[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 9498 Introduced in House (IH)]

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118th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                H. R. 9498

 To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and 
 Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other 
                               purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                           September 9, 2024

 Mr. Scott Franklin of Florida (for himself and Mr. Mullin) introduced 
  the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, 
                         Space, and Technology

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
 To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and 
 Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other 
                               purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Transformational 
Artificial intelligence to Modernize the Economy against Extreme 
Weather Act'' or the ``TAME Extreme Weather Act''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. Earth system forecasting and information delivery.
Sec. 4. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and 
                            information delivery.
Sec. 5. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather 
                            models.
Sec. 6. Fire environment modeling program.
Sec. 7. Emissions monitoring and analysis program.
Sec. 8. Partnerships for transformational innovation.
Sec. 9. Federal Government workforce expertise.
Sec. 10. Data access.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Administrator.--The term ``Administrator'' means the 
        Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration.
            (2) Artificial intelligence.--
                    (A) In general.--The term ``artificial 
                intelligence'' means a machine-based system that can, 
                for a given set of human-defined objectives, make 
                predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing 
                real or virtual environments, including by using 
                machine-based and human-based inputs--
                            (i) to abstract such objectives into models 
                        through analysis in an automated manner; and
                            (ii) to use model inferences to generate 
                        information or formulate options for action.
                    (B) Inclusions.--The term ``artificial 
                intelligence'' includes machine learning, neural 
                networks, and natural language processing.
            (3) Artificial intelligence weather model.--The term 
        ``artificial intelligence weather model'' means a weather model 
        based primarily on artificial intelligence to project future 
        Earth system conditions based on machine learning from an Earth 
        system reanalysis dataset.
            (4) Curate.--The term ``curate'' means to collect, 
        maintain, and update periodically a dataset--
                    (A) to ensure and document its quality; and
                    (B) to provide metadata on its provenance.
            (5) Numerical weather model.--The term ``numerical weather 
        model'' means a weather model based primarily on coupled Earth 
        system processes and that uses numerical computation to 
        forecast future Earth system conditions.
            (6) Observational data.--The term ``observational data'' 
        means data from actual observations of environmental 
        conditions, including remote sensing and in situ platforms.
            (7) Open license.--The term ``open license'' has the 
        meaning given that term in section 3502(21) of title 44, United 
        States Code.
            (8) Reforecast analysis.--The term ``reforecast analysis'' 
        means the assessment of a numerical weather model or artificial 
        intelligence weather model by comparing model output and 
        observational data over a period of time in the past.
            (9) Synthetic data.--The term ``synthetic data'' means data 
        produced from a model or statistical method in order to fill 
        gaps in observational data.
            (10) Training dataset.--The term ``training dataset'' means 
        a dataset used to train an artificial intelligence model.
            (11) Weather enterprise.--The term ``weather enterprise'' 
        has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the Weather 
        Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 
        8501).
            (12) Weather forecasting training dataset.--The term 
        ``weather forecasting training dataset'' means a dataset that 
        contains continuous global observational data and synthetic 
        data for Earth system variables relevant to weather 
        forecasting, aviation weather, marine weather, and hydrology or 
        water management, including data from model reanalysis and 
        forecasts initialized through a data assimilation system.

SEC. 3. EARTH SYSTEM FORECASTING AND INFORMATION DELIVERY.

    (a) In General.--Not later than two years after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Administrator, in consultation with the 
Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration, the Director of the National Science Foundation, 
any appropriate Federal Advisory Committee, and such other technical 
experts as the Administrator considers appropriate, shall develop and 
curate comprehensive weather forecasting training datasets with 
relevant Earth system data, quality information, and metadata necessary 
for weather forecasting dataset that develops a long-term record of 
past weather in support of the following:
            (1) Furthering the understanding of weather, water, 
        climate, and space weather modeling and data.
            (2) Advancing the science of weather forecasting, including 
        seasonal and subseasonal forecasting.
            (3) Developing artificial intelligence weather forecasting 
        applications.
    (b) Use of Existing Datasets.--In order to speed the development of 
the weather forecasting training dataset required under subsection (a), 
the Administrator shall assess, and to the greatest extent practicable 
build on, existing weather forecasting training datasets of the Federal 
Government.
    (c) Artificial Intelligence Weather Model.--
            (1) In general.--In carrying out this section, the 
        Administrator, in consultation with any appropriate Federal 
        Advisory Committees, may develop and test a global weather 
        model based on artificial intelligence, to be referred to as an 
        ``artificial intelligence weather model''.
            (2) Weather ready nation.--In coordination with the 
        activities carried out under paragraph (1), the Administrator 
        may explore using artificial intelligence to enhance the 
        dissemination of information and evaluation of effectiveness 
        for improved public understanding, preparedness, and 
        resilience.
            (3) Reports.--Not later than two years after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act and not less frequently than annually 
        thereafter, the Administrator shall submit to the Committee on 
        Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the 
        Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 
        Representatives a report on the activities conducted under 
        paragraph (1).
    (d) Cooperative Institutes and Contracting Authority.--In carrying 
out this section, subject to the availability of appropriations, the 
Administrator may competitively award contracts and funding 
opportunities, increase the scope of existing cooperative institutes of 
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or competitively 
award a new cooperative institute.
    (e) Environmental Impact.--The Administrator shall develop and 
disseminate best practices to minimize environmental impacts from the 
use of artificial intelligence to carry out this section.
    (f) Continued Support for Observations, Basic Research, and 
Numerical Weather Models.--Notwithstanding the requirements of this 
section, the Administrator shall continue to support and advance the 
activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration carry 
out the following:
            (1) Collect and acquire traditional and novel observational 
        data relevant for artificial intelligence and numerical weather 
        models.
            (2) Advance research on the Earth system and numerical 
        weather models.
            (3) Develop and advance numerical Earth system modeling for 
        predictions.
            (4) Develop weather model data post-processing techniques.
            (5) Improve data assimilation techniques.

