117 HR 9318 IH: Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022
U.S. House of Representatives
2022-11-16
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
1.Short title; table of contents
(a)This Act may be cited as the Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022
or the CREST Act of 2022
. (b)The table of contents for this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
TITLE I—Carbon removal research and development
Subtitle A—Biomass carbon removal
Sec. 101. Biomass carbon removal programs.
Sec. 102. Biological carbon dioxide conversion programs.
Subtitle B—Geological carbon removal
Sec. 111. Carbon mineralization pilot projects.
Sec. 112. Carbon mineralization resource assessment.
Sec. 113. Tailings and waste mineralization program.
Subtitle C—Aquatic carbon removal
Sec. 121. Ocean carbon removal mission.
Sec. 122. Direct ocean capture assessment.
Sec. 123. Offshore carbon storage program and assessment.
Subtitle D—Atmospheric carbon removal
Sec. 131. Direct air capture technology manufacturing research program.
Subtitle E—Carbon removal quantification
Sec. 141. Carbon removal quantification.
TITLE II—Carbon Removal First Movers Pilot Program
Sec. 201. Carbon Removal First Movers Pilot Program.
2.In this Act: (1)The term carbon removal
means the intentional removal, including by harnessing natural processes, of carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere and subsequent storage of the carbon dioxide in geological, biobased, or ocean reservoirs or in value-added products that results in a net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, as measured on a lifecycle basis.
(2)Carbon removal technology or approachThe term carbon removal technology or approach
includes— (A)direct air capture with durable storage;
(B)soil carbon sequestration; (C)biomass carbon removal and storage;
(D)enhanced mineralization; (E)ocean-based carbon dioxide removal; and
(F)afforestation or reforestation. (3)The term Secretary means the Secretary of Energy.
<enum>I</enum><header>Carbon removal research and development</header>
<subtitle id="HA6DFDA9DC475497F8918DFA447DD513A"><enum>A</enum><header>Biomass carbon removal</header>
<section section-type="subsequent-section" id="H37A96CF4C4DD44CDA9A9D88C7DFCF042"><enum>101.</enum><header>Biomass carbon removal programs</header>
<subsection id="H226D9C08416341A5B6FE6EF10731F77B"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Office of science</header><text>Section 306 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/18644">42 U.S.C. 18644</external-xref>) is amended by adding at the end the following:</text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H01AFA6F2EAB749DE8ECB108E1CA30EB3"> <subsection id="H3AF631752E394195BB933EB47BBD16D5"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Algal biomass carbon removal</header> <paragraph id="H58BF0FC8F35F4AC3ADC547854EED6E70"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Director shall carry out a research and development program to gain understanding of the underlying biology of algal biomass systems and the possible use of algal biomass systems as a means of carbon removal (as defined in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>) from the air and aquatic sources.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H484A440FF46B43F891626A55C5F60E16"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text>The program carried out under paragraph (1) shall—</text> <subparagraph id="H3D395EBA01984A4B9A0023390EFB00FF"><enum>(A)</enum><text>support efforts to reduce long-term technical barriers for algal biomass with carbon capture; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HC22A65336CC2473797DDE5156670A2A4"><enum>(B)</enum><text>coordinate closely with the Bioenergy Technologies Office and the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection> <subsection id="H93CEF831610C494B9B02726B662BEDB9"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Office of energy efficiency and renewable energy</header><text>Section 932 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16232">42 U.S.C. 16232</external-xref>) is amended—</text>
<paragraph id="H4724F9835AE7423EA8B85C01450870A3"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (b)—</text> <subparagraph id="HBAB3DA4645464E94872215A0434AEBFE"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (5), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HD7570322C1084A22B118865E9B956209"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (6), by striking the period and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H19FA1D6D9FF541318F6743C21FB17CC3"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text>
<quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H6DBFD737C9C7444EA811A9AA40D7BA72">
<paragraph id="HF09E11D42E9744F0A400C45958C88D67" commented="no"><enum>(7)</enum><text>biological carbon removal (as defined in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>).</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="H2513A9D47D0145A39965BEA29720ADCE"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by inserting after subsection (e) the following:</text>
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<subsection id="HFA7C4AC034A4423A817DE11E23B8E780"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Biological carbon removal</header>
