Findings

Congress finds the following:(1)Association health plans allow small businesses to band together on a regional or national basis and leverage their combined power to obtain the health benefits they want and need, at a price they can afford.(2)Small business owners have experienced average premium decreases of up to 29 percent under an association health plan.(3)Association health plans are governed under the same rules that apply to employer-sponsored insurance arrangements for large employers utilized by more than 160,000,000 Americans.(4)Important consumer protections established on a bipartisan basis under the Employee Retirement and Income Security Act of 1974, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, and the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 apply to association health plans.(5)Association health plans comply with requirements for large employer health plans under the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.(6)Association health plans cannot limit plan eligibility on the basis of medical history, health status, claims experience, or genetic information.(7)Fully insured association health plans must comply with State benefit mandates.(8)Self-insured association health plans are subject to State multiple-employer welfare arrangement laws.(9)The Secretary of Labor used its rulemaking authority to issue a final rule on June 21, 2018, to expand access to association health plans for American small businesses and working families, including self-employed business owners.(10)The Secretary of Labor required association health plans formed under the final rule to comply with even stronger nondiscrimination protections than the nondiscrimination protections under Federal law prior to the final rule.(11)On March 28, 2019, a Federal district judge vacated the Secretary of Labor’s final rule, threatening to disrupt coverage for current enrollees and restrict the ability of small businesses and working families to band together to obtain affordable and high quality plans in the future.(12)Health care is one of the most important issues facing American families, and small business owners and self-employed Americans want secure and affordable association health plans to provide comprehensive coverage for themselves and their families.

Definition of employer under ERISA with respect to group health plans

(a)

Definition of employer

Section 3(5) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002(5)) is amended by striking the period and inserting (which, with respect to a group health plan, shall be determined in accordance with criteria that includes the criteria under section 736)..(b)

Group health plans

Part 7 of subtitle B of title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1181 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

736.

Definition of employer with respect to group health plans

(a)

In general

A group or association of employers that meets the criteria under subsection (b) shall be considered an employer under section 3(5) for purposes of sponsoring a group health plan.(b)

Requirements

The requirements under this subsection are each of the following:(1)The primary purpose of the group or association may be to offer and provide health coverage to its employer members and their employees, if such group or association has at least 1 substantial business purpose, as described in subsection (c), unrelated to offering and providing health coverage or other employee benefits to its employer members and their employees.(2)Each employer member of the group or association participating in the group health plan is a person acting directly as an employer of at least 1 employee who is a participant covered under the plan.(3)The group or association has—(A)a formal organizational structure with a governing body; and(B)by-laws or other similar indications of formality.(4)The functions and activities of the group or association shall be controlled by the employer members of the group or association, and the employer members of the group or association that participate in the group health plan shall control the plan. Control under this paragraph shall be in form and substance.(5)The employer members shall have a commonality of interest as described in subsection (d).(6)(A)The group or association shall not make health coverage through the group health plan available other than to—(i)an employee of a current employer member of the group or association;(ii)a former employee of a current employer member of the group or association who became eligible for coverage under the group health plan when the former employee was an employee of the employer; and(iii)a beneficiary of an individual described in clause (i) or (ii), such as a spouse or dependent child.(B)Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the group or association shall not make health coverage through the group health plan available to any individual (or beneficiaries of the individual) for any plan year following the plan year in which the plan determines pursuant to reasonable monitoring procedures described in subsection (f)(2)(C) that the individual ceases to meet the conditions described in subsection (f)(2) for being a working owner (unless the individual again meets those conditions), except as may be required by section 601.(7)The group or association, and any health coverage offered by the group or association, shall comply with the nondiscrimination provisions under subsection (e).(8)The group or association shall not be a health insurance issuer, or owned or controlled by such a health insurance issuer or by a subsidiary or affiliate of such a health insurance issuer, other than to the extent such entities participate in the group or association in their capacity as employer members of the group or association.(c)

Substantial business purpose

(1)

In general

For purposes of subsection (b)(1), a substantial business purpose shall exist if the group or association would be a viable entity in the absence of sponsoring an employee benefit plan.(2)

Business purpose

For purposes of subsection (b)(1) and paragraph (1), a business purpose shall—(A)include promoting common business interests of the members of the group or association or the common economic interests in a given trade or employer community; and(B)not be required to be a for-profit activity.(d)

Commonality of interest

(1)

In general

Subject to paragraph (3), employer members of the group or association shall be treated as having a commonality of interest for purposes of subsection (b)(5) if—(A)the employers are in the same trade, industry, line of business, or profession; or(B)each employer has a principal place of business in the same region that does not exceed the boundaries of a single State or a metropolitan area (even if the metropolitan area includes more than 1 State).(2)

