117 S1724 IS: Foreign Agents Disclosure and Registration Enhancement Act of 2021
U.S. Senate
2021-05-20
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
II
117th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1724
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
May 20, 2021
Mr. Grassley (for himself, Mr. Cornyn, Mr. Rubio, Mr. Young, and Mr. Graham) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations
A BILL
To amend the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 to provide the Attorney General with greater authority to promote enforcement of disclosure requirements for agents of foreign principals, and for other purposes.
1.

Short title
This Act may be cited as the “Foreign Agents Disclosure and Registration Enhancement Act of 2021”.
2.

Authorizing the Attorney General to issue civil investigative demands to promote enforcement of disclosure requirements for agents of foreign principals
The Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.) is amended—
(1)
by redesignating sections 9 through 14 as sections 10 through 15; and
(2)
by inserting after section 8 the following:
“9.

Civil investigative demands concerning registration of agents of foreign principals
(a)

Authority of the Attorney General
(1)

Authority described
Whenever the Attorney General or the Attorney General’s designee has reason to believe that any person may be in possession, custody, or control of any documentary material, or may have any information, relevant to an investigation under this Act, the Attorney General or designee may, prior to the institution of a civil or criminal proceeding by the United States thereon, issue in writing, and cause to be served upon such person, a civil investigative demand requiring such person to produce such documentary material for inspection and copying or reproduction, to answer in writing written interrogatories with respect to such documentary material or information, to give oral testimony concerning such documentary material or information, or to furnish any combination of such material, answers, or testimony. Whenever a civil investigative demand is an express demand for any product of discovery, the Attorney General or designee shall cause to be served, in any manner authorized by this section, a copy of such demand upon the person from whom the discovery was obtained and notify the person to whom such demand is issued of the date on which such copy was served.
(2)

Limiting individuals who may serve as designees
The Attorney General may not designate any individual other than the Assistant Attorney General for National Security or a Deputy Attorney General to carry out the authority provided under this section.
(b)

Contents and deadlines
(1)

In general
Each demand issued under subsection (a) shall—
(A)
state the nature of the conduct constituting the alleged violation of this Act that is under investigation and the provision of this Act alleged to be violated;
(B)
if such demand is for the production of documentary material—
(i)
describe each class of documentary material to be produced with such definiteness and certainty as to permit such material to be fairly identified;
(ii)
prescribe a return date for each such class which will provide a reasonable period of time within which the material so demanded may be assembled and made available for inspection and copying or reproduction; and
(iii)
identify the custodian to whom such material shall be made available;
(C)
if such demand is for answers to written interrogatories—
(i)
set forth with specificity the written interrogatories to be answered;
(ii)
prescribe dates at which time answers to written interrogatories shall be submitted; and
(iii)
identify the custodian to whom such answers shall be submitted; and
(D)
if such demand is for the giving of oral testimony—
(i)
prescribe a date, time, and place at which oral testimony shall be commenced;
(ii)
identify an investigator who shall conduct the examination and the custodian to whom the transcript of such examination shall be submitted;
(iii)
specify that such attendance and testimony are necessary to the conduct of the investigation;
(iv)
notify the person receiving the demand of the right to be accompanied by an attorney and any other representative; and
(v)
describe the general purpose for which the demand is being issued and the general nature of the testimony, including the primary areas of inquiry, which will be taken pursuant to the demand.
(2)

Product of discovery
Any civil investigative demand issued under this section that is an express demand for any product of discovery shall not be returned or returnable until 20 days after a copy of such demand has been served upon the person from whom the discovery was obtained.
(3)

Date
The date prescribed for the commencement of oral testimony pursuant to a civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) shall be a date that is not less than 7 days after the date on which demand is received, unless the Attorney General or the Attorney General’s designee determines that exceptional circumstances are present which warrant the commencement of such testimony within a lesser period of time.
(4)

Notification
The Attorney General shall not authorize the issuance under this section of more than 1 civil investigative demand for oral testimony by the same person unless the person requests otherwise or unless the Attorney General, after investigation, notifies that person in writing that an additional demand for oral testimony is necessary.
(c)

Protected material or information
(1)

In general
A civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) may not require the production of any documentary material, the submission of any answers to written interrogatories, or the giving of any oral testimony if such material, answers, or testimony would be protected from disclosure under—
(A)
the standards applicable to subpoenas or subpoenas duces tecum issued by a court of the United States in aid of a grand jury investigation; or
(B)
the standards applicable to discovery requests under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to the extent that the application of such standards to any such demand is appropriate and consistent with the provisions and purposes of this Act.
(2)

