Short title

This Act may be cited as the

Workforce Mobility Act of 2021

Findings

Congress finds the following:(1)The proliferation of noncompete agreements throughout sectors, occupational categories, and income brackets is contrary to Congress’ commitment to fostering stronger wage growth for workers in the United States. Economists now estimate that 1 in 5 workers is covered by a noncompete agreement.(2)Noncompete agreements are blunt instruments that crudely protect employer interests and place a drag on national productivity by forcing covered workers to either idle for long periods of time or leave the industries where they have honed their skills altogether.(3)Enforceable noncompete agreements also reduce wages, restrict worker mobility, impinge on worker freedoms to maximize their labor market potential, and slow the pace of American innovation.(4)Employers have access to legal recourses to protect their legitimate interests and property, including trade secret protections, intellectual property protections, and nondisclosure agreements that do not inflict broad collateral harm on workers’ labor market prospects.(5)Employers that rely on a list or lists of vendors, customers, or clients that are not easily obtained by an individual through means other than the work relationship have adequate legal protection through the use of trade secrets protections and nondisclosure agreements.(6)Noncompete agreements broadly restrict employment options for workers in the United States when more narrowly targeted remedies are readily available to employers.(7)Fostering an environment where employers can flourish is necessary to promote vitality and prosperity in the economy.(8)Employers may retain critical skilled employees while ensuring that disincentives affecting mobility, including noncompete agreements, do not negatively impact the workforce in the United States.

Prohibiting noncompete agreements

(a)

Prohibition

(1)

In general

Except as provided in subsection (b), no person shall enter into, enforce, or threaten to enforce a noncompete agreement with any individual who performs work for the person and who in any workweek is engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce (or is employed in an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce).(2)

Effect of agreements

Except as provided in subsection (b), a noncompete agreement described in paragraph (1) shall have no force or effect.(b)

Exceptions

(1)

Sale of goodwill or ownership interest

(A)

In general

Any person who sells the goodwill of a business, any owner of a business entity selling or otherwise disposing of all of his or her ownership interest in the business entity, or any owner of a business entity that sells an asset or interest as described in subparagraph (B), may enter into an agreement with the buyer to refrain from carrying on a like business within a specified geographic area described in subparagraph (C), if the buyer, or any person deriving title to the goodwill or ownership interest from the buyer, carries on a like business in such specified geographic area.(B)

Asset or interest

An asset or interest described in this subparagraph is—(i)all or substantially all of the operating assets and the goodwill of the business entity;(ii)all or substantially all of the operating assets of a division, or a subsidiary, of the business entity and the goodwill of that division or subsidiary; or(iii)all of the ownership interest of any subsidiary of the business entity.(C)

Specified geographic area

A specified geographic area described in this subparagraph is a geographic area specified in the agreement described in subparagraph (A), or (D) as applicable, where the business, business entity, division, or subsidiary sold as the subject of such agreement, has conducted business prior to the agreement.(D)

Senior executive officials with severance agreements

(i)

In general

Any buyer or seller described in subparagraph (A) may enter into an agreement with a senior executive official who has a severance agreement described in clause (iii) for the senior executive official to refrain from carrying on a like business within a specified geographic area described in subparagraph (C), if the buyer, or any person deriving title to the goodwill or ownership interest from the buyer, carries on a like business in such specified geographic area.(ii)

Time-limited agreement

An agreement described in clause (i) may not require the senior executive official to refrain from carrying on a like business as described in such clause for a period that is greater than one year.(iii)

Severance agreement

A severance agreement described in this clause is an agreement between the buyer and the senior executive official, or an agreement between the seller and the senior executive official, described in clause (i) that—(I)is part of the terms and conditions of the sale; and(II)requires monetary compensation for the senior executive official in the event of termination of the employment of the senior executive official at an amount that is greater than or equal to the compensation the official is reasonably expected to receive from the buyer during the 1-year period following the sale.(E)

Definitions

(i)

Buyer, sale, seller

For purposes of this paragraph—(I)the term buyer means, as described in subparagraph (A), any person who buys the goodwill of a business, buys or otherwise acquires ownership interest in a business entity, or buys an asset or interest as described in subparagraph (B);(II)the term sale means, as described in subparagraph (A), the sale of the goodwill of a business, the sale or other disposal of all of the ownership interest of the seller in a business entity, or the sale of an asset or interest as described in subparagraph (B); and(III)the term seller means, as described in subparagraph (A), any person who sells the goodwill of a business, any owner of a business entity selling or otherwise disposing of all of his or her ownership interest in the business entity, or any owner of a business entity that sells an asset or interest as described in subparagraph (B).(ii)

Senior executive official

For purposes of subparagraph (D), the term senior executive official means an official who was acquired as an employee of the buyer through the terms and conditions of the sale, and, on the day before the date of such sale—(I)who was employed by the seller;(II)who had an integral role in the senior executive management team of the seller;(III)who was responsible for making or directing major decisions of the seller; and(IV)whose rate of compensation was in the highest 10 percent of the compensation rates for all employees of the seller.(2)

Partnership dissolution or disassociation

(A)

In general

Any partner may, upon or in anticipation of any circumstance described in subparagraph (B), enter into an agreement with any other member of the partnership that the partner will not carry on a like business within a specified geographic area described in subparagraph (C), if any other member of the partnership, or any person deriving title to the business or the goodwill of the business from any other member of the partnership, carries on a like business in such specified geographic area.(B)

Circumstances

A circumstance described in this subparagraph is either of the following:(i)A dissolution of the partnership.(ii)Dissociation of the partner from the partnership.(C)

Specified geographic area

A specified geographic area described in this subparagraph is a geographic area specified in the agreement described in subparagraph (A) where any business of the partnership has been transacted prior to the agreement.

