[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 5517 Introduced in House (IH)]

<DOC>






118th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                H. R. 5517

To reauthorize programs of the Economic Development Administration, and 
                          for other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                           September 14, 2023

 Ms. Titus (for herself and Mr. Yakym) introduced the following bill; 
       which was referred to the Committee on Transportation and 
Infrastructure, and in addition to the Committee on Financial Services, 
for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case 
for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of 
                        the committee concerned

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
To reauthorize programs of the Economic Development Administration, and 
                          for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Increasing our Nation's Value 
through Economic Support and Tourism in Our Communities Act'' of the 
``INVEST in Our Communities Act''.

SEC. 2. DEFINITION OF ELIGIBLE RECIPIENT.

    Section 3(4) of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 
1965 (42 U.S.C. 3122(4)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(C) Capacity building grants and host grants.--In 
                the case of grants under sections 208 and 219, the term 
                `eligible recipient' also includes a Tribal 
                organization and a Native Hawaiian organization (as 
                those terms are defined in section 3 of the NATIVE Act 
                (25 U.S.C. 4352)).''.

SEC. 3. INCREASE IN FEDERAL SHARE FOR TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS AND NATIVE 
              HAWAIIAN ORGANIZATIONS.

    Section 204(c)(1) of the Public Works and Economic Development Act 
of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3144(c)(1)) is amended--
            (1) in the paragraph heading, by inserting ``, tribal 
        organizations, or native hawaiian organizations'' after 
        ``tribes''; and
            (2) by inserting ``, a tribal organization (as defined in 
        section 3 of the NATIVE Act (25 U.S.C. 4352)), or a Native 
        Hawaiian organization (as defined in that section)'' after 
        ``Indian tribe''.

SEC. 4. CAPACITY BUILDING GRANT PROGRAM.

    (a) In General.--Title II of the Public Works and Economic 
Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3141 et seq.) is amended by 
inserting after section 207 the following:

``SEC. 208. CAPACITY BUILDING GRANT PROGRAM.

    ``(a) Definition of Predevelopment Activity.--In this section, the 
term `predevelopment activity' means an activity carried out before a 
project can proceed to the execution stage or the eligible recipient 
can secure financing and partners.
    ``(b) Establishment.--The Secretary shall establish a program to 
provide to eligible recipients assistance for predevelopment 
activities.
    ``(c) Use of Funds.--An eligible recipient may use funds from a 
grant under this section--
            ``(1) to carry out certain predevelopment activities, 
        including--
                    ``(A) planning and community asset mapping;
                    ``(B) training;
                    ``(C) technical assistance and organizational 
                development;
                    ``(D) feasibility and market studies;
                    ``(E) demonstration projects;
                    ``(F) organizational capacity building;
                    ``(G) organizing and facilitating convenings; and
                    ``(H) other predevelopment activities, as 
                determined appropriate by the Secretary; and
            ``(2) to hire and obtain qualified economic development 
        professionals and services for a 3-year period to develop and 
        carry out a comprehensive economic development strategy, an 
        economic development strategic plan, or other predevelopment 
        activities.
    ``(d) Applications.--To be eligible for a grant under this section, 
an eligible recipient shall submit to the Secretary an application at 
such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the 
Secretary may require, including a specific plan--
            ``(1) on how the eligible recipient will carry out 
        predevelopment activities using grant funds; and
            ``(2) for the continuation of the position created or 
        services obtained as a result of the grant after the end of the 
        3-year term, if applicable.
    ``(e) Waiver of Attorney's and Consultant's Fee Prohibition.--In 
the case of a project under this section that is carried out using 
grant funds by 1 or more eligible recipients with low organizational 
capacity, in the determination of the Secretary, the Secretary may 
waive the prohibition described in section 213.''.
    (b) Additional Eligibility.--
            (1) Grants for public works and economic development.--
        Section 201(a) of the Public Works and Economic Development Act 
        of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3141(a)) is amended--
                    (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``and'' at the 
                end;
                    (B) in paragraph (2), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting ``; and''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(3) predevelopment activities (as defined in section 
        208(a)).''.
            (2) Grants for economic adjustment.--Section 209(a) of the 
        Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 
        3149(a)) is amended by inserting ``predevelopment activities 
        (as defined in section 208(a)),'' after ``training,''.
            (3) Conforming amendment.--Section 302(a) of the Public 
        Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3162(a)) 
        is amended, in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by inserting 
        ``and predevelopment activities (as defined in section 208(a)) 
        under section 201 or 209'' after ``section 209''.
    (c) Increase in Federal Share.--Section 204(c)(3) of the Public 
Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3144(c)(3)) is 
amended--
            (1) in the paragraph heading, by inserting ``and capacity 
        building'' after ``technical assistance''; and
            (2) by striking ``section 207'' and inserting ``sections 
        207 and 208''.
    (d) Direct Expenditure or Redistribution by Recipient.--Section 
217(a) of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 
U.S.C. 3154c(a)) is amended by striking ``or 207'' and inserting ``207, 
or 208''.
    (e) Powers of the Secretary.--Section 601(a)(12) of the Public 
Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3211(a)(12)) is 
amended by striking ``section 207'' and inserting ``sections 207 and 
208''.
    (f) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents contained in section 
1(b) of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (79 Stat. 
552; 112 Stat. 3597; 118 Stat. 1761) is amended by inserting after the 
item relating to section 207 the following:

``Sec. 208. Capacity building grant program.''.

SEC. 5. GRANTS FOR PLANNING AND GRANTS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES.

    (a) Administrative Expenses.--Section 203 of the Public Works and 
Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3143) is amended by adding 
at the end the following:
    ``(e) Administrative Expenses.--Administrative expenses described 
in subsection (a) shall include expenses relating to--
            ``(1) carrying out the planning process described in 
        subsection (b); and
            ``(2) hiring professional staff to assist communities or 
        organizations in--
                    ``(A) implementing projects and priorities included 
                in--
                            ``(i) a comprehensive economic development 
                        strategy; or
                            ``(ii) an economic development planning 
                        grant;
                    ``(B) identifying and using other Federal, State, 
                and Tribal economic development programs;
                    ``(C) leveraging private and philanthropic 
                investment;
                    ``(D) preparing disaster coordination and 
                preparation plans;
                    ``(E) collaborating with trade adjustment 
                assistance centers, Hollings Manufacturing Extension 
                Partnership Centers of the National Institute of 
                Standards and Technology, Business Centers and Rural 
                Business Centers of the Minority Business Development 
                Agency, and other relevant Federal economic development 
                technical assistance and service providers to promote 
                domestic manufacturing; and
                    ``(F) carrying out economic development activities 
                in accordance with professional economic development 
                best practices.''.
    (b) Increase in Federal Share.--Section 204(c) of the Public Works 
and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3144(c)) is amended by 
adding at the end the following:
            ``(4) Grants for planning and grants for administrative 
        expenses.--In the case of a grant provided under section 203, 
        the Secretary may increase the Federal share above the 
        percentage specified in subsection (a) up to 80 percent of the 
        cost of the project.''.

SEC. 6. HOSPITALITY AND OUTDOOR-RECREATION SUPPORTING TOURISM (HOST) 
              GRANTS.

    (a) In General.--Title II of the Public Works and Economic 
Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3141 et seq.) is amended by adding 
at the end the following:

``SEC. 219. HOSPITALITY AND OUTDOOR-RECREATION SUPPORTING TOURISM 
              (HOST) GRANTS.

