[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 1754 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

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118th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                S. 1754

To reduce spending on nuclear weapons and related defense spending and 
    to prohibit the procurement and deployment of low-yield nuclear 
                   warheads, and for other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                              May 30, 2023

Mr. Markey (for himself and Mr. Sanders) introduced the following bill; 
  which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Armed Services

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
To reduce spending on nuclear weapons and related defense spending and 
    to prohibit the procurement and deployment of low-yield nuclear 
                   warheads, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Smarter Approaches to Nuclear 
Expenditures Act''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    Congress makes the following findings:
            (1) The United States continues to maintain an excessively 
        large and costly arsenal of nuclear delivery systems and 
        warheads that are a holdover from the Cold War.
            (2) The current nuclear arsenal of the United States 
        includes approximately 3,708 total nuclear warheads in its 
        military stockpile, of which approximately 1,744 are deployed 
        with five delivery components: land-based intercontinental 
        ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, 
        long-range strategic bomber aircraft armed with nuclear gravity 
        bombs, long-range strategic bomber aircraft armed with nuclear-
        armed air-launched cruise missiles, and short-range fighter 
        aircraft that can deliver nuclear gravity bombs. The strategic 
        bomber fleet of the United States comprises 87 B-52 and 20 B-2 
        aircraft, over 66 of which contribute to the nuclear mission. 
        The United States also maintains 400 intercontinental ballistic 
        missiles and 14 Ohio-class submarines, up to 12 of which are 
        deployed. Each of those submarines is armed with approximately 
        90 nuclear warheads.
            (3) Between fiscal years 2021 and 2030, the United States 
        will spend an estimated $634,000,000,000 to maintain and 
        recapitalize its nuclear force, according to a January 2019 
        estimate from the Congressional Budget Office, an increase of 
        $140,000,000,000 from the Congressional Budget Office's 2019 
        estimate, with 36 percent of that additional cost stemming 
        ``mainly from new plans for modernizing [the Department of 
        Energy's] production facilities and from [the Department of 
        Defense's] modernization programs moving more fully into 
        production''.
            (4) Adjusted for inflation, the Congressional Budget Office 
        estimates that the United States will spend $634,000,000,000 
        between 2021 and 2030 on new nuclear weapons and modernization 
        and infrastructure programs, an estimate that in total is 28 
        percent higher than the Congressional Budget Office's most 
        recent previous estimate of the 10-year costs of nuclear 
        forces.
            (5) Inaccurate budget forecasting is likely to continue to 
        plague the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy, 
        as evidenced by the fiscal year 2023 budget request of the 
        President for the National Nuclear Security Administration 
        ``Weapon Activities'' account, which far exceeded what the 
        National Nuclear Security Administration had projected in 
        previous years.
            (6) The projected growth in nuclear weapons spending is 
        coming due as the Department of Defense is seeking to replace 
        large portions of its conventional forces to better compete 
        with the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China 
        and as internal and external fiscal pressures are likely to 
        limit the growth of, and perhaps reduce, military spending. As 
        then-Air Force Chief of Staff General Dave Goldfein said in 
        2020, ``I think a debate is that this will be the first time 
        that the nation has tried to simultaneously modernize the 
        nuclear enterprise while it's trying to modernize an aging 
        conventional enterprise. The current budget does not allow you 
        to do both.''.
            (7) In 2023, the Government Accountability Office released 
        a report entitled ``Nuclear Weapons: NNSA Does Not Have a 
        Comprehensive Schedule or Cost Estimate for Pit Production 
        Capability'', stating the National Nuclear Security 
        Administration ``had limited assurance that it would be able to 
        produce sufficient numbers of pits in time'' to meet the 
        requirement under section 4219 of the Atomic Energy Defense Act 
        (50 U.S.C. 2538a) that the National Nuclear Security 
        Administration produce 80 plutonium pits by 2030.
            (8) According to the Government Accountability Office, the 
        National Nuclear Security Administration has still not factored 
        affordability concerns into its planning as was recommended by 
        the Government Accountability Office in 2017, with the warning 
        that ``it is essential for NNSA to present information to 
        Congress and other key decision makers indicating whether the 
        agency has prioritized certain modernization programs or 
        considered trade-offs (such as deferring or cancelling specific 
        modernization programs)''. Instead, the budget estimate of the 
        Department of Energy for nuclear modernization activities 
        during the period of fiscal years 2021 through 2025 was 
        $81,000,000,000--$15,000,000,000 more than the 2020 budget 
        estimate of the Department for the same period.
            (9) A December 2020 Congressional Budget Office analysis 
        showed that the projected costs of nuclear forces over the next 
        decade can be reduced by $12,400,000,000 to $13,600,000,000 by 
        trimming back current plans, while still maintaining a triad of 
        delivery systems. Even larger savings would accrue over the 
        subsequent decade.
            (10) The Department of Defense's June 2013 nuclear policy 
        guidance entitled ``Report on Nuclear Employment Strategy of 
        the United States'' found that force levels under the April 
        2010 Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and 
        Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms between the United 
        States and the Russian Federation (commonly known as the ``New 
        START Treaty'') ``are more than adequate for what the United 
        States needs to fulfill its national security objectives'' and 
        can be reduced by up to \1/3\ below levels under the New START 
        Treaty to 1,000 to 1,100 warheads.
            (11) Former President Trump expanded the role of, and 
        spending on, nuclear weapons in United States policy at the 
        same time that he withdrew from, unsigned, or otherwise 
        terminated a series of important arms control and 
        nonproliferation agreements.

SEC. 3. REDUCTIONS IN NUCLEAR FORCES.