<paragraph id="H6525B25235DA42C2B9BBDD2EA2651ABD"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Definition of carbon removal</header><text>In this subsection, the term <quote>carbon removal</quote> has the meaning given the term in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>.</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="HC873F5EF0102406FA83B99B26918707A"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Goals</header><text>The goals of the biological carbon removal program under subsection (b)(7) shall be to develop and deploy, in partnership with industry and institutions of higher education—</text>
<subparagraph id="H193F39B9A5624465A7F9C9DA7A8A737E"><enum>(A)</enum><text>improved tools and understanding of feedstocks, supplies, and logistics with respect to carbon removal using biomass sources;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="HD1B93875BFFF43BD8EE412A205A0D6E6"><enum>(B)</enum><text>technologies for the optimized conversion of aquatic and terrestrial biomass for carbon removal;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H10E40944AF2E4E5DA5CB9B2198D8D6B4"><enum>(C)</enum><text>cost-competitive carbon capture technologies applied to bioenergy, including—</text> <clause id="H209520BD3BFA45FA9E2227B636424042"><enum>(i)</enum><text>algal, terrestrial, and marine biomass;</text></clause>
<clause id="H54D1DABC4C2C415484F44A77739F7B15"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>biofuels; and</text></clause> <clause id="H1ADA32FB84014AA997FF0D1A0BB8DC97"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>bioproducts; and</text></clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HF950F92FB7B14C54AC766E58061ABBFD"><enum>(D)</enum><text>applied research on best practices in macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection, including by carrying out aquatic pilot projects.</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="H926712EF268848B7947C028D717C8978"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>Activities conducted under this subsection shall be coordinated with the relevant programs of the Office of Science, the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, and the Department of Agriculture.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="H2F9472869D2B4565A3A92A01960B0FBC"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Office of fossil energy and carbon management</header><text>Section 962(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16292">42 U.S.C. 16292(b)</external-xref>) is amended—</text> <paragraph id="H8553DC6A87EB4505884DE55461489A80"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in paragraph (1), by striking <quote>performance of</quote> and all that follows through the period at the end and inserting the following: “performance of—</text>
<quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H2DBE16E957314D60917EBD08EE9A9285">
<subparagraph id="HD67BA08A5C494D0E8EB547F67351144D"><enum>(A)</enum><text>coal and natural gas use;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H0F0F4EE3A35142D69720C380066945C1"><enum>(B)</enum><text>biomass with carbon capture for utilization or permanent storage; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HE65AF52DD9AB44D4804147B2F91AF7A4"><enum>(C)</enum><text>manufacturing and industrial facilities.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph> <paragraph id="HCF75CFCD683F447B98D58F363DF595AC"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in paragraph (3)—</text>
<subparagraph id="H4D3B49FDDC2847EF963B9B26992AF4C5"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A)—</text> <clause id="H97A111D1449C43368AF91613D15A3D8B"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in clause (v), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></clause>
<clause id="HC8D2BB9BCAFE440D98466EEA549A346C"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>in clause (vi), by striking the period at the end and inserting <quote>; and</quote>; and</text></clause> <clause id="H72316680C5784A728ABE5A5E5F7947D1"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text>
<quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H5C967F5D3B04425C94239A3F41F32239">
<clause id="H204C1E708B9A4CA68D1E321E6A1022FD"><enum>(vii)</enum><text>developing advanced boilers to enable net-negative lifecycle carbon emissions through co-firing with biomass.</text></clause><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="HE88956960EC546E0A46ACE63E1E85A5A"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text>
<quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HA740ADD4490D4E2C967B08FB311E5809">
<subparagraph id="HA36BCCCE3C124AD0B0EE2EABBC96B253"><enum>(G)</enum><text>Developing carbon capture technologies applied to bioenergy systems that result in net-negative lifecycle carbon emissions, including—</text> <clause id="HDE25F4A1445642459081B06B74BBDB53"><enum>(i)</enum><text>biofuels production;</text></clause>
<clause id="HCCCDBCDA30674334BCF8B3EC8962752E"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>bioproducts;</text></clause> <clause id="H85D284E1A61D42329DF398ED29B60CAF"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>biomass used in power systems and industrial applications; and</text></clause>