SEC. 4. ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS FOR WEATHER AND 
              INFORMATION DELIVERY.

    The Administrator shall explore advanced applications of artificial 
intelligence to improve weather forecasts and information delivery, 
such as by carrying out the following:
            (1) Improving data assimilation techniques.
            (2) Using artificial intelligence weather models to quickly 
        emulate running numerical weather models to assess and improve 
        the confidence in and reliability of weather forecasts and 
        information delivery.
            (3) Improving impact-based decision support to diverse 
        users and communities for greater societal benefits based on 
        weather forecasts.

SEC. 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEATHER 
              MODELS.

    (a) In General.--The Administrator shall regularly inventory and 
assess major non-Federal Government artificial intelligence weather 
models in order to provide the following:
            (1) Technical evaluation and assistance on using such 
        models.
            (2) Best practices on providing forecasts based on outputs 
        from both artificial intelligence weather models and numerical 
        weather models, or a combination thereof.
            (3) Support for forecasters and social scientists to test 
        and evaluate the use and effectiveness of artificial 
        intelligence models, including within National Oceanic and 
        Atmospheric Administration testbeds.
            (4) Support for emergency managers to make operational 
        decisions based on outputs from both artificial intelligence 
        weather models and numerical weather models, or a combination 
        thereof.
    (b) Reforecast Analysis.--
            (1) In general.--The Administrator shall support the 
        development of a common framework for the assessment of 
        numerical weather models and artificial intelligence weather 
        models through reforecast analysis and related methodologies as 
        the Administrator considers appropriate.
            (2) Best practices.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
        Administrator may develop and disseminate best practices in 
        collaboration with the following:
                    (A) The National Institute for Standards and 
                Technology.
                    (B) The National Aeronautics and Space 
                Administration.
                    (C) The National Science Foundation.
                    (D) The Department of Energy.
                    (E) Academic and research institutions.
                    (F) The private sector.
            (3) Report on use of analysis to improve models.--Not later 
        than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 
        Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, 
        Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on 
        Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives 
        a report on the feasibility of using reforecast analysis 
        techniques to improve seasonal and subseasonal models.
    (c) Weather Forecast Offices.--In carrying out this section, the 
Administrator shall provide technical assistance, best practices, and 
support required under subsection (a) through weather forecast offices 
of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
    (d) Independent Study on the Impacts of Artificial Intelligence 
Weather, Water, Climate, and Space Weather Models.--The Administrator 
may enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences or 
any other entity determined appropriate by the Administrator to assess 
the impacts of artificial intelligence weather models on the weather 
enterprise and make recommendations to improve the integration of such 
models in operational forecasting.

SEC. 6. FIRE ENVIRONMENT MODELING PROGRAM.

    (a) In General.--Not later than one year after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Administrator, in coordination with the 
Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the 
Secretary of Homeland Security, and in consultation with the 
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the 
Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation, 
any appropriate Federal Advisory Committees, and such other technical 
experts as the Administrator considers appropriate, shall develop a 
program to use artificial intelligence to analyze available 
observational data and synthetic data on the built and natural 
environments in order to carry out the following:
            (1) Warn at-risk communities, firefighters, and other 
        responders, including by integrating social science informed 
        research and development.
            (2) Predict and detect wildfires to the maximum extent 
        practicable.
            (3) Forecast wildland and built environment fire 
        propagation and potential impacts based on an analysis of the 
        elements influencing fire behavior, weather conditions, 
        terrain, and observations of the fire environment.
            (4) Detect, monitor, and forecast smoke and other hazards 
        associated with wildfires.
    (b) Training Dataset.--In carrying out this section, the 
Administrator may acquire observational data and synthetic data on the 
built and natural environments collected across the United States to 
develop and curate a related artificial intelligence-ready training 
dataset for purposes of training the artificial intelligence used in 
furtherance of this section.
    (c) Data Acquisition.--In carrying out this section, the 
Administrator may enter into contracts to acquire relevant data 
referred to in this section.
    (d) Weather Integration.--In carrying out this section, the 
Administrator shall integrate outputs from weather and other 
environmental models and observational data and synthetic data referred 
to in subsection (a).
    (e) Environmental Impact.--The Administrator shall develop and 
disseminate best practices to minimize environmental impacts from the 
use of artificial intelligence to carry out this section.