    (a) Reduction of Nuclear-Armed Submarines.--Notwithstanding any 
other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated 
or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2024 or any fiscal year 
thereafter for the Department of Defense may be obligated or expended 
for purchasing more than eight Columbia-class submarines.
    (b) Reduction of Ground-Based Missiles.--Notwithstanding any other 
provision of law, beginning in fiscal year 2024, the forces of the Air 
Force shall include not more than 150 intercontinental ballistic 
missiles.
    (c) Reduction of Deployed Strategic Warheads.--Notwithstanding any 
other provision of law, beginning in fiscal year 2024, the forces of 
the United States Military shall include not more than 1,000 deployed 
strategic warheads, as that term is defined in the New START Treaty.
    (d) Limitation on New Long-Range Penetrating Bomber Aircraft.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for any of 
fiscal years 2024 through 2028 for the Department of Defense may be 
obligated or expended for purchasing more than 80 B-21 long-range 
penetrating bomber aircraft.
    (e) Prohibition on F-35 Nuclear Mission.--Notwithstanding any other 
provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated or 
otherwise made available for fiscal year 2024 or any fiscal year 
thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department of Energy 
may be used to make the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter aircraft capable of 
carrying nuclear weapons.
    (f) Prohibition on New Air-Launched Cruise Missile.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal 
year 2024 or any fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense 
or the Department of Energy may be obligated or expended for the 
research, development, test, and evaluation or procurement of the long-
range stand-off weapon or any other new air-launched cruise missile or 
for the W80 warhead life extension program.
    (g) Prohibition on New Intercontinental Ballistic Missile.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal 
year 2024 or any fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense 
may be obligated or expended for the research, development, test, and 
evaluation or procurement of the LGM-35 Sentinel, previously known as 
the ground-based strategic deterrent, or any new intercontinental 
ballistic missile.
    (h) Termination of Uranium Processing Facility.--Notwithstanding 
any other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be 
appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2024 or any 
fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department 
of Energy may be obligated or expended for the Uranium Processing 
Facility located at the Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, 
Tennessee.
    (i) Prohibition on Procurement and Deployment of New Low-Yield 
Warhead.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal 
year 2024 or any fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense 
or the Department of Energy may be obligated or expended to deploy the 
W76-2 low-yield nuclear warhead or any other low-yield or nonstrategic 
nuclear warhead.
    (j) Prohibition on New Submarine-Launched Cruise Missile.--
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds 
authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for fiscal 
year 2024 or any fiscal year thereafter for the Department of Defense 
or the Department of Energy may be obligated or expended for the 
research, development, test, and evaluation or procurement of a new 
submarine-launched cruise missile capable of carrying a low-yield or 
nonstrategic nuclear warhead, as the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review found 
this system ``no longer necessary''.
    (k) Limitation on Plutonium Pit Production.--
            (1) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of 
        law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated or 
        otherwise made available for fiscal year 2024 or any fiscal 
        year thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department 
        of Energy may be obligated or expended for expanding production 
        of plutonium pits at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los 
        Alamos, New Mexico, or the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, 
        until the Administrator for Nuclear Security submits to the 
        appropriate committees of Congress an integrated master 
        schedule and total estimated cost for the National Nuclear 
        Security Administration's overall plutonium pit production 
        effort during the period of 2025 through 2035.
            (2) Requirements for schedule.--The schedule required to be 
        submitted under paragraph (1) shall--
                    (A) include timelines, resources, and budgets for 
                planned work; and
                    (B) be consistent with modern management standards 
                and best practices as described in guidelines of the 
                Government Accountability Office.
    (l) Prohibition on Sustainment of B83-1 Bomb.--Notwithstanding 
other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated 
or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2024 or any fiscal year 
thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department of Energy 
may be obligated or expended for the sustainment of the B83-1 bomb, as 
the 2022 Nuclear Posture Review declared the B83-1 ``will be retired''.
    (m) Prohibition on Space-Based Missile Defense.--Notwithstanding 
other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated 
or otherwise made available for fiscal year 2024 or any fiscal year 
thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department of Energy 
may be obligated or expended for the research, development, test, and 
evaluation or procurement of a space-based missile defense system.
    (n) Prohibition on the W-93 Warhead.--Notwithstanding any other 
provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated or 
otherwise made available for fiscal year 2024 or any fiscal year 
thereafter for the Department of Defense or the Department of Energy 
may be obligated or expended for the procurement and deployment of a W-
93 warhead on a submarine launched ballistic missile.

SEC. 4. REPORTS REQUIRED.

    (a) Initial Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of 
Energy shall jointly submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a 
report outlining the plan of each Secretary to carry out section 3.
    (b) Annual Report.--Not later than March 1, 2024, and annually 
thereafter, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy shall 
jointly submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report 
outlining the plan of each Secretary to carry out section 3, including 
any updates to previously submitted reports.
    (c) Annual Nuclear Weapons Accounting.--Not later than September 
30, 2024, and annually thereafter, the President shall transmit to the 
appropriate committees of Congress a report containing a comprehensive 
accounting by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget of 
the amounts obligated and expended by the Federal Government for each 
nuclear weapon and related nuclear program during--
            (1) the fiscal year covered by the report; and
            (2) the life cycle of such weapon or program.
    (d) Cost Estimate Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date 
of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense and the 
Secretary of Energy shall jointly submit to the appropriate committees 
of Congress a report outlining the estimated cost savings that result 
from carrying out section 3.

SEC. 5. APPROPRIATE COMMITTEES OF CONGRESS DEFINED.

    In this Act, the term ``appropriate committees of Congress'' 
means--
            (1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on 
        Foreign Relations, the Committee on Appropriations, and the 
        Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate; and
            (2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on 
        Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee 
        on Energy and Commerce, and the Committee on Natural Resources 
        of the House of Representatives.
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