Effect on other orders, rules, and laws
Any such demand that is an express demand for any product of discovery supersedes any inconsistent order, rule, or provision of law (other than this Act) preventing or restraining disclosure of such product of discovery to any person. Disclosure of any product of discovery pursuant to any such express demand does not constitute a waiver of any right or privilege, including without limitation any right or privilege which may be invoked to resist discovery of trial preparation materials, to which the person making such disclosure may be entitled.
(d)

Service; jurisdiction
(1)

By whom served
Any civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) may be served by an appropriate investigator, or by a United States marshal or deputy marshal, at any place within the territorial jurisdiction of any court of the United States.
(2)

Service in foreign nations
Any such demand or petition filed under subsection (k) may be served upon any person who is not to be found within the territorial jurisdiction of any court of the United States, in such manner as the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure prescribe for service in a foreign country. To the extent that the courts of the United States can assert jurisdiction over any such person consistent with due process, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia shall have the same jurisdiction to take any action respecting compliance with this Act by any such person that such court would have if such person were personally within the jurisdiction of such court.
(e)

Service upon legal entities and natural persons
(1)

Legal entities
Service of any civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) or of any petition filed under subsection (k) may be made upon a partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity by—
(A)
delivering a duly executed copy of such demand or petition to any partner, executive officer, managing agent, or general agent of the partnership, corporation, association, or entity, or to any agent thereof authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process on behalf of such partnership, corporation, association, or entity;
(B)
delivering a duly executed copy of such demand or petition to the principal office or place of business of the partnership, corporation, association, or entity to be served; or
(C)
depositing an executed copy of such demand or petition in the United States mails by registered or certified mail, with a return receipt requested, duly addressed to such partnership, corporation, association, or entity at its principal office or place of business.
(2)

Natural persons
Service of any such demand or petition may be made upon any natural person by—
(A)
delivering a duly executed copy of such demand or petition to the person to be served; or
(B)
depositing an executed copy of such demand or petition in the United States mails by registered or certified mail, with a return receipt requested, duly addressed to such person at the person’s residence or principal office or place of business.
(f)

Proof of service
A verified return by the individual serving any civil investigative demand under subsection (a) or any petition filed under subsection (k) setting forth the manner of such service shall be proof of such service. In the case of service by registered or certified mail, such return shall be accompanied by the return post office receipt of delivery of such demand.
(g)

Documentary material
(1)

Sworn certificates
The production of documentary material in response to a civil investigative demand served pursuant to this section shall be made under a sworn certificate, in such form as the demand designates, by—
(A)
in the case of a natural person, the person to whom the demand is directed; or
(B)
in the case of a person other than a natural person, a person having knowledge of the facts and circumstances relating to such production and authorized to act on behalf of such person,
to the effect that all of the documentary material required by the demand and in the possession, custody, or control of the person to whom the demand is directed has been produced and made available to the custodian.
(2)

Production of materials
Any person upon whom any civil investigative demand for the production of documentary material has been served under this section shall make such material available for inspection and copying to the investigator identified in such demand at the principal place of business of such person, or at such other place as the investigator and the person thereafter may agree and prescribe in writing, or as the court may direct under subsection (k)(1). Such material shall be made so available on the return date specified in such demand, or on such later date as the investigator may prescribe in writing. Such person may, upon written agreement between the person and the investigator, substitute copies for originals of all or any part of such material.
(h)

Interrogatories
(1)

Answers
Each interrogatory in a civil investigative demand served pursuant to this section shall be answered separately and fully in writing under oath, and it shall be submitted under a sworn certificate, in such form as the demand designates, by—
(A)
in the case of a natural person, the person to whom the demand is directed; or
(B)
in the case of a person other than a natural person, the person or persons responsible for answering each interrogatory.
(2)

Contents of certificates
The certificate submitted under paragraph (1) shall state that all information required by the demand and in the possession, custody, control, or knowledge of the person to whom the demand is directed has been submitted. To the extent that any information is not furnished, the information shall be identified and reasons set forth with particularity regarding the reasons why the information was not furnished.
(3)

Objections
If any interrogatory is objected to, the reasons for the objection shall be stated in the certificate instead of an answer.
(i)

