out research, development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Secretary of Energy shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis. </text></paragraph><paragraph id="id631a01d4f6a346269b81ea9c8d2a899c"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Considerations</header><text>In carrying out the full lifecycle analysis described in paragraph (2), the Bioenergy Technologies Office shall consider—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id91ee1e33c47b4010b2d72f4ea225989c"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and processing, including—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id97cdccf21e564dbd866e52da6e3f86dd"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc247f1a0fc694f948f6f309f25c8a2a0"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">indirect land-use change; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id67a25ed7c96e4608bb15eaedf37f4251"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">alternative fates of biomass used;</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3516a2fb7d7c43e1a380916471229b8a"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food security; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide6f668095b344aa18a0648edc961b789"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the social impacts of any air pollutants.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idefb4b187447641499d12df7aa597a07d"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Risk considerations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out research, development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Bioenergy Technologies Office shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="iddcbeda5a2d534fc299d07197c9f38e41"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">conduct risk assessment of species cultivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idae32e526492d4c08ae45140a6fe2d295"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social harm caused by invasive species.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id2d1dafd1ec96435db76917713e8d9714"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id12638b5484264134ad867f03fbd07b2f"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Assistant Secretary, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in the areas described in subparagraphs (B) through (I).</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id099112f018c44c69b54dfe99a7905603"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Algal biomass capture</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to microalgae growth, dewatering, and conversion, including pathways such as bioreactors and non-photosynthetic pathways.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id45f4bdaf26544db580ab3057bc5f4fff"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Biomass supply, logistics, and pre-treatment</header><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id88bf0fc7a04f436b8b60cf8d7c1c1a3c"><enum>(i)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary, in collaboration with the Director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, shall establish 1 or more test facilities to conduct innovative approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity generation, including modeling and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and supply. </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id666b9f7cb870414c8f255d36343f7cb1"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Test facility considerations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In selecting facilities to be established as test facilities under clause (i), the Assistant Secretary shall—</text><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id43a92ac31d3343ee9223b91c27772549"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">consider whether the facility has the capability for small-scale and mobile applications; and </text></subclause><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide5343c9f3ab940ddac4bb52c859d98e0"><enum>(II)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">prioritize facilities that use waste feedstocks from managed ecosystems, urban areas, and areas damaged by severe weather events.</text></subclause></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="iddc4b8ad3c9ef4639a67c2db417f04deb"><enum>(D)</enum><header>Biomass conversion to fuels with biochar</header><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5a26219d671542798d9fd02c261caa71"><enum>(i)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to—</text><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd1eb731be2f74d05920106e47c5c1493"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">research on conversion pathways, including fast pyrolysis;</text></subclause><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc24459905e584a0895040bbeb2eeb915"><enum>(II)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">development of—</text><item commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id80d61702180246a088e5de85550c5929"><enum>(aa)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">mobile processing units; and </text></item><item commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7a43279b83a545338e503372d97e1ad6"><enum>(bb)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">pollutant emissions control technology; and </text></item></subclause><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ideaf1fd949a2240b597a5aad8db26cb3d"><enum>(III)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">assessments of overall carbon dioxide removal potential.</text></subclause></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id38ba7fbdbe9f4fada3069b696dbe890d"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause (i) in collaboration with the Director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idfe2d8f7816d84223b5dfc93bea54a34b"><enum>(E)</enum><header>Biomass to fuel with carbon capture and storage</header><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf0f97485e231435c9f0f3d2a21d4df47"><enum>(i)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to biomass to advanced cellulosic ethanol with carbon capture and storage, taking into consideration direct and indirect land-use impacts from biomass feedstocks.</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4cf2b28f9ddb4583b725d07471804d8f"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause (i) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id4223a918774e4eb58a4699894b9d5dde"><enum>(F)</enum><header>Aquatic biomass cultivation</header><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idedaef08da8fd4c04a4528834da5d7907"><enum>(i)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to management best practices and phenotype selection for aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized for carbon dioxide removal, including limited-scale experiments at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment.</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbb8a056b85d040afb0d468604d7e3001"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause (i) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida1077c50d1934d38853930341c334d3b"><enum>(G)</enum><header>Aquatic biomass energy conversion</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to technology development and pilots for aquatic biomass conversion and carbon capture, including possible large-scale ocean-based experiments.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb14cd296fd374b6595f41fe5cd4dc782"><enum>(H)</enum><header>New materials development and applications</header><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd03efaed9e9342339d21912aaab19211"><enum>(i)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development of new carbon dioxide utilization products.</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id978a95f8a7f24e1ea461be9ce1f1cebd"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause (i) in collaboration with—</text><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idea295168c479426f805bd93a9c2db85a"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management; and </text></subclause><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd2e40b0dc9864e64918e701fc3c921dc"><enum>(II)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service.</text></subclause></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf8a9c356f42f4d278634046f6c805ac7"><enum>(I)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to other terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities not described in subparagraphs (B) through (H), as determined by the Secretary.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id2b9d7f403bf3454c94f393051d058729"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Building Technologies Office</header><paragraph id="id1e7a3c9c3cd24bf0be2ae45a3205129b"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><text>The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Building Technologies Office, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc0a25e4bfff74a008d366a3d7d896f81"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Construction materials</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id523c768b632b49cfb1743a26c871a07c"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Building Technologies Office shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development, testing, and certification of carbonate materials for construction materials.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5b089cf1c24f4e40a14e1cd39ef3a8f3"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Building Technologies Office shall carry out activities under clause (i) in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idb16141c3f7ce482b8da65ce46610b963"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Building Technologies Office shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idd0b8727bd6ea4d29b16f9fc1302aa1a1"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="id0aa67406ce7d4404b8381b05e19c3b6e"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$26,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida847cd6c2fc848f98b19d5ba7faecfed"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$54,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9a44924dfb69451d94eb0ee101a3b919"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$83,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd6d8b5c01557460f956d53e99fc4a02c"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$93,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida9aab7abfbcc4cac870806c30983d332"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$93,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id783c66c32f8a453a9e4f289531e6b013"><enum>(6)</enum><text>$88,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc738e294ec4c474cb16dff81e890defd"><enum>(7)</enum><text>$83,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id52ba29de7367464ca0ca9ce06f7fe29a"><enum>(8)</enum><text>$73,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idff8aa451f4b44f94954b62f9190252c8"><enum>(9)</enum><text>$53,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id00076dd08bf54e2dab40e0d831493d9b"><enum>(10)</enum><text>$42,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id0f38cc5b8d95490a931d8b3ff9897759"><enum>103.</enum><header>Office of Science</header><subsection id="id659a393825164cb69738cc1c9a3e8645"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2e8da34dc7014e69bda793f9055dcfea"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Director of the Office of Science (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>), shall carry out use-inspired fundamental research activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id86d678fc2f764e50baef576572f5f94c"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Department of Energy frontier research centers</header><text>The Director shall carry out research activities relating to the establishment of new energy frontier research centers focused on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6cd2093dcda64251a0eb3948a3c8992f"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Grants and cooperative agreements</header><text>The Director shall make grants and enter into cooperative agreements to carry out materials research relating to sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id353b951443a84acd89dbf1a9d7823f4e"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Soil carbon</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id70c18a5c3e9748fa9e5de3905e78cbb4"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research activities relating to plant-root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id23ccdee8064448ea8eedf5c08d81be7e"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6a98f552e69843af859c1b3b591892e9"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the National Science Foundation; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd1bc40ae477145379e6868530489e24b"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the Agricultural Research Service.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="iddccf50903d664834bc9ed4aab65c30a9"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Algal biomass capture</header><text>The Director shall carry out research activities relating to—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfbf39af56d2944ae9aa5981b3b487270"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">microalgae growth;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7972c546da3044908c62adb60a92e6c3"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">dewatering; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1d13aaba66bf497cb93ffe22121dfa3c"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">conversion, including bioreactors and nonphotosynthetic pathways.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd0ec0f0cd21a4a59b253b3dd6eb3f793"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Carbon mineralization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id92d4ed71f807451192431d8eba20af5c"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research activities relating to—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id004823a959374909a4b104dc1cad4015"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">mineralization kinetics; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1ad0af0c221245a4ac4569efb95cf4e5"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">geomechanics;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5239ba93a33b46bfb8275063ba9db02c"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">rock physics;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id70cc7eb66ee842e69f586004cbae58ad"><enum>(iv)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">utilization-oriented carbonation; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2a957419649c4ee49da6ddbeb886166f"><enum>(v)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">other topics. </text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id895bc9d7d19242caac71e7cc15140173"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id3c1442f5c2f548f3b1a39da403d50191"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Ocean alkalinity</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6d7b73b320544822b894f54020c11296"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research activities relating to techniques for and ecological impacts of artificial modification of ocean alkalinity.