Same trade, industry, or line of business

In the case of a group or association that is sponsoring a group health plan under this section and that is itself an employer member of the group or association, the group or association shall be deemed for purposes of paragraph (1)(A) to be in the same trade, industry, line of business, or profession, as applicable, as the other employer members of the group or association.(3)

Nondiscrimination

The standards under paragraph (1) shall not be implemented in a manner that is subterfuge for discrimination as is prohibited under subsection (e).(e)

Nondiscrimination

(1)

In general

A group or association of employers sponsoring a group health plan under this section, and any health coverage sponsored by such group or association, shall comply with each of the following:(A)The group or association shall not condition employer membership in the group or association on any health factor of any individual who is or may become eligible to participate in the group health plan sponsored by the group or association.(B)The group health plan sponsored by the group or association shall comply with the rules under section 2590.702(b) of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on June 21, 2018), with respect to nondiscrimination in rules for eligibility for benefits, subject to subparagraph (D).(C)The group health plan sponsored by the group or association shall comply with the rules under section 2590.702(c) of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on June 21, 2018), with respect to nondiscrimination in premiums or contributions required by any participant or beneficiary for coverage under the plan, subject to subparagraph (D).(D)In applying subparagraphs (B) and (C), the group or association may not treat the employees of different employer members of the group or association as distinct groups of similarly situated individuals based on a health factor of 1 or more individuals.(2)

Definition of health factor

For purposes of this subsection, the term health factor has the meaning given such term in section 2590.702(a) of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect on June 21, 2018).(f)

Dual treatment of working owners as employers and employees

(1)

In general

A person determined in accordance with paragraph (2) to be a working owner of a trade or business may qualify as both an employer and as an employee of the trade or business for purposes of the requirements under subsection (b), including the requirements under paragraphs (2) and (6) of such subsection.(2)

Working owner

(A)

Eligibility

A person shall qualify as a working owner if a responsible fiduciary of the group health plan reasonably determines that the person—(i)does not have any common law employees;(ii)has an ownership right of any nature in a trade or business, whether incorporated or unincorporated, including a partner and other self-employed individual;(iii)is earning wages or self-employment income from the trade or business for providing personal services to the trade or business; and(iv)either—(I)works on average at least 20 hours per week, or at least 80 hours per month, providing personal services to the person's trade or business, or(II)has wages or self-employment income from such trade or business that at least equals the person's cost of coverage for participation by the person, and any covered beneficiaries, in the group health plan sponsored by the group or association in which the person is participating.(B)

Determination

The determination under subparagraph (A) shall be made when the person first becomes eligible for coverage under the group health plan.(C)

Reasonable monitoring procedures

A responsible fiduciary of the group health plan shall, through reasonable monitoring procedures, periodically confirm the continued eligibility of a person to qualify as a working owner under subparagraph (A) for purposes of meeting the requirements under subsection (b) for the group health plan sponsored under this section.(g)

Applicability

(1)

Fully insured

This section shall apply beginning on September 1, 2021, with respect to a group or association of employers sponsoring a group health plan that is fully insured.(2)

Plans expanding to include broader group

This section shall apply beginning on January 1, 2022, with respect to a group or association of employers sponsoring a group health plan that—(A)is not fully insured;(B)is in existence on June 21, 2018;(C)meets the requirements that applied with respect to such plan before June 21, 2018; and(D)chooses to be a plan sponsored under this section (and subject to the requirements under subsections (b) through (f)).(3)

Other association health plans

This section shall apply beginning on April 1, 2022, with respect to any other group or association of employers sponsoring a group health plan.(4)

Other criteria in advisory opinions

The criteria under this section shall not invalidate any criteria provided in an advisory opinion, in effect on or after the date of enactment of the Association Health Plans Act of 2021, that the Secretary may use to determine if a group or association of employers is an employer under section 3(5) for purposes of sponsoring a group health plan.(h)

Determination of employer or joint employer status

(1)

In general

Participating in or facilitating a group health plan sponsored by a bona fide group or association of employers pursuant to subsection (a) shall not be construed as establishing an employer or joint employer relationship under any Federal or State law.(2)

Application of provision

Paragraph (1) shall apply to a group health plan sponsored or facilitated by a franchisor and any franchisee, by multiple franchisors for the benefit of the employees of such franchisors and their franchisees, by multiple franchisees for the benefit of the employees of such franchisees, by a franchisor whose franchisee or franchisees participate or participates in the plan, or by a person or entity that contracts with any individual as an independent contractor for whom the plan benefits.(i)

Rule of construction

Nothing in this section shall be construed as repealing or otherwise limiting the application of this Act (including section 712 relating to mental health parity) to group health plans and employee welfare benefit plans.

(c)

Clerical amendment

The table of contents in section 1 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 735 the following new item:

Sec. 736. Definition of employer with respect to group health plans.