    ``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
            ``(1) Outdoor recreation.--The term `outdoor recreation' 
        means all recreational activities, and the economic drivers of 
        those activities, such as businesses and local economic 
        efforts, undertaken for pleasure that--
                    ``(A) generally involve some level of intentional 
                physical exertion; and
                    ``(B) occur in nature-based environments outdoors.
            ``(2) Tourism, hospitality, or special event activity.--The 
        term `tourism, hospitality, or special event activity' means 
        any economic activity that primarily serves to encourage 
        recreational or business travel within the United States or 
        from abroad, including tourist attractions, activities relating 
        to arts and cultural affairs, business and recreational 
        conventions, large entertainment events and venues, and 
        promotion or organization of any such activity.
    ``(b) Establishment.--The Secretary shall establish a program to 
provide grants to eligible recipients to support outdoor recreation, 
travel, and tourism, hospitality, or special event activities to spur 
economic development.
    ``(c) Goals.--A project carried out with a grant under this section 
shall be carried out for the goal of--
            ``(1) in the case of an infrastructure project--
                    ``(A) leading to long-term increases in tourist 
                activity in a region, including in communities adjacent 
                to National Park System units, National Forest System 
                land, State parks, national marine sanctuaries, 
                National Heritage Areas, Tribal parks, or other natural 
                destinations;
                    ``(B) using nature-based infrastructure projects 
                and other projects intended to enhance public access to 
                outdoor recreation opportunities; and
                    ``(C) enhancing the visitor experience or economic 
                value of the local tourism, hospitality, or special 
                event industries; or
            ``(2) in the case of other projects as determined 
        appropriate by the Secretary, supporting the outdoor 
        recreation, travel, tourism, hospitality, or special event 
        industries, in a manner consistent with the National Travel and 
        Tourism Strategy or as recommended by the United States Travel 
        and Tourism Advisory Board, if any.
    ``(d) Eligible Uses.--
            ``(1) In general.--A grant under this section may be used--
                    ``(A) for short-term and long-term economic 
                development planning and coordination of local or 
                regional outdoor recreation, travel, tourism, 
                hospitality, and special event industries;
                    ``(B) to carry out technical assistance projects to 
                assist local or regional economies in--
                            ``(i) the recovery from, and response to, 
                        damage to the outdoor recreation, travel, 
                        tourism, hospitality, and special event 
                        industries as a result of a natural disaster or 
                        public health emergency; and
                            ``(ii) future development of the outdoor 
                        recreation, travel, tourism, hospitality, or 
                        special event industries;
                    ``(C) to pay costs associated with obtaining State, 
                Tribal, county, city, community, or regional tourism, 
                hospitality, or special event activity marketing and 
                promotion campaigns, including through nonprofit or 
                quasigovernmental Destination Marketing Organizations 
                (DMOs);
                    ``(D) to carry out construction activities that 
                support local or regional outdoor recreation, travel, 
                tourism, hospitality, or special events, including 
                activities involving--
                            ``(i) construction of new, or improvements 
                        to existing, outdoor recreation and trail 
                        infrastructure, including public access and 
                        safety enhancements to that infrastructure;
                            ``(ii) nature-based infrastructure projects 
                        to improve access to outdoor recreation;
                            ``(iii) improvement of cultural, arts, 
                        convention, special event, outdoor recreation, 
                        and tourism facilities, such as visitor or 
                        tourist information centers, including 
                        through--
                                    ``(I) general accessibility 
                                upgrades, such as increasing disability 
                                access;
                                    ``(II) improving ventilation, 
                                heating, and cooling systems;
                                    ``(III) increasing energy 
                                efficiency; and
                                    ``(IV) incorporating additional 
                                renewable energy generation associated 
                                with that infrastructure, including 
                                zero-emission vehicle fleets and 
                                charging infrastructure;
                            ``(iv) construction of workforce training 
                        facilities in order to carry out capacity 
                        building programs;
                            ``(v) water or wastewater and stormwater 
                        improvements;
                            ``(vi) pier construction and improvements; 
                        and
                            ``(vii) accessibility enhancements;