<clause id="H1E19A727D83546B5A32D2810DECB4FE7"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>fossil fuel power systems and industrial systems co-fired with biomass.</text></clause></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="HCF3D85B803374FF5B5F83CE148D244FE"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Office of energy efficiency and renewable energy</header> <paragraph id="H21FA14B7CAD44D80AB80C5D0652657E0"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/17001">42 U.S.C. 17001 et seq.</external-xref>) is amended by striking section 228 (121 Stat. 1535) and inserting the following:</text>
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<section id="HFB20354B6CF5429CA4792B81AFBC7621"><enum>228.</enum><header>Aquatic biomass</header>
<subsection id="H35F75E3CD2CA440A85517A2693317FF2"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Director of the Bioenergy Technologies Office shall carry out applied research on—</text> <paragraph id="HF3611C3325804C34A2338A49DA71C497"><enum>(1)</enum><text>microalgae and macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection; and</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H8274E889D6AB4B6A9B0DE086CC1100F4"><enum>(2)</enum><text>optimization of aquatic biomass conversion pathways.</text></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="H3BA76C84B76D42AEAFFFB9DB2F27903A"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text>The research carried out under subsection (a) shall support efforts—</text>
<paragraph id="HE7664877AEB54299A8D6A69DC6DDDC98"><enum>(1)</enum><text>to develop best practices in microalgae and macroalgae cultivation and phenotype selection, including by carrying out aquatic pilot projects—</text> <subparagraph id="H41001AD447704C7AA29B200E62E5FB52"><enum>(A)</enum><text>on microalgae and macroalgae; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H7671CF09C3F140A9B3859B4520EBFBDF"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in freshwater and seawater; and</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="H543FAA71A0FD4E54ABD567EB35083DD3"><enum>(2)</enum><text>to optimize aquatic biomass conversion pathways that result in carbon removal (as defined in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>) for biopower, biofuels, and other uses.</text></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="HFAAB940D0CF24C6394630F8F0DEC4754"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Funding</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text> <paragraph id="HA450911387AD4CFEADDD9C452AB99939"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$3,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H77903198B06648E38404181545B78056"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$8,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="H1D28A00A7739440BA01FA893A92119EF"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HE5C469BB5C4C4DEAA1B7E7E022A13EC9"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents for the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/110/140">Public Law 110–140</external-xref>; 121 Stat. 1493) is amended by striking the item relating to section 228 and inserting the following:</text> <toc> <toc-entry level="section" bold="off"><quote>Sec. 228. Aquatic biomass.</quote>.</toc-entry></toc></paragraph></subsection></section> <section id="H4791463B29014CB0A3E2265E6F057A20"><enum>102.</enum><header>Biological carbon dioxide conversion programs</header> <subsection id="HE649B1C2CF904CE4828EDD17B825ED41"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by inserting after section 977 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16317">42 U.S.C. 16317</external-xref>) the following:</text>
<quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H845D8571FE2A48859B678016702FEB57">
<section id="HE5F83672DF31419FA4B0CD507B9477EB"><enum>977A.</enum><header>Biological carbon dioxide conversion programs</header>
<subsection id="HD6FC5B13380540ADACD86B715F550A8E"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Genetic modeling and tools; bioprospecting</header>
<paragraph id="HE73D4DC78F224F6AAF779FFE621A1520"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Director of the Office of Science shall establish a program to improve genetic modeling and manipulation for carbon dioxide conversion.</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="HA5C66D89EAE74776BA7276BB774239F3"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Methodology</header><text>The program established under paragraph (1) shall—</text>
<subparagraph id="H433093A9E4A6486AB5AB4FC476472279"><enum>(A)</enum><text>support efforts to improve carbon dioxide uptake and conversion through genetic manipulation of crops and trees, including—</text> <clause id="H833310178A4E438B84AE42710F77CE35"><enum>(i)</enum><text>soil enhancements;</text></clause>