Oral examinations
(1)

Procedures
The examination of any person pursuant to a civil investigative demand for oral testimony served under this section shall be taken before an officer authorized to administer oaths and affirmations by the laws of the United States or of the place where the examination is held. The officer before whom the testimony is to be taken shall put the witness on oath or affirmation and shall personally, or by someone acting under the direction of the officer and in the officer’s presence, record the testimony of the witness. The testimony shall be taken stenographically and transcribed. When the testimony is fully transcribed, the officer before whom the testimony is taken shall promptly transmit a copy of the transcript of the testimony to the custodian. This subsection shall not preclude the taking of testimony by any means authorized by, and in a manner consistent with, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(2)

Persons present
The investigator conducting the examination shall exclude from the place where the examination is held all persons except the person giving the testimony, the attorney for and any other representative of the person giving the testimony, the attorney for the Government, any person who may be agreed upon by the attorney for the Government and the person giving the testimony, the officer before whom the testimony is to be taken, and any stenographer taking such testimony.
(3)

Where testimony taken
The oral testimony of any person taken pursuant to a civil investigative demand served under this section shall be taken in the judicial district of the United States within which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, or in such other place as may be agreed upon by the investigator conducting the examination and such person.
(4)

Transcript of testimony
When the testimony is fully transcribed, the investigator or the officer before whom the testimony is taken shall afford the witness (who may be accompanied by counsel) a reasonable opportunity to examine and read the transcript, unless such examination and reading are waived by the witness. Any changes in form or substance which the witness desires to make shall be entered and identified upon the transcript by the officer or the investigator with a statement of the reasons given by the witness for making such changes. The transcript shall then be signed by the witness, unless the witness in writing waives the signing, is ill, cannot be found, or refuses to sign. If the transcript is not signed by the witness within 30 days after being afforded a reasonable opportunity to examine it, the officer or the investigator shall sign it and state on the record the fact of the waiver, illness, absence of the witness, or the refusal to sign, together with the reason, if any, given therefor.
(5)

Certification and delivery to custodian
The officer before whom the testimony is taken shall certify on the transcript that the witness was duly sworn by the officer and that the transcript is a true record of the testimony given by the witness, and the officer or investigator shall promptly deliver it or send it by registered or certified mail to the custodian.
(6)

Furnishing or inspection of transcript by witness
Upon payment of reasonable charges therefor, the investigator shall furnish a copy of the transcript to the witness only, except that the Attorney General, or the Attorney General’s designee in accordance with this Act, may for good cause limit such witness to inspection of the official transcript of the witness’s testimony.
(7)

Conduct of oral testimony
(A)

In general
Any person compelled to appear for oral testimony under a civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) may be accompanied, represented, and advised by counsel. Counsel may advise such person, in confidence, with respect to any question asked of such person. Such person or counsel may object on the record to any question, in whole or in part, and shall briefly state for the record the reason for the objection. An objection may be made, received, and entered upon the record when it is claimed that such person is entitled to refuse to answer the question on the grounds of any constitutional or other legal right or privilege, including the privilege against self-incrimination. Such person may not otherwise object to or refuse to answer any question, and may not directly or through counsel otherwise interrupt the oral examination. If such person refuses to answer any question, a petition may be filed in the district court of the United States under subsection (k)(1) for an order compelling such person to answer such question.
(B)

Compelled testimony
If such person refuses to answer any question on the grounds of the privilege against self-incrimination, the testimony of such person may be compelled in accordance with the provisions of part V of title 18, United States Code.
(8)

Witness fees and allowances
Any person appearing for oral testimony under a civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) shall be entitled to the same fees and allowances which are paid to witnesses in the district courts of the United States.
(j)

Custodians of documents, answers, and transcripts
(1)

Designation
The Attorney General, or designee in accordance with this Act, shall designate an investigator to serve as custodian of documentary material, answers to interrogatories, and transcripts of oral testimony received under this section, and shall designate such additional investigators as the Attorney General determines from time to time to be necessary to serve as deputies of the custodian.
(2)

Responsibility for materials; disclosure
(A)

In general
An investigator who receives any documentary material, answers to interrogatories, or transcripts of oral testimony under this section shall transmit them to the custodian. The custodian shall take physical possession of such material, answers, or transcripts and shall be responsible for the use made of them and for the return of documentary material under paragraph (4).
(B)