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfab9b6be3a5c4798b3b501ea6806d046"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id6ed752b50a864a65ba4d29da7d93e8a1"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Carbon cycle</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id520a519e5eeb4f09b8395a78a86d5304"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry research activities and modeling relating to—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8642daa4a81d4c87a4fa970172082141"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the effectiveness and ecological impacts of ocean iron fertilization; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide811ee70949d47bf9e4fd2874f785562"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3571716fc0ba40139b09f09bc6a20bdc"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id20f2364ecda34e378d1144a3c96720a3"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the National Science Foundation; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb7d66e15c6f64cd18a7cbb8b041e4226"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="ida6822019a0a244bf89fd68b5e6a361c2"><enum>(9)</enum><header>Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in oceans</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcf961cf203ca4159b75511b495f027be"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out monitoring, research, and modeling on ecological impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8cf9e8c6445946c993639283e4ff08f5"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id3371c45935644766ac3f18e258e08ace"><enum>(10)</enum><header>Carbonation</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida869bf95738047ae82b297c631db584a"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research activities relating to—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0cffabffbc3941faa6e201dd10f965ce"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">methods to control carbonation reactions; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbf0803b75f2d48cf99e16cbbc6402f16"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">methods to accelerate carbonation; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5b74442e928e4338aa050d204d1b7c1d"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">research to understand structure-property relationships.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb33ceee6455241beb6beefdf2d1d2c05"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id2391afc7329640edbbb3dbcd4ebb36e3"><enum>(11)</enum><header>Catalysts</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id95e4d62e93e248d3b993cdf6f111108a"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research activities relating to—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcf0c7e319a6441c4854bcce03a012e2d"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">impurity-tolerant catalyst development;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd7e8f7520a03499ea9adbffdfe062d72"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">coupled reduction and oxidation reactions; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id166fd1242a1e4f74af30a325a82b4417"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">reduced additives. </text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id551b6771dade424f98cab6d0b10bf14a"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idf3e6ddacdc6c413eaa068077bb14753e"><enum>(12)</enum><header>New materials development and applications</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4eead23e64544b308abc434f0c93e40e"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research activities relating to development of new materials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide, including materials with carbon-carbon bonds.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2ccb740cb741482d826bfd85f9352b06"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id03d5b1f56f1d472da5f0bcaeda257068"><enum>(13)</enum><header>Genetic modeling and tools</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id43acdfab30ab46c2b55fa7dd48040120"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research, development, and demonstration of technologies to improve carbon dioxide uptake, conversion, and product accumulation through genetic manipulation of biological organisms for carbon dioxide removal and utilization.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id97d3428793d44a0e8563252ed5c8d207"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd8e495d63813437ba4ac726d0a7bedc2"><enum>(14)</enum><header>Bioprospecting</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7bd356e84482417da903ef10e73042dd"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research activities relating to development of tools and high-throughput screening for organisms with unique attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id52ac0551cde74ff5b4c6795559655418"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id51fd66446c0c4bd5a2cfe775a180592a"><enum>(15)</enum><header>Other research</header><text>The Director shall carry out other research on carbon dioxide removal, as determined by the Secretary.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idb7560e068b0c49ad9d98078d51d1820f"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>The Director shall carry out this section in coordination with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6418588489144fb5b08c3521b364e88a"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="id270328686ca44898b83a92ab51f54f44"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$30,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8560c76c30cf4c31868028e3cb386182"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idfe28b1e6cce64edf8f6441d8a3f16c0d"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$79,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6a57010e69e341f096062d24760300cd"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$83,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8eb9de5271be4135b85fafdbdc41abcd"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$88,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id447bccf0a9294671b35b24a88c18126f"><enum>(6)</enum><text>$84,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id03959c378e914b4e90fbae7e42978c6c"><enum>(7)</enum><text>$81,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf35d0e49975247168fc2134f00f3ed3e"><enum>(8)</enum><text>$70,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id91a82a993b474255bebc522897c4e33a"><enum>(9)</enum><text>$70,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idafd0dac67b274742b7c61fcfe024b816"><enum>(10)</enum><text>$67,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id4bd9f0b30b944453bf561aefc63fabac"><enum>104.</enum><header>Department-wide considerations</header><subsection id="ida8f0190f2d3d4ba0891ebb5d57c3afe8"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Lifecycle analyses</header><text>In carrying out research, development, and demonstration under this title, the Secretary of Energy, in collaboration with the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, shall conduct full-system lifecycle analyses of emissions and other environmental impacts from carbon dioxide removal technologies and methods.</text></subsection><subsection id="id7433559be393498b9a759a793c1b27f2"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Environmental justice analyses</header><text>In carrying out research, development, and demonstration under this title, the Secretary of Energy shall conduct environmental justice analyses of carbon dioxide removal technologies, methods, and siting, including impacts on local and regional conventional air pollution.</text></subsection></section><enum>II</enum><header>Department of Agriculture</header><section id="ida8b2dab0795e41bfa2f430642f96fdc3"><enum>201.</enum><header>Definitions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">In this title:</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0d9213c8b9e145dd805f43dcb6b41489"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Department</header><text>The term <term>Department</term> means the Department of Agriculture.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id767B641CAE1D42A798D149AEB7F513F7" commented="no"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Land-grant colleges and universities</header><subparagraph id="idD159177ECD224F55B000380B08F2BA45" commented="no"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The term <term>land-grant colleges and universities</term> has the meaning given the term in section 1404 of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/7/3103">7 U.S.C. 3103</external-xref>).</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id34D65C520DD7413998F92288331B2B4C" commented="no"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Inclusion</header><text>The term <term>land-grant colleges and universities</term> includes a 1994 Institution (as defined in section 532 of the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/7/301">7 U.S.C. 301</external-xref> note; <external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/103/382">Public Law 103–382</external-xref>)).</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id55ADFF3A6D954B4499EEFFDC22C19BA6"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Secretary</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <term>Secretary</term> means the Secretary of Agriculture.</text></paragraph></section><section commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" section-type="subsequent-section" id="idb0d2607bd7b443868f88c929e3aa0667"><enum>202.</enum><header>Objectives and organization</header><subsection id="idfd09d024890c4c5eb4ee88bd0f13b08e"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Departmental mission</header><text>The Secretary shall incorporate terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal mission responsibilities into the Strategic Plan of the Department to complement the food and fiber mission responsibilities of the Department.</text></subsection><subsection id="ide07d16ae42f8400497e579db8e416d2e"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics</header><paragraph id="idd0ca78e60aa34a3d931e0ab2106e1f00"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics (referred to in this section as the <quote>Under Secretary</quote>) shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9cd84dce480b49d396c94789ff2bc701"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">coordinate all carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities within the Department; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id36133759226d4648b035e48cbe1101d8"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in carrying out subparagraph (A), collaborate with other senior Department officials with related responsibilities, including the Chief Economist.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id4d094afd1c4f43dea07776f9bdbeb8da"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Review and advise</header><text>The Under Secretary shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id418e75bfcbd4410f82d45b2feef9f9e1"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">review and advise the Secretary on all budget proposals relating to carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration under Department programs; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida117e7eb3b144859953925401418c1f4"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">provide oversight and evaluation of carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration initiatives and projects of the Department.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idc088029f066247768ddece1edd4b5e6a"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Research strategies</header><text>In carrying out this subsection, the Under Secretary shall pursue research strategies that build on well-established agriculture research infrastructure to pursue carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration objectives through new research models.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0dc6a5a42a5b4fe4abdfed6447d94df7"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration programs</header><text>The Under Secretary shall incorporate terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration programs and projects—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6d1fa0a8c2ec49bca55b656774b40544"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">across the Department, including at—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcc949051bc8449a29fb32d774d07fdf1"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Agricultural Research Service; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5ccbcb9af4a44c0db9d5454901295c80"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Forest Service; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2ac58dbabccc42d7a7b13f485ff0d477"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Natural Resources Conservation Service; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc9e05b6615b94a0c9c95193879abcf23"><enum>(iv)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the National Institute of Food and Agriculture; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4db02951ca274a70adc04cb9d639e11d"><enum>(v)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">other Department agencies and offices; and </text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbab9668512474002bcd6116719e42f15"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in research portfolios of land-grant colleges and universities.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idb8402e8d54e94b4ca7c72a041681b942"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Department-Wide considerations</header><paragraph id="idc525202243c648f98e9d0bdbdfb80a5e"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Objective</header><text>In carrying out research, development, and demonstration under this title, the Secretary shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis. </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbd63748ff2884403836a0ecdb86be9ff"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Considerations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out this title, the Secretary shall consider, in addition to emissions described in paragraph (1), the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food security, social impacts, and such other impacts as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id50159db44f354616a03d5c97e63b6cbc"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Risk considerations</header><text>In carrying out this title, the Secretary shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5c73f061f69f43c1acfea016caba0132"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">conduct risk assessment of species cultivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf3306d98bfe648089d9316db256019c9"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social harm caused by invasive species.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id030a73fcbef544d8874a61996f010cd0"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Memorandum of understanding</header><text>The Secretary shall enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Secretary of Energy to incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id671ddf044d3741b3af19b7c843e38698"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">current joint research on genomics and synthetic biology; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfedac7f49f2443e3aa4607392e144122"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">new and expanded joint research initiatives between the National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/15801">42 U.S.C. 15801</external-xref>)) and land-grant colleges and universities.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id6197c64de4884d42a67fb8200fa49846"><enum>203.</enum><header>Agriculture advanced research and development authority</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 1473H of the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/7/3319k">7 U.S.C. 3319k</external-xref>) is amended—</text><paragraph id="idae2dda010650413f9fef98fdb142bf7e"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (b)(2)—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2b6c772fb1d8478da45ce63e0eb9f362"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in subparagraph (C), by striking <quote>and</quote> at the end;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf43f95776f4546468f0f10374ae418e2"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in subparagraph (D), by striking the period at the end and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide25061859e2a4fe39e3b372d91ecfe4a"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0af2c801d97f43379d5d6be8776cb7ba"><subparagraph id="idbb1715f21efb4a4295a217356a6e1a2a"><enum>(E)</enum><text>to advance technologies and methods relating to terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal (as defined in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Dioxide Removal Research and Development Act of 2023</short-title>).