                    ``(E) to pay costs associated with upgrades and 
                retrofits, including filtration and sanitation and 
                physical modifications to existing local or regional 
                outdoor recreation, travel, tourism, hospitality, or 
                special event infrastructure, such as convention 
                centers, large event spaces, campsites, or associated 
                community attractions, with precautions to provide for 
                safe worker, traveler, or event environments to 
                increase travel and tourism activities or to make the 
                infrastructure more functional as a result of a natural 
                disaster or a public health emergency;
                    ``(F) to establish programs to provide assistance 
                to businesses in local or regional outdoor recreation, 
                travel, tourism, hospitality, or special events 
                industries--
                            ``(i) for development;
                            ``(ii) to recover from the impacts of a 
                        major disaster or emergency declared under the 
                        Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and 
                        Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et 
                        seq.) or a public health emergency declared 
                        under section 319 of the Public Health Service 
                        Act (42 U.S.C. 247d); or
                            ``(iii) for expansion of programs;
                    ``(G) to carry out workforce training, recruitment, 
                and research programs that support the outdoor 
                recreation, travel, tourism, hospitality, or special 
                event industries to improve the skills of, and job 
                opportunities for, workers in those industries, 
                including through a program registered under the Act of 
                August 16, 1937 (commonly known as the `National 
                Apprenticeship Act'; 29 U.S.C. 50 et seq.), and other 
                work and learn models;
                    ``(H) to pay costs associated with providing 
                information to visitors about the health and safety 
                protections, guidance, or requirements of Federal, 
                State, Tribal, or local governments and businesses in 
                the wake of a natural disaster or a public health 
                emergency; and
                    ``(I) as applicable, and a result of a natural 
                disaster or a public health emergency to pay the costs 
                of salaries and expenses associated with the operations 
                of the eligible recipient, other than salaries and 
                expenses of the executives of the eligible recipient, 
                if the applicant--
                            ``(i) demonstrates the capacity to maintain 
                        the positions for which the funds are used; or
                            ``(ii) demonstrates that the positions for 
                        which the funds are used are temporary or 
                        seasonal.
            ``(2) Examples.--Examples of activities that comply with 
        the eligible uses described in subparagraphs (A) through (I) of 
        paragraph (1) include activities that involve--
                    ``(A) media and marketing;
                    ``(B) installing or constructing visitor kiosks;
                    ``(C) installing interpretive signage;
                    ``(D) building improvements; and
                    ``(E) support or technical assistance for small 
                businesses, including activities that bring public 
                awareness to those small businesses.
            ``(3) Prohibition.--Amounts provided under this section may 
        not be used--
                    ``(A) for recruitment efforts to bring in or host 
                particular events, such as sporting competitions or 
                other activities; or
                    ``(B) to invest in facilities, events, or 
                operations that are not open or broadly available to 
                the general public.
    ``(e) Coordination With BIA.--In carrying out this section, the 
Secretary shall coordinate with, as appropriate, the Tribal Tourism 
Grant Program of the Office of Indian Economic Development of the 
Bureau of Indian Affairs to support Tribal communities when funding 
provided under that grant program is helpful in developing or expanding 
the outdoor recreation, travel, tourism, hospitality, and special event 
economies of those Tribal communities.
    ``(f) Priority.--The Secretary shall give priority to eligible 
recipients that seek to carry out an activity that--
            ``(1) is based on long-term, regionally oriented, 
        coordinated, and collaborative economic development or 
        redevelopment strategies that foster economic growth and 
        resilience;
            ``(2) will promote workforce development; or
            ``(3) will involve a minority-owned, rural, Native 
        American, or otherwise underserved small business concern.
    ``(g) Consideration Relating to Indian Tribes, Tribal 
Organizations, and Native Hawaiian Organizations.--In providing a grant 
under this section to an eligible recipient that is an Indian tribe, a 
tribal organization (as defined in section 3 of the NATIVE Act (25 
U.S.C. 4352)), or a Native Hawaiian organization (as defined in that 
section), the Secretary--
            ``(1) may consider whether the Indian tribe, tribal 
        organization (as so defined), or Native Hawaiian organization 
        (as so defined), as applicable, has matching funds from other 
        sources to carry out an activity; and
            ``(2) shall not require the Indian tribe, tribal 
        organization (as so defined), or Native Hawaiian organization 
        (as so defined), as applicable, to provide matching funds from 