SEC. 7. EMISSIONS MONITORING AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM.

    (a) In General.--Not later than one year after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Administrator, in consultation with the 
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Administrator 
of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Secretary of 
Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation, any 
appropriate Federal Advisory Committees, and such other technical 
experts as the Administrator considers appropriate, shall develop a 
program to use artificial intelligence to analyze global atmospheric 
observations in order to carry out the following:
            (1) Improve atmospheric transport, dispersion, and 
        atmospheric chemistry models.
            (2) Improve prediction and modeling of greenhouse gas 
        emissions from data collected through the National Oceanic and 
        Atmospheric Administration's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference 
        Network, the Environmental Protection Agency's Greenhouse Gas 
        Inventory, and other voluntary reporting datasets.
            (3) Detect, monitor, and forecast emissions from wildfires 
        and other natural disasters.
            (4) Identify significant changes in global emissions of 
        greenhouse gases and other pollutants.
            (5) Improve data assimilation techniques.
    (b) Training Dataset.--In carrying out this section, the 
Administrator may acquire observational data and synthetic data on the 
atmosphere and its chemical components to develop, curate, and 
regularly update a global atmospheric chemistry training dataset for 
purposes of training artificial intelligence used in furtherance of 
this section.
    (d) Data Acquisition.--In carrying out this section, the 
Administrator may enter into contracts to acquire relevant data 
referred to in this section.
    (c) Environmental Impact.--The Administrator shall develop and 
disseminate best practices to minimize environmental impacts from the 
use of artificial intelligence to carry out this section.

SEC. 8. PARTNERSHIPS FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL INNOVATION.

    (a) In General.--The Administrator shall explore novel structures 
for partnerships with private entities and academic entities for 
transformative innovation in weather forecasting and other 
environmental forecasts in order to carry out the following:
            (1) Further the understanding of weather, water, climate, 
        and space weather, and associated societal impact.
            (2) Advance the science of weather and water forecasting, 
        including seasonal and subseasonal forecasting.
            (3) Develop, evaluate, and transition artificial 
        intelligence weather, water, and hazard forecasting 
        applications for operations.
    (b) Co-Investment.--In carrying out this section, subject to 
applicable law, the Administrator shall consider and adopt novel co-
investment strategies with the private sector and academic sector, 
including the following:
            (1) Non-Federal Government contributions to resource and 
        support high-risk, high-return research and development in 
        environmental forecasting, data science, artificial 
        intelligence, and related fields.
            (2) Shared rights to intellectual property from research 
        and development activities under this section.
            (3) Other approaches to sharing resources and results under 
        this section.

SEC. 9. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKFORCE EXPERTISE.

    (a) In General.--The Administrator, to the maximum extent 
practicable, shall develop, recruit, and sustain a professional and 
diverse workforce for weather forecasting applications of artificial 
intelligence.
    (b) Collaboration.--The Administrator shall leverage robust public-
private partnership models to collaborate with private sector experts 
and provide employees with access to training, experience, and long-
term development of workforce and infrastructure in order to utilize 
artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts.

SEC. 10. DATA ACCESS.

    (a) In General.--The Administrator may make available to the 
public, as the Administrator determines appropriate, at no cost and 
with no restrictions on copying, publishing, distributing, citing, 
adapting, or otherwise using under an open license, any data or code 
developed under this Act.
    (b) Accommodations.--The Administrator may make such accommodations 
as the Administrator considers appropriate to ensure that the public 
release of any model, information, documentation, or data pursuant to 
this Act does not jeopardize any of the following:
            (1) National security.
            (2) Intellectual property or redistribution rights, 
        including under titles 17 and 35, United States Code.
            (3) Any trade secret or commercial or financial information 
        subject to section 552(b)(4) of title 5, United States Code.
            (4) Any models or data that are otherwise restricted by 
        contract or other written agreement.
            (5) The mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration to protect lives and property.
    (c) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this Act may be construed to 
supersede any other provision of law governing the protection of the 
national security interests of the United States.
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