</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8bf6ef0068d14e328ea5d3bf79597106"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (d), by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idD0BFCC302E6A4C25A69360FD9A546101"><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd95366f254064eec8e55f5c16965f3ba"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations for carbon dioxide removal activities</header><text>In addition to amounts otherwise made available under this subsection, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out subsection (b)(2)(E), $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033, to remain available until expended.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></section><section id="id1f289a3a4c324444b007359d67fa6cd2"><enum>204.</enum><header>National Institute of Food and Agriculture</header><subsection id="id1b099920fc43467d961deb67e3f692c5"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide60af91e0df444c18237d0a905c0f826"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Secretary, acting through the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id71e060023b2f411a950097859d6792ce"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Biomass supply, logistics, and pre-treatment</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide1d4eefe58744327adefd61d9c042e7b"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall establish 1 or more test facilities for innovative approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity generation, including modeling and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and supply. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id16ed3e03e625444f995bf414b9206712"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Consideration; priority</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf85afeb8ee0849bdac2c19dc537749f9"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">consider facilities with the capability for small-scale and mobile applications; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id16b49521884443eda820e7b9d90e11e6"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">prioritize waste feedstocks from managed ecosystems, urban areas, and areas damaged by severe weather events.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idbf5d488815e04ed5b6049caf14a62df2"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Biomass conversion to fuels with biochar</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf5c98794855442c193aa080b2c04f89f"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">research pathways for the conversion of biomass to fuels with biochar, including fast pyrolysis, development of mobile processing units, and pollution emissions control technology; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb04a156e691749e9a34196448cf19e3a"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">conduct relevant assessments of overall carbon dioxide removal potential.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id10f62b28ecca4b6cb6dbac558b01abbd"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb97f7ab40bf343629febd8bc54ca85f3"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text>In carrying out the activities under subsection (a), the Secretary shall collaborate with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.</text></subsection><subsection id="iddc9adb1282da49dab57673b1f21d951f"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Consideration</header><text>In carrying out research, development, and demonstration on biomass as a feedstock, the Secretary shall consider—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2519747df3304ab78423fb783f088021"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and processing;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf02884a712be4da0907f87943c8a5072"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1356d28c3cdd4299a8d5c91fefc0d438"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">indirect land-use change; </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf24448f2fff847888d51b0803b8b0279"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">alternative fates of biomass used; and</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id27308dc276f648d598f36b47216322e6"><enum>(5)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the social impacts of any air pollutants.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id1daa65a43f9649afad421f9a120de6b1"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="id6ccc34d39d9640888150fffa30537558"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$6,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id50a2a96267624059a83120a7bee8cb1d"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$15,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id13845f2688f7404d806247f15a868af2"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id06360571ed0047099b58e092f5403870"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id995df5e4148c4a57ba2cb81ce05d0e6d"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$25,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida30fc89e23aa4182a9f7af27f5ae1b6f"><enum>(6)</enum><text>$18,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idfa2f4e157b1d4c68aa8b19951b779839"><enum>(7)</enum><text>$15,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id524359c23bf940b0ace071ff18389bfe"><enum>205.</enum><header>Agricultural Research Service</header><subsection id="id2635bda9ba254d278498836d9bf804df"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id089ebfcd63604a36a12d5d4009feeb16"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Secretary, acting through the Agricultural Research Service, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id11fde5f39b0e4b5f8827ca0d5b752281"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Soil carbon</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbad41a94d5524b9b8575bd16a1a67270"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out fundamental research on plant-root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id47faa76e65144e01a1e953adc8b2c2eb"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida3ed41c4b3d047a89bcbe543506caaf9"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id86cf28d8152e4d268e308d455a6abf84"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id3830d97fa6f043f7aab1a6e64ae49809"><enum>(3)</enum><header>High-carbon-input crop phenotypes</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id96e68c8c55564ffb820a1883cf23851d"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out development of advanced cultivars and forestry crops with enhanced carbon uptake and retention.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id127cb72661c94ef1a2d403c08efa0dfd"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the Forest Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id755b4507d46e42968b61589d81218e4b"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Cultivation system optimization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc93fb584e8f645cfb187b24e5283abcd"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out research on regionally specific best practices for soil health and carbon retention at not fewer than 10 sites, including at least 1 site in a tropical region. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2182e420e2c8492a8d0b480580c27f9a"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Consideration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall consider co-locating sites described in subparagraph (A) with sites used by the National Resource Inventory of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Long Term Ecological Research Network, the National Ecological Observatory Network, and the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id478a5e54fcba4cdeb6d697e167ba5262"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Agroforestry</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out research on integrating regionally appropriate trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems as a carbon dioxide removal practice at no fewer than 5 geographically diverse test sites.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id80c86a19c2364ff9a65a056ca1167285"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Perennial plants and marginal lands</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out research into the use of perennial plants for carbon dioxide removal, including research on—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id58dcdec4e41c4115a8d01c41dbf7f4cc"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">genetic traits;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id923965ddbfdf456499ba608a5097daeb"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">improved soil carbon sequestration modeling;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1b9c5c7ec1f64e97bb692f9ce375a240"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">perennialization of useful annual crops; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id162c325b4b0b46b48ca391eea5d888c0"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">greater use on marginal land.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idec2a3d2a9bff4b7ab3cace90e8d9b80d"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Soil amendments impact studies</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out research and field studies on the longevity and impact of soil amendments, such as biochar and reactive minerals, on productivity, soil carbon retention, nutrient and water use, albedo, and other factors.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0d47a93a2cb044e78a5e19a50bd33f33"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Measurement, modeling, and predictive tool development</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id45c70d867d9347a3b23a41fa5ff444bb"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out research to improve existing carbon sequestration measurement and modeling tools and the development of simulation-based tools to predict and quantify soil carbon sequestration. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id670dd798e77f4da986015d7eb2819d34"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idc4e20f00e372484b8fdf1de07e876558"><enum>(9)</enum><header>Climate hubs</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id16d70f34aa044e86aeb94dcd7e3e1a45"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to increasing the capacity of Department climate hubs and other research units to deliver climate- and carbon dioxide removal-related science and tools to farmers, ranchers, and forest planners and managers.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7fbbba19ebba43d9949376c916ed7148"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the Forest Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id4439cceb123843019aa7dd135ef07d54"><enum>(10)</enum><header>Bioprospecting</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idea1f441cd825422db0da81159465872c"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to the development of tools and high-throughput screening for organisms with unique attributes relating to carbon dioxide conversion.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id69d4d7c74e314eedb252f92ed216f6d8"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idcc9db5802c0c45c992e77fad7ee31709"><enum>(11)</enum><header>New materials development and applications</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9d53871d52824ac0adc4dea1fae5cbfc"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to development of new carbon dioxide utilization products.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id85a2e07128a7421f846d875c84aa8d84"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id7a238be7a9854d79a5e99d5d024db6d0"><enum>(12)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idc53382ad4d7b49c5b06f045b7c8b5599"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="idd94e623d0ed64b8799d20f832057ab70"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$45,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0bf4805915794949ab23fa5d8d9cc0da"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$52,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id14390ecd776c442882cfd76cfb395136"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idae15284bb08c4fd09dd749cae2aec0d2"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc245c75640a44768bb3c535f6eec97f1"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id5d742a90535b488dae4aaf19458f1a6c"><enum>206.</enum><header>Natural Resources Conservation Service</header><subsection id="ide25aae2504c045fdb9ff20349cb33f9f"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idff18e04c44114e5e95620b3620f8f6b8"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Secretary, acting through the Natural Resources Conservation Service, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id722db3a687b149079e3b5c43150f9bfb"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Enhanced soil monitoring</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idadc7e38647f14b79842e3d7055d0f0e7"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out revisions to the National Resources Inventory system of the National Resources Conservation Service—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id53076b0895c24460852961edeb093b50"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to include measuring greenhouse gasses, including carbon stocks and fluxes;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id80151ed0292e489f869ae88b6cdc6d59"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to include additional sites; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide0d322e2c733451aadeba739c5d07ead"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to expand remote sensing to increase frequency and geospatial resolution.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id130aae493cd74a11824e710a05b07bb3"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id1c791e2a763d45de8b42fcf8dc57cace"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Conservation practices data collection</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out revisions to the Conservation Effects Assessment Project of the Natural Resources Conservation Service to collect more frequent and robust data on how conservation practices impact greenhouse gas fluxes.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc788d73ae7af4c0398fea740a813b188"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Extension of agricultural carbon sequestration practices</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idab3459a45ccc451ca0677fbb9bfd7a9c"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">projects to identify barriers to adoption of agricultural carbon sequestration technologies; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd08938c27ac34f118a693da746b78230"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">extension of tools and practices, and research to promote uptake using existing conservation programs of the Department.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id1d054728e5704ea186365f59e178bdde"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Social science research</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6bed7d02fbe94612b2341cac18e63d89"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out social science research on uptake of agricultural carbon sequestration technologies and practices to inform outreach.