Trade secrets

Nothing in this Act shall preclude a person from entering into an agreement with an individual working for the person to not share any information (including after the individual is no longer working for the person) regarding the person, or the work performed by the individual for the person, that is a trade secret.

Notice; public awareness campaign

(a)

Notice

Any person who engages an individual who performs work for the person in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce (or employs an individual in an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce) shall post notice of the provisions of this Act in a conspicuous place on the premises of such person.(b)

Public awareness campaign

The Secretary of Labor may carry out activities to make the public aware of the provisions of this Act.

Enforcement

(a)

Federal Trade Commission

(1)

Unfair or deceptive acts or practices

A violation of section 3 or 5(a) shall be treated as a violation of a rule defining an unfair or deceptive act or practice prescribed under section 18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 57a(a)(1)(B)).(2)

Powers of Commission

(A)

In general

The Federal Trade Commission shall enforce sections 3 and 5(a) in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and made a part of this Act.(B)

Privileges and immunities

Any person who violates section 3 or 5(a) shall be subject to the penalties and entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.).(b)

Department of Labor

(1)

In general

The Secretary of Labor—(A)shall receive and investigate a complaint of a violation of section 3 or 5(a), if the person in violation of such section is an employer of one or more employees; and(B)may bring an action in any court of competent jurisdiction to obtain the legal or equitable relief against the person described in subparagraph (A) on behalf of an individual aggrieved by the violation as may be appropriate to effectuate the purposes of such sections, subject to paragraph (2).(2)

Civil fines

In an action described in paragraph (1)(B), the court of competent jurisdiction described in such paragraph shall impose a civil fine on any person described in paragraph (1)(A) who violates section 3 or 5(a), in an amount not to exceed $5,000 for each week the person is in such violation. Such fine shall be paid to the individual aggrieved by such violation.(3)

Regulations

Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Labor shall issue regulations with respect to the authority of the Secretary in enforcing violations of section 3 or 5(a) in accordance with this subsection.(c)

Standards for dual enforcement

Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Federal Trade Commission and the Secretary of Labor shall, for the purposes of enforcing this Act—(1)develop shared standards for consistent enforcement; and(2)identify the scope of responsibility of the Federal Trade Commission and such scope of the Secretary of Labor to ensure complementary enforcement of this Act.(d)

Private right of action

(1)

In general

An individual who is aggrieved by a violation of this Act may bring a civil action in any appropriate district court of the United States.(2)

Relief

In a civil action under paragraph (1), a court may award—(A)any actual damages sustained by the individual as a result of the violation; and(B)in the case of any successful action to enforce any liability under this subsection, the costs of the action and reasonable attorney’s fees, as determined by the court.

Reports

Not later than 1 year after the date on which the Secretary of Labor issues the regulations under section 6(b)(3), the Federal Trade Commission and the Secretary of Labor shall each submit to Congress a report on any actions taken by the Commission or Secretary, respectively, to enforce the provisions of this Act.

Definitions

For purposes of this Act:(1)

Business entity

The term business entity means any partnership (including a limited partnership or a limited liability partnership), limited liability company (including a series of a limited liability company formed under the laws of a jurisdiction that recognizes such a series), or corporation.(2)

Commerce; enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce; person; State

The terms commerce, enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, person, and State have the meanings given the terms in section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203).(3)

Employee; employer

The terms employee and employer have the meanings given such terms in section 3 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203).(4)

Noncompete agreement

The term noncompete agreement means an agreement, entered into after the date of enactment of this Act between a person and an individual performing work for the person, that restricts such individual from performing, after the working relationship between the person and individual terminates, any of the following:(A)Any work for another person for a specified period of time.(B)Any work in a specified geographical area.(C)Any work for another person that is similar to such individual's work for the person that is a party to such agreement.(5)

Owner of a business entity

The term owner of a business entity means—(A)in the case of a business entity that is a partnership (including a limited partnership or a limited liability partnership), any partner;(B)in the case of a business entity that is a limited liability company (including a series of a limited liability company formed under the laws of a jurisdiction that recognizes such a series), any member of such company; or(C)in the case of a business entity that is a corporation, any owner of capital stock.(6)

Ownership interest

The term ownership interest means—(A)in the case of a business entity that is a partnership (including a limited partnership or a limited liability partnership), a partnership interest;(B)in the case of a business entity that is a limited liability company (including a series of a limited liability company formed under the laws of a jurisdiction that recognizes such a series), a membership interest; or(C)in the case of a business entity that is a corporation, a capital stockholder.(7)

Trade secret

The term trade secret has the meaning given the term in section 1839 of title 18, United States Code.