Preparation
The custodian may cause the preparation of such copies of such documentary material, answers to interrogatories, or transcripts of oral testimony as may be required for official use by any investigator, or other officer or employee of the Department of Justice. Such material, answers, and transcripts may be used by any such authorized investigator or other officer or employee in connection with the taking of oral testimony under this section.
(C)

No examination
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, no documentary material, answers to interrogatories, or transcripts of oral testimony, or copies thereof, while in the possession of the custodian, shall be available for examination by any individual other than an investigator or other officer or employee of the Department of Justice authorized under subparagraph (B). The prohibition in the preceding sentence on the availability of material, answers, or transcripts shall not apply if consent is given by the person who produced such material, answers, or transcripts, or, in the case of any product of discovery produced pursuant to an express demand for such material, consent is given by the person from whom the discovery was obtained. Nothing in this subparagraph is intended to prevent disclosure to the Congress, including any committee or subcommittee of the Congress, or to any other agency of the United States for use by such agency in furtherance of its statutory responsibilities.
(D)

Examination by certain persons
While in the possession of the custodian and under such reasonable terms and conditions as the Attorney General shall prescribe—
(i)
documentary material and answers to interrogatories shall be available for examination by the person who produced such material or answers, or by a representative of that person authorized by that person to examine such material and answers; and
(ii)
transcripts of oral testimony shall be available for examination by the person who produced such testimony, or by a representative of that person authorized by that person to examine such transcripts.
(3)

Use of material, answers, or transcripts in other proceedings
Whenever any attorney of the Department of Justice has been designated to appear before any court, grand jury, or Federal agency in any case or proceeding, the custodian of any documentary material, answers to interrogatories, or transcripts of oral testimony received under this section may deliver to such attorney such material, answers, or transcripts for official use in connection with any such case or proceeding as such attorney determines to be required. Upon the completion of any such case or proceeding, such attorney shall return to the custodian any such material, answers, or transcripts so delivered that have not passed into the control of such court, grand jury, or agency through the introduction thereof into the record of such case or proceeding.
(4)

Conditions for return of material
If any documentary material has been produced by any person in the course of any investigation pursuant to a civil investigative demand under this section, and—
(A)
any case or proceeding before the court or grand jury arising out of such investigation, or any proceeding before any Federal agency involving such material, has been completed; or
(B)
no case or proceeding in which such material may be used has been commenced within a reasonable time after completion of the examination and analysis of all documentary material and other information assembled in the course of such investigation,
the custodian shall, upon written request of the person who produced such material, return to such person any such material (other than copies furnished to the investigator under subsection (g)(2) or made for the Department of Justice under paragraph (2)(B) of this subsection) that has not passed into the control of any court, grand jury, or agency through introduction into the record of such case or proceeding.
(5)

Appointment of successor custodians
(A)

In general
In the event of the death, disability, or separation from service in the Department of Justice of the custodian of any documentary material, answers to interrogatories, or transcripts of oral testimony produced pursuant to a civil investigative demand under this section, or in the event of the official relief of such custodian from responsibility for the custody and control of such material, answers, or transcripts, the Attorney General or the Attorney General’s designee in accordance with this Act shall promptly—
(i)
designate another investigator to serve as custodian of such material, answers, or transcripts; and
(ii)
transmit in writing to the person who produced such material, answers, or testimony notice of the identity and address of the successor so designated.
(B)

Successor
Any person who is designated to be a successor under this paragraph shall have, with regard to such material, answers, or transcripts, the same duties and responsibilities as were imposed by this section upon the predecessor in office of that person, except that the successor shall not be held responsible for any default or dereliction that occurred before that designation.
(k)

Judicial proceedings
(1)

Petition for enforcement
Whenever any person fails to comply with any civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a), or whenever satisfactory copying or reproduction of any material requested in such demand cannot be done and such person refuses to surrender such material, the Attorney General may file, in the district court of the United States for any judicial district in which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, and serve upon such person a petition for an order of such court for the enforcement of the civil investigative demand.
(2)

Petition to modify or set aside demand
(A)

In general
Any person who has received a civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) may file, in the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which such person resides, is found, or transacts business, and serve upon the investigator identified in such demand a petition for an order of the court to modify or set aside such demand. In the case of a petition addressed to an express demand for any product of discovery, a petition to modify or set aside such demand may be brought only in the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the proceeding in which such discovery was obtained is or was last pending. Any petition under this subparagraph must be filed—
(i)
within 20 days after the date of service of the civil investigative demand, or at any time before the return date specified in the demand, whichever date is earlier; or
(ii)
within such longer period as may be prescribed in writing by any investigator identified in the demand.
(B)