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1b274f35ad2c430babf54a17fc934a57"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in consultation with the Administrator of the Economic Research Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id24e151fefc9b43f0bf25f630f32c1ce8"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="ide087ed0ff2324407976c14d689e95293"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="idc58ac3143a0c4cb5ac103fd8816a70a1"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6ab3e09b7c2a493bb4c2e853de22e33a"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0e7f8f98d9384210bfe1de26744ae32e"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="ida0bbb4cf68a94ba084b57840c682aac8"><enum>207.</enum><header>Forest Service</header><subsection id="id9b1cd3f397b343fd9d78738183d92393"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbbc27be5f57f4ce18cd9cbfe84e38bf6"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary, acting through the Chief of the Forest Service, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in at each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8c835673fbf04f42bc65cbeafefa9c33"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Enhanced forest stock monitoring</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6f6ed08497564336ba3a06dd535abe1c"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to improving—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3da2fcc09fdc4f4bb7b7e960d80b957b"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">capacity of the Forest Inventory and Analysis program to monitor forest carbon, including through remote sensing to increase frequency and geospatial resolution; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5e0dc3dae0454e9e9df3f474f6bcedd4"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">forest carbon measurement and monitoring technologies, including satellite and remote sensing technologies.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8a7b10635c214db8a57c799cc65072cb"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idf4ac1d9058a64827b06523a6b5e17bc9"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Integrated assessment model and grasslands and forest impacts modeling</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd229c23ccf744c37aeaba4af15f23eca"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts on land use from avoided conversion of grasslands and forests, reforestation, conservation, afforestation, and forest management changes.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0abe1c86b83345b39d76acf60b7dca54"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idfd8a94d906aa468e8b2792ff2512b05f"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Forest carbon management demonstration</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc619ec2c8cb54bf7b37e321ec922be26"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out activities, at not fewer than 5 geographically diverse sites, relating to conducting large-scale field experiments of best practices for forest management and restoration that optimize carbon dioxide removal while maintaining and enhancing ecosystems.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id159f40d59d684870a3e15f40c938fe69"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id50eda245427949c1974c04d8df3c5cf7"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Climate resilience</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out research and field experiments on enhancements to forest management practices for carbon dioxide removal to reflect emerging needs due to the impact of climate change on forests over time.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id4a9c78fdb8f24fbdb24b2e6b3c1402cc"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Preservation of harvested wood</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idab00e486282d422ba88f2aa6c322aca6"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out activities relating to the design and demonstration of landfills for woody biomass disposal and carbon storage.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id025c8b3404c54e7cb6cc0d2abc6db1c9"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id1d44e2b642f24572aee8768d11e27657"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Social science research and extension</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out social science research and extension programs to promote uptake of forest management carbon sequestration technologies and practices.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb12e05fbe55b45fabe6526533942eece"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Climate hubs</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id07d5945a29d14b94a288105552c0e232"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out activities to increase the capacity of Department climate hubs and other research units to deliver climate and carbon dioxide removal-related science and tools to forest planners and managers.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8944a0823ca84ef9b7ba71bff39b7175"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall carry out the activities under subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd260e73e97274d0fabb3486b692a9c42"><enum>(9)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idcb4d91ffb54c49d6864319a267812757"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="ide33e0a462aa3459795b73572eb580402"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$24,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2e7e3f5bf3b94e0ca89909ac5504cfef"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$16,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idbbdaee3211dc47d7b6689980f49e0a71"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>III</enum><header>Department of Commerce</header><section id="id08c35c2b04ed453da4ce201f2f5673c8"><enum>301.</enum><header>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</header><subsection id="id5ca74d7a72084c34bf4bf7de2529bebf"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definition of Under Secretary</header><text>In this section, the term <term>Under Secretary</term> means the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3f31b32b3877465bb818bd1740261e11"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Strategic mission objective</header><text>The Secretary of Commerce shall incorporate carbon dioxide removal scientific objectives into the mission responsibilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for oceans and coastal area programs.</text></subsection><subsection id="id0ef1cc2c63f24219971c020251fd338f"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Research objectives and considerations</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id49d0ec5b59994bde956de79aad695ef2"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">Objectives</header><text>In carrying out research, development, and demonstration under this section, the Under Secretary shall seek to develop a better understanding of the efficacy and impacts of carbon dioxide removal approaches in coastal areas and the ocean to help determine which could be feasible for larger scale deployment. </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcdf05f4fe117403481f49119ceaea5de"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Considerations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out research, development, and demonstration under this section, the Under Secretary shall conform to national and international governance frameworks and employ stringent monitoring to understand and minimize negative ecosystem and social impacts and maximize co-benefits for communities and marine ecosystems.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idd9df8ee5dcb64482a29712e8a0f4f0c2"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Lead office</header><paragraph id="idc0ac4227623b4db1a157b9e3dfe91a20"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Climate program office</header><text>The Climate Program Office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (referred to in this subsection as the <quote>Office</quote>) shall serve as the focal point for coordination and information dissemination on carbon dioxide removal activities across the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with an emphasis on technological approaches.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id14bc3892403c439f8c696fc627e5ee82"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Responsibilities</header><text>The Office shall—</text><subparagraph id="id42b904aaa8184f6cb4204bd6d46ad197"><enum>(A)</enum><text>coordinate all National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration on technologically enhanced coastal and ocean carbon capture, conversion, and storage;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idba011677184d4aeaa447dbf4a82243b5"><enum>(B)</enum><text>support the development and application of technologically enhanced methods of coastal and ocean carbon dioxide removal consistent with the research objectives and considerations described in subsection (c); and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8152418ca781494f93b89e46c78bdb63"><enum>(C)</enum><text>ensure effective utilization of the ocean research assets of the Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Coast Guard in implementing carbon dioxide removal research projects.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id7875f3fbb48b4a898a356ce13379cd6d"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Integration</header><text>The Director of the Office shall—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id057b117b8bed443eab99e5df466724a8"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">coordinate existing ocean acidification monitoring and data collection programs in existence as of the date of enactment of this Act with the carbon dioxide removal research portfolio of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf3b62ce968de4f399de9c5ddbdf37714"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">modify existing ocean acidification program plans to incorporate carbon dioxide removal research objectives.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id447d08d1d4284763ade1af7a2c5836bc"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idad622fd162e340b9959ffbf218db1bf6"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8fce09a2f8024d229468a8969eb02dbe"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Coastal marine carbon fundamental research</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide01398e069ff4f34bf55bf409b008bbd"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out fundamental research of coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id92a1230c526d4654a3715ada0d78f26d"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id0d2cf5ca5b4e45d19822bf4034ca1f52"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Coastal resource assessment</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id50bc2389bbeb46979f1e32f5837d8649"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide removal potential.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id654aa45b05b04ae9a02552e94e7f5186"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idfa4429b5959a4667a5b77b6040df5cc6"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Coastal marine carbon regional field trials</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcbe310eeaac5467b9568a965fdf06f65"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal wetlands restoration optimized for carbon dioxide removal. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3400665465594851af15b987ad7b1ca6"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in coordination with the grant program under section 906 of the National Oceans and Coastal Security Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/16/7505">16 U.S.C. 7505</external-xref>) and the Ecosystem Management and Restoration Research Program of the Corps of Engineers.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id33318028f04a4c3a968ee08382288e82"><enum>(5)</enum><header>National Coastal Wetland Data Center</header><text>The Under Secretary shall integrate data on coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide removal research into the Digital Coast program established under section 4(a) of the Digital Coast Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/16/1467">16 U.S.C. 1467(a)</external-xref>).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id77c3d4c8ed9b46b9819e99ebf7ad2ea7"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Ocean modeling</header><text>The Under Secretary shall conduct research and modeling on the effect of ocean circulation on carbon dioxide uptake from the atmosphere in response to intentional carbon dioxide removal from the ocean.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf97d9c0b39c2427c8dc904ae51b7e5f7"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Aquatic biomass cultivation</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id16897526b5f749c48144aabc650750cc"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall research management best practices and phenotype selection for and use of aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized for carbon dioxide removal, including limited-scale experiments at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id11fbdb9ad1d64fdbac91599f8cdde1fd"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id120e437d0b2a4035a820508ec1742900"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Risk considerations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social harm caused by invasive species.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id0a2c1f762b2f48d1927ec3932bf49480"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Applied alkalinity modification techniques</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idad0ce1b8d87640b9ad3ac236f0393ddb"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall conduct limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhancement techniques at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id84596375bbe245ad8e78a755246faff0"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id4866a040d55247a3a7092b2a0ab698bb"><enum>(9)</enum><header>Seawater carbon extraction</header><text>The Under Secretary shall conduct research and modeling on electrochemical seawater extraction, including process design and locations for minimizing resource requirements, downstream chemical and biological impacts, and storage or utilization methods.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2ddfc89cd60a4d1b881d8289966f9b18"><enum>(10)</enum><header>Ocean fertilization fundamental research</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1becbe29816f4af78f68c9f626c1183d"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall conduct fundamental research and modeling on the impacts and effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization research.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id95bc5d57bdc44399b7fb33ab391f892b"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation and the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idcc4b2f332da74338ad039b9fec47da8d"><enum>(11)</enum><header>Artificial ocean macronutrient fertilization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id30f86da3d53c440ea545d9698532a902"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall conduct limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient fertilization, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id76039e185ed541579ed8278d1c9c668f"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id6f6bcb5f5ec24f57931228bf6fcc12e6"><enum>(12)</enum><header>Upwelling and downwelling</header><text>The Under Secretary shall conduct research on the impact and effectiveness of upwelling and downwelling as a carbon dioxide removal approach.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6eb71024dedc46b4b0230a2d84a90450"><enum>(13)</enum><header>Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in oceans</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id357bc15b687441c6a246c2e4a25dfe71"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall conduct monitoring, research, modeling, and small-scale field trials on ecological and social impacts of coastal and deep ocean carbon dioxide removal techniques. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida0b90baa2e1a4929962ca2a58a2e10e8"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Under Secretary shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id8b70b4b979d74dcda0bffe72338353be"><enum>(14)</enum><header>Enhanced monitoring</header><text>The Under Secretary shall conduct enhanced ocean, coastal, and atmospheric monitoring, quantification, and verification of carbon dioxide removal.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida5a3dce2630c4cfc99eb6ef5daee6e8e"><enum>(15)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Under Secretary shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Under Secretary.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id2e808ca7551847a489a168d0482cbdc0"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Input</header><text>In carrying out the activities under subsection (e), the Under Secretary shall receive input from the Director of the Office.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc7ca24b085654645b0a00a3c7ec255f3"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Under Secretary to carry out subsection (d)—</text><paragraph id="ideeb40f02905f4da5a40322e7315fd8a4"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0acc2172e13e465389fcfa8c9f2c95e5"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$50,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide04f273d99c1483a8fc331f96ae4d06f"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida3e9cb372e1b40c989d1a5b510286974"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$124,000,000 for fiscal year 2027;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id3d6b7a95a88a4c7b858cde58b105a0ba"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$148,000,000 for fiscal year 2028;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id41fca92b65244ead8e52081eae80db33"><enum>(6)</enum><text>$150,000,000 for fiscal year 2029;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd20b3ceeed18463ab1f7bdcf55dcaa3d"><enum>(7)</enum><text>$138,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="iddde11a8f63d74f7a8e964aadbf919370"><enum>(8)</enum><text>$126,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id596264dda5df428eb0fe0ab5a481f8c1"><enum>(9)</enum><text>$117,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7527bdbe180f4fa285e9430bf69b88d8"><enum>(10)</enum><text>$105,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id355a00b45da14401843e51603290027a"><enum>(h)</enum><header>International coordination</header><text>In carrying out this section, the Under Secretary, acting through the Director of the Office, shall—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id719651330c7c40c79ea76b11b6f10588"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">coordinate with the Secretary of State and appropriate international entities;</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc11206a540ca4b36aed5e79edfa9e55e"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">ensure compliance with all current international agreements, including voluntary compliance agreements where the United States is not an official signatory; and </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf639ebc5c3714b59ad4ff87877d975ce"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to the extent practicable, seek joint sponsorship for experiments.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="idd40afc773cbb44ffa029f265be89efe9"><enum>302.</enum><header>National Institute of Standards and Technology</header><subsection id="id185dfe8849e84f87899d5650ad63cfcf"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1c870df7897b4f1c9c09ae6b5765583d"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8d65395937ce4bdd9cba418526f5a70c"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Materials testing and standards</header><text>The Director shall develop standard reference materials and standard testing procedures for technologies and processes related to carbon dioxide removal.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9e88fc2d78ac4e3da8ec41b6844580fa"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Construction materials</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7e4b8a9ebd5a4eb09a28d3dd4cfe6177"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall develop, test, and establish standards for carbonate or carbon-sequestering materials for construction markets.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id90459912731e467182b52c1c1ef5b3a6"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id159a7feb80f54848a915b3eeb9d47ce9"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Director shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id4aecb4e50df04669b6b8382e9c2d7de5"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="idd1e61f70ab594b168a8dd60bab6d7bf5"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id1919308176a64774aa74266b81c00ab3"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$7,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2029;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id284542e12ad247dd84aea7cfc56adf9c"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2030 through 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida5e6ce0b079d4f57a4532238acca462a"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$1,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>IV</enum><header>Department of Defense</header><section id="id6c8d38f5b2a6423086eb99aed2ee7731"><enum>401.</enum><header>Corps of Engineers</header><subsection id="id5f5bdc49ffc84efd9347d2633a3893af"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id76285d52cc544cb08ba46dcd6f69d4be"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idb4cf71846c6943e8ba4cd82d82f42e20"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Coastal marine carbon regional field trials</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8e7e36536aec4499899ce462ffb5a6c5"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out monitored field trials of coastal wetlands restoration optimized for carbon dioxide removal.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4fa8fb5872ea4f65929c1bd1961646f8"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in coordination with the grant program under section 906 of the National Oceans and Coastal Security Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/16/7505">16 U.S.C. 7505</external-xref>) and the Coastal Resilience Grants Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id1a05ad0ace72466fba93c7ebf0b69d85"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Secretary of Defense, acting through the Chief of Engineers, shall conduct other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Defense.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id1be5770634974badb3770d7da9ab5da1"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Defense to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="idb2af4e2f0eb64a298f8f787d631e801a"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id73199e2ff8f44e1897431f8b3d2de97b"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$45,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5bcba9ce51bd4f5eb8427f651fae952f"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 through 2030; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id994f2ecd096042d993fac7b2f52ef1f7"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 through 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>V</enum><header>Department of the Interior</header><section id="id7166c557728e462cb35a185dadcb2c0a"><enum>501.</enum><header>United States Geological Survey</header><subsection id="ide5b6e4ff573541c08d7c09f78a75f87f"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb5f732eabdfd48109388cca7adbdc335"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Director of the United States Geological Survey (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id22a956884bbd4d1c82be35167e45b1f6"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Resource assessments</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idba0b8251d70240609b1acc1fa365d41d"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb941f9a87a8344e988e9f0f7cdf70b8c"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">carry out mapping and technical and economic assessments of geological resources, mine tailings, and other alkaline industrial wastes for mineralization; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfb39acdc20e0445798ba28670f68d8f0"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">establish of a public database of results of the mapping and assessments carried out under clause (i).</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id69d255fbff2b4de7a90bb7b4c90f06f4"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idaec1284f81fa41a8af84f5cd389cae0e"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Tailings and waste mineralization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id556cb7c8cb464dcb9c1b595fda69d912"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out field experiments on carbon-sequestering waste materials, including mine tailings and industrial wastes.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9569160463444259873d5033a6503c51"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcf0a6fc7d00645e5b75231209d3ebb08"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Secretary for of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc33b543904bd40c78f4fbcea4e3970b7"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Administrator for of Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency; and</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id50270e43ea98415cbfdc7b31bb17e6bd"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the director of the Bureau of Land Management.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id47433e97af8047f78bb240453fea1f82"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Environmental impacts of mineralization materials</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id734fdc017b77440c87e49816fd708782"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research on the environmental impacts of broadcasting materials, including disturbing piles of mine tailings.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide66b246e71524fcbb091fd383202ecc7"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idEA546ED996464349896A36F6EB85AC10"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy; and</text></clause><clause id="id0044808BC22148B7B1F2FA67DB4BC227" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency. </text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id4c68925c6ae0470dbe8cf2f7b5361248"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Environmental and social impacts of expanded mining for mineralization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3f627e19d7a84ae298f948a211a0af98"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out research on the environmental and social impacts of expanded mining activities for the purpose of mineralization, including the net carbon impact of those activities.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id28fe1af86a7042658f2658bc453e1b15"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7f233e0b1f384cd4b50440cce77b1366"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the National Science Foundation; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0FEBB77E59C9409FAE407B664F80D678"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy; and</text></clause><clause id="idA87C25E6BD7046749A24A4BB76CEDCFA" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency. </text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id3e3997f500ed45a6a046f4b6e041492b"><enum>(6)</enum><header>New mineralization pathways</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb525c37a36c344229948593e068c67ce"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out development of new, low-emissions sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization and new mineralization processes, such as looping and direct air capture hybrids.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4bfc5b2a55e44dcebc7c0b2a9ec1be67"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idb9ea08225e1840fdbe500f1675f62965"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Regional partnerships</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id830681d85eb040c298116c601ee55f69"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall establish not more than 6 regional partnerships, the membership of which may be made up of 1 or more—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbd27a0a1198e4b44be853be322b7cbff"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">institutions of higher education; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida5311f94869e4c18b30190226a798977"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">State entities; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id530b04f782ba49da9a8acf63fd5867ef"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Federal entities; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6d4494281a5140bcb668819572730adb"><enum>(iv)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Indian Tribes (as defined in section 4 of the <act-name parsable-cite="ISDA">Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act</act-name> (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/25/5304">25 U.S.C. 5304</external-xref>));</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id153c1beed3b842df9b4f85c4a07d5943"><enum>(v)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Native Hawaiian organizations (as defined in section 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/20/7517">20 U.S.C. 7517</external-xref>)); </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idce82d9360ff7414c9bab0a18121aab66"><enum>(vi)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">nongovernmental organizations; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id317d63f5b6354bea9f1660b39de6c079"><enum>(vii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">other relevant entities.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id03c8f8717cc04cf78123fb0f1e828356"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Purpose</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The purpose of a regional partnership established under subparagraph (A) shall be—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id05d162f3ffce4c18ab6cb1cd8ae4df00"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to characterize regional resources for mineralization; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd4f73e47f57f4fe0b0ff0d813cd34632"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">to carry out field experiments and small-scale demonstration projects for mineralization.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="iddf0299192eba4cf6b9d4bd0c2c582077"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in this paragraph in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy. </text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idbf861aed3c4b4ddb91142fe704efafe1"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Director shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id26be492c9b8140118ac47c5a8b211d8c"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Interior to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="id69d2be1ba40148b08070d8be0b6a936d"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$13,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="iddb64893ee229471a90f705f95dfd2240"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$19,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf2fa2307c05f4070b733ccabc195eb70"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$22,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc24e1ab65c6e4e3bafa32e93ac3f0178"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$21,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 and 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id48185fea6c8148be904bd33c67d7a194"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="ided0003f449ff4842af91b7039134fc04"><enum>502.