        other sources to receive a grant under this section.
    ``(h) Regional Distribution.--
            ``(1) In general.--In providing grants under this section, 
        the Secretary shall distribute the funds to eligible recipients 
        in each region served by the Economic Development 
        Administration in accordance with the distribution parameters 
        described in paragraph (2)(A).
            ``(2) Distribution of awards.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The distribution parameters 
                referred to in paragraph (1) shall include 
                consideration of each of the following:
                            ``(i) Using the most recent data from the 
                        Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages and 
                        the Current Employment Statistics, employment 
                        in the leisure and hospitality sectors (other 
                        than food service businesses) as a percentage 
                        of total employment in States in the region, 
                        using a 5-year average.
                            ``(ii) Using the most recent data from the 
                        Arts and Cultural Production and Outdoor 
                        Recreation Satellite Account, employment in 
                        arts and cultural production and outdoor 
                        recreation as a percentage of total employment 
                        in States in the region, using a 5-year 
                        average.
                            ``(iii) The number of international and 
                        domestic visitors in States in the region, 
                        using data from the Department or another 
                        source as the Secretary determines to be 
                        appropriate.
                            ``(iv) The impacts of natural or economic 
                        disasters, or public health emergencies, on the 
                        outdoor recreation, travel, tourism, 
                        hospitality, or special event industries in 
                        States in the region.
                            ``(v) Any other data that the Secretary 
                        determines reliably measures the impact of 
                        outdoor recreation, travel, tourism, 
                        hospitality, or special events to the economy 
                        of a State.
                    ``(B) Out of date, discontinued, or inaccurate data 
                sources.--If the Secretary determines that a data 
                source described in clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph 
                (A) is out of date, discontinued, or otherwise 
                inaccurate, the Secretary may substitute other data 
                sources to obtain the employment statistics described 
                in those clauses, subject to the condition that the 
                Secretary provides to Congress a report describing the 
                new data source used by the Secretary.
    ``(i) Outdoor Recreation Set-Aside.--Of the amounts made available 
for each fiscal year to carry out this section, the Secretary shall 
ensure that not less than 40 percent is used to provide assistance to 
eligible recipients for activities that benefit the local outdoor 
recreation sector.
    ``(j) Rural Set-Aside.--
            ``(1) In general.--Of the amounts made available for each 
        fiscal year to carry out this section, the Secretary shall 
        ensure that not less than 20 percent is used to provide 
        assistance to eligible recipients located in, or that serve, a 
        rural area (as defined in section 343(a) of the Consolidated 
        Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1991(a))), with a 
        particular focus on rural areas that are located in distressed 
        or underserved communities.
            ``(2) Waiver.--If there are not sufficient qualified 
        eligible recipients located in, or that serve, a rural area (as 
        so defined), to carry out paragraph (1), the Secretary may 
        waive the requirement under that paragraph.
    ``(k) Native American Set-Aside.--
            ``(1) In general.--Of the amounts made available for each 
        fiscal year to carry out this section, the Secretary shall 
        ensure that not less than 5 percent is used to provide 
        assistance to eligible recipients that are Indian tribes, 
        Tribal organizations (as defined in section 3 of the NATIVE Act 
        (25 U.S.C. 4352)), and Native Hawaiian organizations (as 
        defined in that section).
            ``(2) Waiver.--If there are not sufficient qualified 
        eligible recipients that are Indian tribes, Tribal 
        organizations (as so defined), or Native Hawaiian organizations 
        (as so defined) to carry out paragraph (1), the Secretary may 
        waive the requirement under that paragraph.
    ``(l) Federal Share.--Section 204(c) of the Public Works and 
Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3144(c)) (as amended by 
section 6(b)) is amended--
            ``(1) in paragraph (1), by striking `In the case' and 
        inserting `Except as provided in paragraph (5), in the case'; 
        and
            ``(2) by adding at the end the following:
            ```(5) HOST grant to indian tribes, tribal organizations, 
        or native hawaiian organizations.--In the case of a grant to an 
        Indian tribe, a tribal organization (as defined in section 3 of 
        the NATIVE Act (25 U.S.C. 4352)), or a Native Hawaiian 
        organization (as defined in that section) for a project under 
        section 219, the Federal share of the cost of the project shall 
        be 100 percent.'.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents contained in section 
1(b) of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (79 Stat. 
552; 112 Stat. 3597; 118 Stat. 1767) is amended by inserting after the 
item relating to section 218 the following:

``Sec. 219. Hospitality and Outdoor-Recreation Supporting Tourism 
                            (HOST) grants.''.

SEC. 7. TOURISM MARKETING.

    (a) Declaration.--Section 2(b) of the Public Works and Economic 
Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3121(b)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (3), by striking ``and'' at the end;
            (2) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(5) tourism marketing is an economic development tool 
        used by communities for economic development and should be 
        considered an eligible use of economic development funding 
        awarded by the Federal Government through the Economic 
        Development Administration.''.
    (b) Grants for Economic Adjustment.--Section 209(a) of the Public 
Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3149(a)) (as 
amended by section 5(b)(2)) is amended by inserting ``travel promotion 
(including funding for tourism marketing, marketing research, 
purchasing advertisements, and attracting business meetings or 
convention travel),'' after ``208(a)),''.

SEC. 8. FUNDING FOR HOST GRANTS.

    (a) In General.--Title VII of the Public Works and Economic 
Development Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. 3231 et seq.) is amended by adding 
at the end the following:

``SEC. 705. FUNDING FOR HOST GRANTS.

    ``Of the amounts made available under section 701(a) for each of 
fiscal years 2023 through 2027, $100,000,000 shall be used to carry out 
section 219, of which 3 percent shall be used for the administrative 
costs of carrying out that section, including for maintaining the 
distribution parameters described in subsection (f)(2) of that 
section.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of contents contained in section 
1(b) of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 (79 Stat. 
552; 112 Stat. 3597; 118 Stat. 1772) is amended by inserting after the 
item relating to section 704 the following:

``Sec. 705. Funding for HOST grants.''.

SEC. 9. COST SHARING.

    Section 204 of the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 
1965 (42 U.S.C. 3144) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
                striking ``subsection (c)'' and inserting ``this 
                section''; and
                    (B) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``30 percent'' 
                and inserting ``40 percent''; and
            (2) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(e) Communities Affected by Disasters.--In the case of a grant 
under section 209(c)(2), the Federal share of the cost of a project 
carried out with the grant shall be 100 percent.
    ``(f) COVID-Era Funding.--
            ``(1) In general.--In the case of a project carried out 
        with a grant under this Act made on or after the date of 
        enactment of the INVEST in Our Communities Act from amounts 
        made available during the period during which the public health 
        emergency declared by the Secretary of Health and Human 
        Services under section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (42 
        U.S.C. 247d) on January 31, 2020, with respect to COVID-19 is 
        in effect, the Federal share of the cost of the project shall 
        be not less than 90 percent.
            ``(2) Certain areas.--The Secretary shall consider 
        increasing the Federal share set by the Secretary under 
        paragraph (1) to be 100 percent of the cost of the project if 
        the project is to be carried out in an area that is 
        experiencing, in the determination of the Secretary, lasting 
        economic impacts as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.''.
                                 <all>