Grounds for relief
The petition shall specify each ground upon which the petitioner relies in seeking relief under subparagraph (A), and may be based upon any failure of the demand to comply with the provisions of this section or upon any constitutional or other legal right or privilege of such person. During the pendency of the petition in the court, the court may stay, as it deems proper, the running of the time allowed for compliance with the demand, in whole or in part, except that the person filing the petition shall comply with any portions of the demand not sought to be modified or set aside.
(3)

Petition to modify or set aside demand for product of discovery
(A)

In general
In the case of any civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) that is an express demand for any product of discovery, the person from whom such discovery was obtained may file, in the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the proceeding in which such discovery was obtained is or was last pending, and serve upon any investigator identified in the demand and upon the recipient of the demand, a petition for an order of such court to modify or set aside those portions of the demand requiring production of any such product of discovery. Any petition under this subparagraph must be filed—
(i)
within 20 days after the date of service of the civil investigative demand, or at any time before the return date specified in the demand, whichever date is earlier; or
(ii)
within such longer period as may be prescribed in writing by any investigator identified in the demand.
(B)

Grounds for relief
The petition shall specify each ground upon which the petitioner relies in seeking relief under subparagraph (A), and may be based upon any failure of the portions of the demand from which relief is sought to comply with the provisions of this section, or upon any constitutional or other legal right or privilege of the petitioner. During the pendency of the petition, the court may stay, as it deems proper, compliance with the demand and the running of the time allowed for compliance with the demand.
(4)

Petition to require performance by custodian of duties
At any time during which any custodian is in custody or control of any documentary material or answers to interrogatories produced, or transcripts of oral testimony given, by any person in compliance with any civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a), such person, and in the case of an express demand for any product of discovery, the person from whom such discovery was obtained, may file, in the district court of the United States for the judicial district in which the office of such custodian is situated, and serve upon such custodian, a petition for an order of such court to require the performance by the custodian of any duty imposed upon the custodian by this section.
(5)

Jurisdiction
Whenever any petition is filed in any district court of the United States under this subsection, such court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine the matter so presented, and to enter such order or orders as may be required to carry out the provisions of this section. Any final order so entered shall be subject to appeal under section 1291 of title 28, United States Code. Any disobedience of any final order entered under this section by any court shall be punished as a contempt of the court.
(6)

Applicability of federal rules of civil procedure
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure shall apply to any petition under this subsection, to the extent that such rules are not inconsistent with the provisions of this section.
(l)

Disclosure exemption
Any documentary material, answers to written interrogatories, or oral testimony provided under any civil investigative demand issued under subsection (a) shall be exempt from disclosure under section 552 of title 5, United States Code, as described in subsection (b)(3) of such section.
(m)

Definitions
In this section—
(1)
the term custodian means the custodian, or any deputy custodian, designated by the Attorney General under subsection (j)(1);
(2)
the term documentary material includes the original or any copy of any book, record, report, memorandum, paper, communication, tabulation, chart, or other document, or data compilations stored in or accessible through computer or other information retrieval systems, together with instructions and all other materials necessary to use or interpret such data compilations, and any product of discovery;
(3)
the term investigation means any inquiry conducted for the purpose of ascertaining whether any person is or has been engaged in any violation of this Act;
(4)
the term investigator means any attorney or investigator employed by the Department of Justice who is charged with the duty of enforcing or carrying into effect this Act, or any officer or employee of the United States acting under the direction and supervision of such attorney or investigator in connection with an investigation;
(5)
the term official use means any use that is consistent with the law, and the regulations and policies of the Department of Justice, including use in connection with internal Department of Justice memoranda and reports; communications between the Department of Justice and a Federal, State, or local government agency, or a contractor of a Federal, State, or local government agency, undertaken in furtherance of a Department of Justice investigation or prosecution of a case; oral examinations; depositions; preparation for and response to civil discovery requests; introduction into the record of a case or proceeding; applications, motions, memoranda and briefs submitted to a court or other tribunal; and communications with Government investigators, auditors, consultants and experts, the counsel of other parties, arbitrators and mediators, concerning an investigation, case or proceeding; and
(6)
the term product of discovery includes—
(A)
the original or duplicate of any deposition, interrogatory, document, thing, result of the inspection of land or other property, examination, or admission, which is obtained by any method of discovery in any judicial or administrative proceeding of an adversarial nature;
(B)
any digest, analysis, selection, compilation, or derivation of any item listed in subparagraph (A); and
(C)
any index or other manner of access to any item listed in subparagraph (A).
(n)

Sunset
The authority of the Attorney General to issue a civil investigative demand under this section shall expire upon the expiration of the 5-year period that begins on the date of enactment of this section.”.
3.