</enum><header>Land and minerals management</header><subsection id="idf8d7a6a543564db997f94279cb360468"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc6db33c0c6e247d1b09c38f929f00573"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Assistant Secretary of Land and Minerals Management (referred to in this section as the <quote>Assistant Secretary</quote>), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id59ca54d4bf93441e8ef74981587591dc"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Carbon dioxide removal on federal lands</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4fa2245962e24f039b95d4edd637b1bc"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Secretary shall carry out an assessment of the ability to use Federal land and abandoned mine land, subject to the Office of Surface Mining, and associated subsurface regions, for carbon dioxide removal benefits and practices, including—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6ea91d1df915462fade322b4531b10ee"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">ecologically appropriate revegetation;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8fb274d10a2543949bcceb67b21edbb5"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">reforestation; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6ebea9336bcf4d51ac023168f675b1cc"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">restoration to natural landscapes, including grasslands; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id16ea5575cea94d38a68b2c31d2301cf1"><enum>(iv)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">underground geologic storage of carbon dioxide. </text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id45ee8d82df6749ada095e86c3ee50be2"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The assessment under subparagraph (A) shall—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id99063390311145589d102ec7ba01cacd"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">include data on carbon storage potential and climate resilience, including—</text><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id27322afcac3a4568a2b13d9660f90cfc"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">safety for local communities;</text></subclause><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id753ee0d126ff49f5b534e62f2f4643df"><enum>(II)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">avoiding negative environmental impacts; and </text></subclause><subclause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7867a47226b54695974888dac70e730d"><enum>(III)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">identifying regions with lower risks of reversing carbon dioxide removal practices over time; and</text></subclause></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbac1ca6c659948faacc87def299dd2c6"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">identify economic development opportunities for local communities.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idbb46af53f08f48f48f74ee4ec8be1153"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4fe9da5697124ec698f1a59b8598eeac"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text>The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities described in this section in consultation with—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9293c8d678a3432ea0bb23ef5437760a"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Secretary of Agriculture;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1f9be8bcd3404be6aba03db260c14610"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Secretary of Energy; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb5df702118d24e4eb2fa7dd046f1a4c2"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Chief of the Forest Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id180afcd2c74e4950be15ab26daa2115f"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of the Interior to carry out this section $2,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033.</text></subsection></section><enum>VI</enum><header>Department of Transportation</header><section id="id51625a177b9a4ef4942df0006d435791"><enum>601.</enum><header>Federal Highway Administration</header><subsection id="id28b3dc274bf240f78bfcc1c157d7a09f"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>In this section:</text><paragraph id="id1222f9449cf8451088c0b62acfc71228"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Carbon-sequestering new material</header><text>The term <term>carbon-sequestering new material</term> means a novel formulation of cement, concrete, or aggregate that allows captured carbon dioxide to be sequestered, including—</text><subparagraph id="idfdc4709789514d09ac0570b03ba3d18d"><enum>(A)</enum><text>carbon dioxide-adsorbing materials;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id3c10cb76733440b096d87a00053b4184"><enum>(B)</enum><text>carbon dioxide-absorbing materials;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id03ef33a7c2df41a6b8242e35cc78417c"><enum>(C)</enum><text>carbon dioxide-cured cement and concrete;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide796b94a3d3c4a4a84fcb0552e8f60f6"><enum>(D)</enum><text>new aggregate materials made from mineral carbonization;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb298637f2ba64ec8bf2c4b79b9f37678"><enum>(E)</enum><text>cement formulations that substitute clinker with other materials, subject to the condition that such other materials comprise not less than 50 percent of the cement formulation; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd43217a2e9d8430c857d34b4e0f78590"><enum>(F)</enum><text>additional materials as designated by the Secretary.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idc06906b1880441a488b3e2e6e01feab9"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Program</header><text>The term <term>program</term> means the research, development, and demonstration program established under subsection (b).</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id45198b2d60014424a9c42f2131fcf6fc"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Secretary</header><text>The term <term>Secretary</term> means the Secretary of Transportation.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id7761e1b2f9df49f9899e83f4e06ce06d"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Establishment</header><text>The Secretary shall establish a program to carry out research, development, and demonstration activities for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials to lower the carbon impact of highway construction materials and public transportation construction materials.</text></subsection><subsection id="id7e303352696242a2a8ed2a40b4188bcb"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Activities</header><paragraph id="ide61d2a8c07a74f9f8a55b9c2561cd789"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Development and deployment</header><subparagraph id="id2601a829a0d54d9493082e0149f037db"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall carry out research on mineral carbonation for use in carbon-sequestering new materials.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id758ed42162064042928b48a9e6707347"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Consideration</header><text>The research under subparagraph (A) shall be informed by the recommendations of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine in chapter 11 of the consensus study report entitled <quote>Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs</quote> and published in 2019.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="iddbeab9dcddc5454fa4cfa457e312ec34"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Research</header><subparagraph id="id9dcfe408ca36443ea61078ab1418e40a"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Secretary, in coordination with standard-setting organizations, such as the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, shall carry out research—</text><clause id="id4358a50d14a449a59246571b78af88bd"><enum>(i)</enum><text>on the durability, strength, and stability of carbon-sequestering new materials; and</text></clause><clause id="idad7cff6f72664e85a30090a96a52e35d"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>to support the development of the necessary standards required for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials.</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id463d25f02570443382226b44d91655a2"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Standards</header><text>Based on the results of the research under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall coordinate and consult with other necessary governmental and nongovernmental entities, including the entities described in subparagraph (A), to support the development of standards for the use of carbon-sequestering new materials.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id987bca96b3a14b8b8cf666530ad0bda4"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Grants for state standards</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall provide grants to a geographically diverse set of States to assist those States in adopting State standards for the procurement of carbon-sequestering new materials in highway and public transportation construction.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8d890f0be50b49af98ec85a5240b6486"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Lifecycle assessments</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall carry out lifecycle assessments of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with carbon-sequestering new materials.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idadffaf972e8245bc8080fae70da66287"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>The Secretary shall coordinate with—</text><subparagraph id="id497f5c0860664e8b8cb8aa34e7530cef"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the Secretary of Energy in carrying out paragraph (1);</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc4ff0f7fe6064a4f8fa82d50dbd70367"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in carrying out paragraph (4); and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ide623a3aed66942ce92757fa53e95a845"><enum>(C)</enum><text>other Federal agencies as necessary to carry out the activities described in this subsection.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id03f6703880d649019e4f5dfaa4e972b5"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Grant program</header><paragraph id="id3583630fc9694478996b5caeba67f048"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish a program to provide grants to eligible entities to assist those entities in procuring carbon-sequestering new materials for eligible uses described in paragraph (4).</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id45641199ef464fe980d2cb472454b5e8"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Eligible entities</header><text>An entity eligible to receive a grant under this subsection is—</text><subparagraph id="id8020edf1e701449880096b8852bb32d9"><enum>(A)</enum><text>a State;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id02b4749acf0e4db98830af1c8a79b13c"><enum>(B)</enum><text>a federally recognized Indian Tribe; or</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1057a5f853b444c5b4eb46aa4b88cb36"><enum>(C)</enum><text>a unit of local government.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id8b40dc368edb4dc6b6235d10c3815373"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Applications</header><text>To be eligible to receive a grant under this subsection, an eligible entity shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd44a6260e79c410599b439ed3b641371"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Use of funds</header><text>An eligible entity may use a grant under this subsection to procure and use carbon-sequestering new materials for—</text><subparagraph id="id9a281db854ec400fbcbdabdbcc9ee45b"><enum>(A)</enum><text>a highway or bridge project eligible for assistance under title 23, United States Code;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="ida3ad5dc01db34af8b25b2b36338e0fc7"><enum>(B)</enum><text>a public transportation project eligible for assistance under <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/49/53">chapter 53</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf831cf9f966c4051bf2bb61286edb940"><enum>(C)</enum><text>any other transportation infrastructure project as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd60b1545cfa945bca918598d189eefc2"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Requirements</header><subparagraph id="id0625965d662a443ab17579e0200e3263"><enum>(A)</enum><header>Highway or bridge projects</header><text>A project described in paragraph (4)(A) shall be subject to the requirements under title 23, United States Code, that would apply if the project was carried out under that title.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id306ad6e9e9184457824b0c2e5103934b"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Public transportation projects</header><text>A project described in paragraph (4)(B) shall be subject to the requirements under <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/49/53">chapter 53</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, that would apply if the project was carried out under that chapter.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idcb64ee4def694ca1a52f4de9e28e87cd"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Funding</header><paragraph id="ide41192d42fa049e9b9a3158378dc4b7b"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text><subparagraph id="id214ada6f564b4f2ab6ba149a3da045f0"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$32,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id92005d08c8464afc91963e0139d0e857"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$57,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id022460274e174be7b799313f2f96fb66"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$62,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idd45589871702490cb6867b6758440e4c"><enum>(D)</enum><text>$67,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idc295ac11fbd54d45b86efc1e1a52bfab"><enum>(E)</enum><text>$72,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 through 2033.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id747785fa7e46457aae8f2a140f23fc09"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Allocation</header><subparagraph id="idbdbd6016af1148a18a6cc637f7f48fdc"><enum>(A)</enum><header>Research and development</header><text>Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1) for each fiscal year—</text><clause id="id1072d1f9c7dc452c8bc4ad50d89f8af3"><enum>(i)</enum><text>$10,000,000 shall be for research under subsection (c)(1);</text></clause><clause id="idc07e4388ef574db88df43ae0cb499c78"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>$10,000,000 shall be for research under subsection (c)(2);</text></clause><clause id="ide47c47a696c447789b7d8e12534c8b43"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>$10,000,000 shall be for grants for States under subsection (c)(3); and</text></clause><clause id="idf0b18971be634530a419fcd3626909d7"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>$2,000,000 shall be for lifecycle assessments under subsection (c)(4).</text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idb81b88e7a75f42b0bbe61568f784fa3c"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Grant program</header><text>Of the amounts made available under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall use to carry out the grant program under subsection (d)—</text><clause id="ide04cc42736eb4fce8648e98efd17aec0"><enum>(i)</enum><text>$25,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></clause><clause id="idbfc3cd0964f3401190b183786677b505"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>$30,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></clause><clause id="id69680f7c2bc24c96951f0fcf234c8145"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>$35,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; and</text></clause><clause id="ida6bc93e2f9e444c4b30cd15f3ad65071"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>$40,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 through 2033.