Findings

Congress finds the following:(1)On January 30, 1919, Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu was born in Oakland, California to Japanese immigrants.(2)Fred Korematsu graduated from Castlemont High School in 1937 and attempted to enlist in the military twice but was unable to do so because his selective service classification was changed to enemy alien, even though Fred Korematsu was a United States citizen.(3)Fred Korematsu trained as a welder and worked as a foreman at the docks in Oakland until the date on which he and all Japanese Americans were fired.(4)On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the military base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, causing the United States to declare war against Japan.(5)On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 (7 Fed. Reg. 1407 (February 25, 1942)), which authorized the Secretary of War to prescribe military areas—(A)from which any or all people could be excluded; and(B)with respect to which, the right of any person to enter, remain in, or leave would be subject to any restriction the Military Commander imposed in his discretion.(6)On May 3, 1942, the Lieutenant General of the Western Command of the Army issued Civilian Exclusion Order 34 (May 3, 1942) (referred to in this Act as the Civilian Exclusion Order) directing that all people of Japanese ancestry be removed from designated areas of the West Coast after May 9, 1942, because people of Japanese ancestry in the designated areas were considered to pose a threat to national security.(7)Fred Korematsu refused to comply with the Civilian Exclusion Order and was arrested on May 30, 1942.(8)After his arrest, Fred Korematsu—(A)was held for 2½ months in the Presidio stockade in San Francisco, California;(B)was convicted on September 8, 1942, of violating the Civilian Exclusion Order and sentenced to 5 years of probation; and(C)was detained at Tanforan Assembly Center, a former horse racetrack used as a holding facility for Japanese Americans before he was exiled with his family to the Topaz incarceration camp in the State of Utah.(9)More than 120,000 Japanese Americans were similarly detained, with no charges brought and without due process, in 10 permanent War Relocation Authority camps and other temporary camps located in the States of Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, many in isolated areas.(10)The people of the United States subject to the Civilian Exclusion Order lost their homes, livelihoods, and the freedoms guaranteed to all people of the United States.(11)Fred Korematsu unsuccessfully challenged the Civilian Exclusion Order as it applied to him and appealed the decision of the United States District Court to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which sustained his conviction.(12)Fred Korematsu was subsequently confined with his family in the incarceration camp in Topaz, Utah, for 2 years, and during that time, Fred Korematsu appealed his conviction to the Supreme Court of the United States.(13)On December 18, 1944, the Supreme Court of the United States issued Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), which—(A)upheld the conviction of Fred Korematsu by a vote of 6 to 3; and(B)concluded that Fred Korematsu was removed from his home not based on hostility toward him or other Japanese Americans but because the United States was at war with Japan and the military feared a Japanese invasion of the West Coast.(14)In his dissenting opinion, Justice Frank Murphy called the Civilian Exclusion Order the legalization of racism.(15)Two other Supreme Court Justices dissented from the majority decision in Korematsu v. United States, including Justice Jackson, who described the validation of the principle of racial discrimination as a loaded weapon, ready for the hand of any authority that can bring forward a plausible claim of an urgent need.(16)Fred Korematsu continued to maintain his innocence for decades following World War II, and his conviction hampered his ability to gain employment.(17)In 1982, legal historian Peter Irons and researcher Aiko Yoshinaga-Herzig gained access to Government documents under section 552 of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the Freedom of Information Act), that indicate that while the case of Fred Korematsu was before the Supreme Court of the United States, the Government misled the Supreme Court of the United States and suppressed findings that Japanese Americans on the West Coast were not security threats.(18)In light of the newly discovered information, Fred Korematsu filed a writ of error coram nobis with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, and on November 10, 1983, United States District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel issued her decision in Korematsu v. United States, 584 F. Supp. 1406 (N.D. Cal. 1984), that—(A)overturned the Federal conviction of Fred Korematsu;(B)concluded that, at the time that senior Government officials presented their case before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1944, the senior Government officials knew there was no factual basis for the claim of military necessity for the Civil Exclusion Order;(C)acknowledged that the government knowingly withheld information from the courts when they were considering the critical question of military necessity in the original case;(D)recognized that there is substantial support in the record that the government deliberately omitted relevant information and provided misleading information in papers before the court. The information was critical to the court's determination; and(E)stated that although the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), remains on the pages of United States legal and political history, “[a]s historical precedent it stands as a constant caution that in times of war or declared military necessity our institutions must be vigilant in protecting constitutional guarantees”.(19)The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, authorized by Congress in 1980 to review the facts and circumstances surrounding the relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans under Executive Order 9066 (7 Fed. Reg. 1407 (February 25, 1942)), concluded that—(A)the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944), is overruled by the court of history;(B)a grave personal injustice was done to the United States citizens and resident aliens of Japanese ancestry who, without individual review or any probative evidence against them, were excluded, removed, and detained by the United States during World War II; and(C)the exclusion, removal, and detention of United States citizens and resident aliens of Japanese ancestry were motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership.(20)The overturning of the conviction of Fred Korematsu and the findings of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians influenced the decision by Congress to pass the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (50 U.S.C. 4211 et seq.) to request a Presidential apology and the symbolic payment of compensation to people of Japanese ancestry who lost liberty or property due to discriminatory actions of the Federal Government.(21)On August 10, 1988, President Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (50 U.S.C. 4211 et seq.), stating, [H]ere we admit a wrong; here we reaffirm our commitment as a nation to equal justice under the law..(22)On January 15, 1998, President Clinton awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award of the United States, to Fred Korematsu, stating, [i]n the long history of our country’s constant search for justice, some names of ordinary citizens stand for millions of souls: Plessy, Brown, Parks. To that distinguished list, today we add the name of Fred Korematsu..(23)Fred Korematsu remained a tireless advocate for civil liberties and justice throughout his life by—(A)speaking out against racial discrimination and violence; and(B)cautioning the Government against repeating mistakes of the past that singled out individuals for heightened scrutiny on the basis of race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion.(24)On March 30, 2005, Fred Korematsu died at the age of 86 in Marin County, California.(25)Fred Korematsu is a role model for all people of the United States who love the United States and the promises contained in the Constitution of the United States, and the strength and perseverance of Fred Korematsu serve as an inspiration for all people who strive for equality and justice.