Foreign agents registration criminal enforcement
(a)

Increased criminal penalties
Section 8 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 618) is amended—
(1)
in subsection (a)(2)—
(A)
by striking “$10,000” and inserting “$200,000”;
(B)
by striking “five” and inserting “5”;
(C)
by striking “(g) or (h)” and inserting “(g), (h), or (i)”;
(D)
by striking “$5,000” and inserting “$15,000”; and
(E)
by striking “six” and inserting “6”; and
(2)
by adding at the end the following new subsection:
“(i)

Congressional notification
(1)

Offense
It shall be unlawful for any agent of a foreign principal registered under this Act to willfully fail to disclose before or during any meeting with a Member of Congress or a member of the staff of a Member or committee of Congress that the agent of the foreign principal is registered under this Act.
(2)

Definition
In this subsection, the term Member of Congress has the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Lobbying and Disclosure Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1602).”.
4.

Foreign agents registration civil enforcement
Section 8 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 618), as amended by section 3 of this Act, is amended by adding at the end the following:
“(j)

Civil enforcement
(1)

Civil penalties
(A)

Registration statements
(i)

In general
Any person who is required to register under this Act and fails to file a timely or complete registration statement required under section 2(a) shall be subject to a civil fine of not more than $10,000 for each violation, without regard to the state of mind of the person.
(ii)

No fines paid by foreign principals
If a person is subject to a civil fine under clause (i), the civil fine may not be paid, directly or indirectly, by a foreign principal.
(B)

Supplements
Any person who is required to file a supplement to a registration statement under section 2(b) and fails to file a timely or complete supplement required under that section shall be subject to a civil fine of not more than $1,000 for each violation, without regard to the state of mind of the person.
(C)

Failure to remedy deficient filings
Any person who is required to file a registration statement under this Act, receives notice under subsection (g) that the registration statement filed by the person is deficient, and knowingly fails to remedy the deficiency within 60 days after receiving the notice shall, upon proof by a preponderance of the evidence of such knowing failure to remedy the deficiency, be subject to a civil fine of not more than $200,000, depending on the extent and gravity of the violation.
(D)

Other violations
Any person who knowingly fails to comply with any other provision of this Act shall, upon proof by a preponderance of the evidence of such knowing failure to comply, be subject to a civil fine of not more than $200,000, depending on the extent and gravity of the violation.
(2)

Use of fines
All fines collected under this subsection shall be used to defray the cost of enforcing this Act.”.
5.

Comprehensive strategy to improve enforcement and administration
(a)

Development of comprehensive strategy
Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Attorney General shall develop and implement a comprehensive strategy to improve the enforcement and administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.), as amended by this Act, that addresses the following issues:
(1)
The coordination and integration of the work of the agencies that perform investigations and bring actions (including criminal prosecutions) to enforce the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 with the overall national security efforts of the Department of Justice.
(2)
A formal cost-benefit analysis of the appropriateness of the fee structure under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938.
(3)
An assessment of the appropriateness of the exemptions under section 3 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 613) that permit persons who represent the interests of foreign principals to avoid registering under that Act.
(4)
Ensuring regular and ongoing proactive public access to advisory opinions as an informational and oversight resource.
(b)

Review and report by the Inspector General
Not later than 1 year after the date on which the Attorney General implements the comprehensive strategy, the Inspector General of the Department of Justice shall carry out a review of and submit a report to the appropriate committees of Congress on—
(1)
the extent to which the Attorney General has developed and implemented the comprehensive strategy; and
(2)
the usage, effectiveness, and any potential abuse of the authority granted to the Attorney General to issue civil investigative demands under section 9 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as added by section 2 of this Act.
(c)

Annual reports by the Attorney General
(1)