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id34d763d9e7ad4d24a9e8f2de1db0c2a2"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Treatment</header><text>Amounts made available under paragraph (1) shall be available for obligation in the same manner as if those amounts were apportioned under <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/23/1">chapter 1</external-xref> of title 23, United States Code.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>VII</enum><header>Environmental Protection Agency</header><section id="id45e91cef8456498cba6c0ad3ea3cad6e"><enum>701.</enum><header>Office of research and development</header><subsection id="id1ae8fea6136841c7baa6efbffb78a2d1"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4a0cb288aac94474a335f13b711bf948"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, acting through the Assistant Administrator of Research and Development (referred to in this section as the <quote>Assistant Administrator</quote>), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id21638d78caac425ebf3293ddfb552250"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Direct air capture environmental impacts</header><text>The Assistant Administrator shall carry out a lifecycle assessment of the environmental impacts of direct air capture, including—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idade4963fc92d4559a119c8a1e46daa8f"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">greenhouse gas emissions; </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcac368d654804f66b4b2b0f6c002f86d"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">air and water pollutants;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idebbba1de9a4e403aa893e4319fa7390e"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">water use; and </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id904cef75f8a4449e98cabe1c930eb0f7"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">land use.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd9a169339cb64d0e97780c53db0766a2"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Preservation of harvested wood</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4d00f7826d0b41849e624af2ccf10d92"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Administrator shall design and conduct a demonstration of landfills for woody biomass disposal and carbon storage;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id44360f1989164f2abbc9ae734ff816a8"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Chief of the Forest Service.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idf95c3acde5974deea1030678367c8623"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Environmental and social impacts of mineralization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6adbc089e70244c9a62f0bd26ffe227d"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Administrator shall conduct research on the environmental impacts of mineralization, including broadcasting materials, disturbing piles of mine tailings, and expanded mining activities.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbaa5d4135c4c4a51993166ac8fb84555"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcb53ae8581da414fbdb4a60fe6099b48"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the National Science Foundation;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id02bd532832bc41b7b109242bde415e2b"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the United States Geological Survey; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2176cd8a85624f79806ed7b44c1f3965"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idb80e56e0878949f58e60abfd0022dbce"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Research on decision science</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5b2e3cd21bbc4b91a4f38b1d02646b5c"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Administrator shall conduct research on decision science, social impacts, and public engagement on carbon dioxide removal technologies and methods. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id51192982447f4edf8db0a51399e4c3ed"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc3f26c2e2d9343e8a66e8984a008935b"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the National Science Foundation; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida1157b39a60a4646942efbb8656125e5"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idd85f4adfa72f4fd1b20c8c4857b7d1dc"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Environmental and social impacts of biomass use in carbon dioxide removal technologies</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ideab8002135a743c090f47c4b0089843c"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Administrator shall carry out a life cycle analysis of the impact of biomass use in carbon dioxide removal technologies, including—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf678f62d79454aeeaa8e8eae22e74a32"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">emissions sequestered in materials; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id64db977244a94642b6ac9a9e0893f485"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">emissions impacts of biomass harvest, processing, and transportation; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfed6221bff304040b9fb068ee93b3a9f"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2a0d7dbd63a3469dbce23b88957e48ca"><enum>(iv)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">indirect land-use change; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb1cba2a4639f463682ebcc080b58c1a2"><enum>(v)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">alternative fates of biomass used. </text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4b5286ee936e4a4d9fa9a46cf21ac37d"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Consideration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out the analysis under subparagraph (A), the Assistant Administrator shall consider the social impacts of air pollution relating to biofuel and biomass combustion. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id620eddda3da94682860542eda59ea4d6"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Assistant Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id3c77373ff6bf4dfd93808ed682b449ce"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Lifecycle assessment and monitoring for mineralization</header><text>The Assistant Administrator shall carry out a technoeconomic and lifecycle assessment of various mineralization pathways and research on protocols for monitoring and verification of carbon removed or sequestered through mineralization.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7c4dd99abf28494cb01a9063389a0d52"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Assistant Administrator shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id32538a4de04348ab818a2d67db5dd283"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="id875edc69cea74c08be649e6b7d13256e"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$24,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id198aa701099e4cf5aa5a75fcc943829e"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idbce52aae8a3c40b0a3bbcb5abbfe8b73"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$35,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id39052726df684629bda2d284abf58b8d"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0bc0c2dd61ac49fdab5ef1865035ae21"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$34,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5683f2c63b9249f5aea852734763485e"><enum>(6)</enum><text>$31,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2031 and 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc89a479897084f8ab1e02a63822eb201"><enum>(7)</enum><text>$30,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>VIII</enum><header>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</header><section id="idadac6a226683490b968cc2db9c7ec08e"><enum>801.</enum><header>Earth science division program</header><subsection id="ide61b8f5c99874580af21352917485921"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research, development, and demonstration</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide04bd023917c493fb1bd10ebbed5f60e"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (referred to in this section as the <quote>Administrator</quote>) shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idff1303c1df5c488799991644f543f6f8"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Aboveground carbon monitoring</header><text>The Administrator shall carry out a long-term collection of continuous spaceborne LiDAR data to measure and track carbon stocks and carbon cycling in aboveground biomass, through extension of the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation mission, or through other missions with similar or improved capacity.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8e5f3570d4b04da7a0904901cb6b2104"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Resource assessment</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcfcc0da03fc7427683f52f90a830ee7b"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Administrator shall carry out mapping and evaluation of coastal marine ecosystems for carbon dioxide removal potential, including—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0e72a36b93764093a46edd6dadc6dab5"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">wetlands; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfd314116f1aa4437815595f9dfdc9dc9"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">peatlands; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcdafaa52fc0a4f65b717f5f6a9e6b1bb"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">seagrass beds. </text></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbf74d90ee1f74cb18335a723a4d163f1"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Administrator shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id97839ec1ac0b4e61ac86ae34a03b656f"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Other activities</header><text>The Administrator shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Administrator.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id9a60a0e21be04a209a882a40bcd49236"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="ide073e82c7fbf4e29a5431326a62079ff"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$53,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 and 2025; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id40188acf3ca0451b9e38055b22c96be5"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>IX</enum><header>National Science Foundation</header><section id="id82a9e90244ef4756a78b6f88392f1917"><enum>901.</enum><header>Directorate for biological sciences</header><subsection id="id0fb26c1b2a9c4dbb974266af4e3ea9a4"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id97570bcb8e8647f28b8d781d42f2f410"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>) shall award funding for research activities in each of the areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8c9f795067d84e29bf567fa2924196b9"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Genetic modeling and tools</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3ad3e499d1094649b60f1c1069cf4525"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for research to improve carbon dioxide uptake and conversion through genetic manipulation of biological materials for carbon dioxide removal and utilization and research on the potential ecological impacts of those improvements.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3167eb0ea6fe4d578efddd00f7286e00"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idce3bd91b3a0c41d7b382874ad250557b"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1cb136845edb405199ff30e6280388e8"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Secretary of Agriculture; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id44108eaf72dd41479404d87a924e513d"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id736ce2204cd247ec8c24ded7c8c182ca"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Other research</header><text>The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director of the National Science Foundation.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id4bce40afcd8145af8908effce9926a23"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="idedaeb8a070b1437ca37cfb4ae19aeffc"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id5404d87b6a4049db8545196e241bf114"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$3,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id685d55cdcf0a456f919b93bd0e662e82"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id982b735a39644f758432ab702580dc7a"><enum>902.</enum><header>Directorate for engineering</header><subsection id="id890c0616334148beb460c71c8cf57a0d"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc045db1eca8246169dda5b3a6b7716f8"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id3b185311f53145bc9ad7b7bac6312ca5"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Integrated process design</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb0fda2be65e541d99ab36498fa841bca"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for research and development on the integration of carbonation with carbon dioxide capture processes. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9a42c400d10e4d14a4acccf5db73417c"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id22da084b388d4924bd80c7a66532fdea"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Other research</header><text>The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idc73da89b3e4942ab9510f672d49be7ce"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="iddc14ccc0d3fb41ea9756dadbd7cb7849"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ided82ae9281e34cb09190b5ebb971621e"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="ida449493713e34779a2e414c91401532d"><enum>903.</enum><header>Directorate for geosciences</header><subsection id="id650971366d6c4b11997d853119e59eeb"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd77f7e9510364f8b89b4a68e25af8a06"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id2710476e251f411ab669e27431b44af5"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Soil carbon</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6250fd5a6f4f4479a1b7204d08145e1b"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for fundamental research on plant-root-fungi interactions, deep inversion of soils, and other topics with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id028e80bc1c1d4533abb3008eda2251f3"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4d81e0ebc4b743de917282f5bbb6defe"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id562f4b363b1b4090b48cae1c9dec30a4"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id15a6e8d503b048bd86448deedac34f2e"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Modeling and predictive tool development</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id99d33fd3d7f5460491cb78954073abb8"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for research to improve existing carbon sequestration modeling tools and the development of simulation-based tools to predict and quantify soil carbon sequestration.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide0ba30f6c30c4b439ef4a81302ad3289"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide584b0fd3ba2467f9c3a0aca1c4aea9e"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6e91101bdabe43a0aae4b275a9b8b54e"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the heads of other offices in the Department of Agriculture, as determined by the Secretary of Agriculture.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id44473ca1d7534e559d78b90d068f87f3"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Carbon mineralization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd74a9295fcf448819965e53f3109e5e7"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for fundamental research on mineralization kinetics, geomechanics, rock physics, and utilization-oriented carbonation with the potential to advance carbon dioxide removal.