Short title

This Act may be cited as the

Open App Markets Act

Definitions

In this Act:(1)

App

The term App means a software application or electronic service that may be run or directed by a user on a computer, a mobile device, or any other general purpose computing device.(2)

App store

The term App Store means a publicly available website, software application, or other electronic service that distributes Apps from third-party developers to users of a computer, a mobile device, or any other general purpose computing device.(3)

Covered company

The term Covered Company means any person that owns or controls an App Store for which users in the United States exceed 50,000,000.(4)

Developer

The term developer means a person that owns or controls an App or an App Store.(5)

In-app payment system

The term In-App Payment System means an application, service, or user interface to process the payments from users of an App.(6)

Non-public business information

The term non-public business information means non-public data that is—(A)derived from a developer or an App or App Store owned or controlled by a developer, including interactions between users and the App or App Store of the developer; and(B)collected by a Covered Company in the course of operating an App Store or providing an operating system.

Protecting a competitive app market

(a)

Exclusivity and tying

A Covered Company shall not—(1)require developers to use an In-App Payment System owned or controlled by the Covered Company or any of its business partners as a condition of being distributed on an App Store or accessible on an operating system;(2)require as a term of distribution on an App Store that pricing terms or conditions of sale be equal to or more favorable on its App Store than the terms or conditions under another App Store; or(3)take punitive action or otherwise impose less favorable terms and conditions against a developer for using or offering different pricing terms or conditions of sale through another In-App Payment System or on another App Store.(b)

Interference with legitimate business communications

A Covered Company shall not impose restrictions on communications of developers with the users of the App through an App or direct outreach to a user concerning legitimate business offers, such as pricing terms and product or service offerings.(c)

Non-Public business information

A Covered Company shall not use non-public business information derived from a third-party App for the purpose of competing with that App.(d)

Interoperability

A Covered Company that controls the operating system or operating system configuration on which its App Store operates shall allow and provide the readily accessible means for users of that operating system to—(1)choose third-party Apps or App Stores as defaults for categories appropriate to the App or App Store;(2)install third-party Apps or App Stores through means other than its App Store; and(3)hide or delete Apps or App Stores provided or preinstalled by the App Store owner or any of its business partners.(e)

Self-Preferencing in search

(1)

In general

A Covered Company shall not provide unequal treatment of Apps in an App Store through unreasonably preferencing or ranking the Apps of the Covered Company or any of its business partners over those of other Apps.(2)

Considerations

Unreasonably preferencing—(A)includes applying ranking schemes or algorithms that prioritize Apps based on a criterion of ownership interest by the Covered Company or its business partners; and(B)does not include clearly disclosed advertising.(f)

Open app development

Access to operating system interfaces, development information, and hardware and software features shall be provided to developers on a timely basis and on terms that are equivalent or functionally-equivalent to the terms for access by similar Apps or functions provided by the Covered Company or to its business partners.

Protecting the security and privacy of users

(a)

In general

Subject to section (b), a Covered Company shall not be in violation of a subsection of section 3 for an action that is—(1)necessary to achieve user privacy, security, or digital safety;(2)taken to prevent spam or fraud; or(3)taken to prevent a violation of, or comply with, Federal or State law.(b)

Requirements

Section (a) shall only apply if the Covered Company establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the action described is—(1)applied on a demonstrably consistent basis to Apps of the Covered Company or its business partners and to other Apps;(2)not used as a pretext to exclude, or impose unnecessary or discriminatory terms on, third-party Apps, In-App Payment Systems, or App Stores; and(3)narrowly tailored and could not be achieved through a less discriminatory and technically possible means.

Enforcement

(a)

Enforcement

(1)

In general

The Federal Trade Commission, the Attorney General, and any attorney general of a State subject to the requirements in paragraph (4) shall enforce this Act in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) or the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12 et seq.), as appropriate, were incorporated into and made a part of this Act.(2)

Unfair methods of competition

A violation of this Act shall also constitute an unfair method of competition under section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 5).(3)

Federal trade commission independent litigation authority

If the Federal Trade Commission has reason to believe that a Covered Company violated this Act, the Federal Trade Commission may commence a civil action, in its own name by any of its attorneys designated by it for such purpose, to recover a civil penalty and seek other appropriate relief in a district court of the United States against the covered platform operator.(4)

Parens patriae

Any attorney general of a State may bring a civil action in the name of such State for a violation of this Act as parens patriae on behalf of natural persons residing in such State, in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the defendant, and may secure any form of relief provided for in this section.(b)

Suits by developers injured

(1)

In general

Any developer who shall be injured by reason of anything forbidden in this Act may sue therefor in any district court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee. The court may award under this subsection, pursuant to a motion by such developer promptly made, simple interest on actual damages for the period beginning on the date of service of such developer’s pleading setting forth a claim under this Act and ending on the date of judgment, or for any shorter period therein, if the court finds that the award of such interest for such period is just in the circumstances. In determining whether an award of interest under this subsection for any period is just in the circumstances, the court shall consider only—(A)whether such developer or the opposing party, or either party’s representative, made motions or asserted claims or defenses so lacking in merit as to show that such party or representative acted intentionally for delay, or otherwise acted in bad faith;(B)whether, in the course of the action involved, such developer or the opposing party, or either party’s representative, violated any applicable rule, statute, or court order providing for sanctions for dilatory behavior or otherwise providing for expeditious proceedings; and(C)whether such developer or the opposing party, or either party’s representative, engaged in conduct primarily for the purpose of delaying the litigation or increasing the cost thereof.(2)

Injunctive relief

Any developer shall be entitled to sue for and have injunctive relief, in any court of the United States having jurisdiction over the parties, against threatened loss or damage by a violation of this Act, when and under the same conditions and principles as injunctive relief against threatened conduct that will cause loss or damage is granted by courts of equity, under the rules governing such proceedings, and upon the execution of proper bond against damages for an injunction improvidently granted and a showing that the danger of irreparable loss or damage is immediate, a preliminary injunction may issue. In any action under this paragraph in which the plaintiff substantially prevails, the court shall award the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee, to such plaintiff.

Rule of construction

Nothing in this Act shall be construed to limit any authority of the Attorney General or the Federal Trade Commission under the antitrust laws (as defined in the first section of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 12)), the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), or any other provision of law or to limit the application of any law.

Severability

If any provision of this Act, or the application of such a provision to any person or circumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, the remaining provisions of this Act, and the application of the provision held to be unconstitutional to any other person or circumstance, shall not be affected thereby.