In general
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Assistant Attorney General for National Security, shall submit a report to the appropriate committees of Congress detailing the usage, during the year preceding the date on which the report is submitted, of the authority granted to the Attorney General to issue civil investigative demands under section 9 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as added by section 2 of this Act, including, with respect to the year for which the report is submitted—
(A)
the number of civil investigative demands issued by the Attorney General;
(B)
with respect to each civil investigative demand issued by the Attorney General, a description of—
(i)
the nature of the conduct constituting the alleged violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 that was under investigation;
(ii)
the provision of that Act alleged to have been violated;
(iii)
the nature of any documentary material, answers to interrogatories, or oral testimony sought through the civil investigative demand; and
(iv)
a description of the results of the civil investigative demand, including whether, after the Attorney General issued the civil investigative demand and as a result of the civil investigative demand, the Attorney General filed charges against any person relating to an alleged violation of that Act, regardless of whether the charges were filed against the person to whom the civil investigative demand was issued;
(C)
with respect to petitions for orders for the enforcement of civil investigative demands under section 9(k)(1) of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938—
(i)
the number of petitions that the Attorney General filed in district courts of the United States; and
(ii)
with respect to each petition, a detailed description of the circumstances that led the Attorney General to file the petition; and
(D)
any other information relating to the use of such authority that the Attorney General determines to be relevant.
(2)

Interests of uncharged third parties
In preparing each report under paragraph (1), with respect to reporting information described in clauses (i) and (ii) of paragraph (1)(B), the Attorney General shall give due regard to protecting the interests of uncharged third parties.
(d)

Report relating to electronic filing
In the annual report submitted by the Attorney General under subsection (c) for the year that is 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Assistant Attorney General for National Security, shall include information relating to steps that can be taken in order to permit electronic filing by registrants of all information required to be filed under the Foreign Agent Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.) in order to convert the website database that contains that information and is maintained by the Foreign Agents Registration Unit of the Counterintelligence and Export Control Section in the National Security Division of the Department of Justice to a fully searchable, sortable, and downloadable format.
6.

Analysis by the Government Accountability Office
Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall—
(1)
carry out an analysis of the effectiveness of the enforcement and administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.), as amended by this Act—
(A)
including the extent to which the amendments made by this Act have improved the enforcement and administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938; and
(B)
taking into consideration the comprehensive strategy; and
(2)
submit the analysis carried out under paragraph (1) to—
(A)
the Attorney General;
(B)
the Inspector General of the Department of Justice; and
(C)
the appropriate committees of Congress.
7.

Audit of the Lobbying Disclosure Act exemption under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938
Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Inspector General of the Department of Justice, shall—
(1)
conduct a comprehensive audit of the use of the Lobbying Disclosure Act exemption, which shall include, at minimum, an examination of—
(A)
whether the Lobbying Disclosure Act exemption is operating as the Lobbying Disclosure Act exemption was originally intended to operate;
(B)
whether, since the date of enactment of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, the Lobbying Disclosure Act exemption has contributed to—
(i)
a decline in the number of registrations filed under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.); or
(ii)
a decline in public awareness of the lobbying activities carried out on behalf of foreign principals; and
(C)
whether the Lobbying Disclosure Act exemption creates or increases opportunities for the knowing misuse or abuse of, or the negligent failure to comply with, Federal lobbying registration and disclosure requirements;
(2)
develop policy recommendations to improve oversight of and compliance with Federal lobbying registration and disclosure requirements; and
(3)
submit a report to the appropriate committees of Congress that contains—
(A)
the results of the audit conducted under paragraph (1); and
(B)
the recommendations developed under paragraph (2).
8.

Definitions
In this Act—
(1)
the term appropriate committees of Congress means—
(A)
the Committees on the Judiciary and Foreign Relations of the Senate; and
(B)
the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives;
(2)
the term comprehensive strategy means the comprehensive strategy to improve the enforcement and administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.) developed and implemented by the Attorney General under section 5(a);
(3)
the terms documentary material and investigation have the meanings given those terms in section 9 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as added by section 2 of this Act;
(4)
the term Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 means the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended (22 U.S.C. 611 et seq.);
(5)
the term foreign principal has the meaning given the term in section 1 of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 611); and
(6)
the term Lobbying Disclosure Act exemption means the exemption under section 3(h) of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 (22 U.S.C. 613(h)).
9.

Effective date
The amendments made by this Act shall take effect on the date that is 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act.