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5989cc4d10d44aee9f4fcda3fde2c7f8"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id24a0a4f18b4540ff89302603a5a4d336"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Pilot studies of in situ mineralization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd1fc502e807d422aa1194cea278516de"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for field drilling and injection in reactive formations (including peridotite and basalt) to advance understanding of carbon mineralization.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida468f64b0792410eb3654aa8b4c17515"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id1b9eb0129de34417a3be2bd7170c703d"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Environmental and social impacts of expanded mining for mineralization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id26f8366418434c2b805af45fa81a873a"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for research on the environmental and social impacts of expanded mining activities for the purpose of mineralization, including net carbon impact.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc94f66504f8644eeb7f4c169a8057eec"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6303a61f49954e608233232f58424b82"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the United States Geological Survey; </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id680139bf927745a9b6d7a7752f4b0c50"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf4b5d6fd20754c3699b50eb4532bc32f"><enum>(iii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Secretary for Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="ide8b682cac8d3420cb0a6bd4e554aec9f"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Coastal marine carbon fundamental research</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id52dc9bc5801d4fd39fd3de09cb7652a7"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for fundamental research on coastal ecosystem carbon dioxide sequestration.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9527b55d1415474c9cfb277e6b4203a4"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id8adbf49ba777424691b87f9857f51515"><enum>(8)</enum><header>Ocean alkalinity</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb23da9199ae04f37be68691ac0477e8f"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for fundamental and applied research on techniques for and impacts of artificial modification of ocean alkalinity, including limited-scale experiments on alkalinity enhancement techniques at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id07c3dc44a275432c8818b4244c293538"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbc810f80e4484e618bfb98273fff640c"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id18cdadb7d3d84cb2adbbdae5b09ba13b"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idaa75488b71de45b9a9b6e4d5df3db9b6"><enum>(9)</enum><header>Ocean fertilization fundamental research</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7917978f35324bccadc2f8810c702e74"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for fundamental research and modeling on the impacts and effectiveness of ocean iron fertilization and nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization research.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1da7aae8bcc34640a57deda3b493a8fe"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idF7FF16EE8C8345EABF4285051D0DA8DE"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy; and </text></clause><clause id="id9E074833006D4FB3A1FCF1D5510F4A6E" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id7ec1a50e2ccf4344953410b6444b8964"><enum>(10)</enum><header>Artificial ocean iron fertilization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idfeba627a3ae94e328f8649487a3da729"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for limited-scale experiments to stimulate and measure large phytoplankton blooms, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id365add52b93f4cb3b0ef94c057f50112"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id9267d8de36154c59accf6013cea11b2b"><enum>(11)</enum><header>Artificial ocean macronutrient fertilization</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id183e02178ec647228754d16e3dcb3984"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for limited-scale experiments on ocean macronutrient fertilization, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment and within internationally recognized frameworks.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb0cb244eb4384003bc461e0f6b004830"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id65f3b8bd6e67405a9f816550446bac4e"><enum>(12)</enum><header>Other research</header><text>The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id7ada3b0ae96d418198530377456f192e"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="idd238cdb9c40e4d34bee4d5dddba6355a"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$21,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id098bd8436ad44c7dbedd1c2ff1418380"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$34,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ide23ae57bc6974466a90cc1b8004d2fdd"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$61,000,000 for fiscal year 2026;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idc8eb61912f6d4c4fa51153824edb9f08"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$73,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 and 2028;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9642356d190244bb922fbbbe07eb61c2"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$68,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 and 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd66ba0d1287a47099257212eed876039"><enum>(6)</enum><text>$65,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id9552fe0b83ce45459024c7b1e54acdaa"><enum>(7)</enum><text>$60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2032 and 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="ide4855ddc93dd4d8590ccbc486062c900"><enum>904.</enum><header>Directorate for mathematical and physical sciences</header><subsection id="id486fe63359004606b74597b931af4bff"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb2cf9b67e7934bb1b0ae56bd7d7ddf29"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idbf9778b8612b4c27a472ca79597ecd4e"><enum>(2)</enum><header>NSF engineering research center</header><text>The Director shall establish a new National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center focused on materials research and early-stage application of sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8e74607040ec499e88498ec10a54eb70"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Direct air capture materials research</header><text>The Director shall award funding for materials research on sorbents, solvents, membranes, and related direct air capture components.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id53ecb58bc42949a6a2fec6374f171f65"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Carbonation</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida62b19ca2f334182a91961765594a7e3"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for research to control carbonation reactions, accelerate carbonation, and understand structure-property relationships. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id718eedb27d5c4f26ab326b488caa7b7a"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="idc0af00e1c1764d94bc38cec0a916e387"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Catalysts</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1686c96760844272a04501323319ee6a"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for research on impurity-tolerant catalyst development, coupled reduction and oxidation reactions, and reduced additives. </text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idf16ca8122964424f91c70df919aebe22"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id46cdd0d7b7a2478f98a7b22e52b311d3"><enum>(6)</enum><header>New materials development and applications</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4a276005d3304fcf9c64d32d809e7471"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for development of new materials for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide, including materials with carbon-carbon bonds.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8b9a39ea4d3c485c82e54ba90e61efe0"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Director of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id42c7ac828ee042bcb09506f898057d09"><enum>(7)</enum><header>Other research</header><text>The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id58bfd03cdfc6475fa4663bb2c9db0c76"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="idd85f370645f14411968a23560f9c78b4"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$11,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7dc58b528a5e4666b37ffe3267f5bb1b"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$28,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id6ec90adbfba244b492e81383cfd13362"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$32,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 and 2027;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd251b8cb3ad24c78998ddacb9d1f0358"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$38,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2028 and 2029;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idf3fc8dd01a554f8186c56b99e52a5a87"><enum>(5)</enum><text>$33,000,000 for fiscal year 2030;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id0eb4252eb2d3403d96b27a03b20d029e"><enum>(6)</enum><text>$28,000,000 for fiscal year 2031;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id36e57f67d4404bc6a59e421eb58fab56"><enum>(7)</enum><text>$23,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idd84b7636ec6c46e7b92ee37eb864e76c"><enum>(8)</enum><text>$18,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id9c96db8a108540178be520b162cd785f"><enum>905.</enum><header>Directorate for social, behavioral, and economic sciences</header><subsection id="id78744ca4dfa24bf5a1dbf43bda36202e"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1b6d590064a44450a70316cc1abab292"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id02e7e7c3d7554088bed23a402892bb69"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Integrated assessment modeling and grasslands and forest impacts modeling</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide7fa812a5b1245c38e978e917d047135"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts on land use from avoided conversion of grasslands and forests, reforestation, conservation, afforestation, and forest management changes.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id11ac9e2e0cb04c9594c82b5b1a3e8fb7"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with the Secretary of Agriculture.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id7cb1af25738241a59cc49836d743cec0"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Integrated assessment modeling and direct air capture impacts modeling</header><text>The Director shall award funding for technical, economic, and social modeling of impacts on land and energy use from direct air capture, including future electricity grid mix scenarios.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idee7e9737c5ef478092819520ef1e2915"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Ethical, legal, and social impacts of biotechnology</header><text>The Director shall award funding for research on the ethical, legal, and social implications of biotechnology use in carbon dioxide removal.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="ida6e13a05dbf443978b27122b7ce03da5"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Governance frameworks</header><text>The Director shall award funding for research into governance frameworks for safe and sustainable experimentation with ocean-based carbon dioxide removal.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="idee434b4e5dab466ca0206034b1d94e59"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Other research</header><text>The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id27f9a2db3ffc4014941973c801c661ab"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There is authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section $12,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2033.</text></subsection></section><section id="id5df7da265f36442fa3d415ea4ad2e0a6"><enum>906.</enum><header>Division of social and economic sciences</header><subsection id="idd593673c1ded4b8cb4051f7dc858a2b3"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Research</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id12e8c1189d8b4a8da78627e8d4ca0c4a"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>The Director of the National Science Foundation (referred to in this section as the <quote>Director</quote>) shall award funding for research activities in each of the following areas described in this subsection.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id863aa60363e94715840614f33c6a15a9"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Research on decision science</header><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5db5b82f4d2a49fba4fccf88c1114202"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall award funding for research on decision science, social impacts, and public engagement relating to carbon dioxide removal technologies and methods.</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id94e158d5174449439125a9045eb2beb8"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Collaboration</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director shall carry out the activities described in subparagraph (A) in collaboration with—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide9c43aa441d3428aa2755d8490501f2b"><enum>(i)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Administrator for Research and Development of the Environmental Protection Agency; and </text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idd7da575cb68b4b20a50fd6496e7e604f"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management of the Department of Energy.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="id84586e4a8f6346ffb85a09caddcab7ae"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Other research</header><text>The Director shall award funding for other carbon dioxide removal research, as determined by the Director.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="idf7e54b7d9f394b79815e89494d621a55"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director to carry out this section—</text><paragraph id="id1dc9c790e78646c3b33954f4d3bff801"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$2,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id8fa42b2e070748c39cee7ce5cae2c44d"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2028; and</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id324d8671cae24ac2aa043813a0fcb90f"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2029 through 2033.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><enum>X</enum><header>Other matters</header><section id="id561f772d7d2f48848a24041911fbc607"><enum>1001.</enum><header>Plan for international collaboration</header><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id49cfa521bd024935a7ba1163fb75b792"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall establish a plan for international coordination on research, development, and demonstration projects for carbon dioxide removal. </text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idbd33c08d388b4f0e8ae84577a2b24b80"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In carrying out subsection (a), the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall coordinate with—</text><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id530f2e05e4d640be9996eb1a7b4812e5"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Secretary of State; and </text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idaeeb5fe6cd6e401796e2740c8f22f447"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Secretary of Energy.</text></paragraph></subsection></section>