<clause id="H2613F68D08C5478EBB621EF2FF24B1C6"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>enhanced photosynthesis, including microbial soil amendments and perennialization; and</text></clause> <clause id="H39C7EDF1F8B543E69915C18C582E058A"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>root growth; and</text></clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H3053EED899E648D3A1FEFD14A7122C26"><enum>(B)</enum><text>support efforts to bioprospect using tools and high-throughput screening methods for organisms with unique attributes related to carbon dioxide conversion.</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="H774A6E1B380C44DA83ED93C71659A82B"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>In carrying out the program established under paragraph (1), the Director of the Office of Science shall coordinate with the National Science Foundation and the Agricultural Research Service.</text></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="H64F02947775C477BAFC38EDAE75B776F"><enum>(b)</enum><header>New materials development and application</header>
<paragraph id="H91765C8F56174577BEE15E45DB436D56"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Definition of carbon removal</header><text>In this subsection, the term <quote>carbon removal</quote> has the meaning given the term in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>.</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="H5DAFD278B31E471BA55172225BD3AE32"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Program</header><text>The Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a program to develop new biologically based carbon dioxide utilization products and coproducts that result in carbon removal.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H34865A74EE474072B30DF0027182EE50"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Methodology</header><text>The program established under paragraph (2) shall—</text> <subparagraph id="H89E9FFEDC0E3497289A6142C96D77E6C"><enum>(A)</enum><text>support efforts to develop new carbon dioxide utilization products that result in carbon removal;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HC7B9166290314889927C471C8274893F"><enum>(B)</enum><text>prioritize products that have the potential to be deployed at a large scale; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H506182B2EFEF4388862121DF175B6641"><enum>(C)</enum><text>support efforts to develop valorization of coproducts for—</text>
<clause id="HE1AFC7951E30423FA0FD0F89CB709170"><enum>(i)</enum><text>feed;</text></clause> <clause id="H405F69D6E0BE417194AB1AD22808E8C4"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>fuel; and</text></clause>
<clause id="HDA80F4911DF44503979FD66EEDEFCDEF"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>other uses.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection> <subsection id="H412A0300273A4FAD9F4CD36ECBB22E5E"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/109/58">Public Law 109–58</external-xref>; 119 Stat. 600) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 977 the following:</text>
<quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HD488E683B00E4DEE87407545E18948ED">
<toc>
<toc-entry level="section" idref="HE5F83672DF31419FA4B0CD507B9477EB">Sec. 977A. Biological carbon dioxide conversion programs.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection></section></subtitle>
<subtitle id="H6BC5EE3C530C4FDDBDF1C6F5506AACCC"><enum>B</enum><header>Geological carbon removal</header>
<section id="H7C0DE5CD19574FFCB2DA4F61166D90E7"><enum>111.</enum><header>Carbon mineralization pilot projects</header>
<subsection id="H97742042F5BA4B23B8B61E7B5C099E93"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by inserting after section 963 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16293">42 U.S.C. 16293</external-xref>) the following:</text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HEE2842953D1E49EEBF5D906464BADE0C"> <section id="HFE73F9C6B2EF4DD09E238D00D45A6F39"><enum>963A.</enum><header>Carbon mineralization pilot projects</header> <subsection id="H736EEDAD506C4F7C9274C164AA9A3A73"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Director of the United States Geological Survey, shall conduct field experiments of ex situ and in situ carbon mineralization approaches for the purposes of advancing carbon removal technologies or approaches (as defined in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>). </text></subsection>
<subsection id="HDA0CB9C1031E4610B48B6BDCBCBA2AC1"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Activities</header><text>In carrying out subsection (a), the Secretary shall—</text> <paragraph id="HEFBFE941EAB042B5A6BE1FF8CFFE5A31"><enum>(1)</enum><text>conduct field experiments of ex situ carbon mineralization—</text>
<subparagraph id="H19953A62B1E8425FA9112172D4764374"><enum>(A)</enum><text>using desalination brine treatment; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="HFF567BBE56A74DE38832876EFAD671E0"><enum>(B)</enum><text>through the broadcast of reactive minerals on—</text>
<clause id="HE949264FEB6D476594931FBC175137FA"><enum>(i)</enum><text>soils;</text></clause> <clause id="HFD030B6E284C4DB19FBE776D5CB241A2"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>beaches; and</text></clause>
<clause id="HB21E134F6DF34AD3AFEE1755275CB595"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>shallow oceans; and</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="HD5BEA1ED68AD411F86ABB8E2AC3D3F03"><enum>(2)</enum><text>conduct field experiments of in situ carbon mineralization, including through drilling and injection in reactive formations for—</text>
<subparagraph id="H4C57C231DBE44513BF042ABE60899595"><enum>(A)</enum><text>mantle peridotite;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H1BA17F78DEE74DBAB3EF04D4098A20E9"><enum>(B)</enum><text>basalt; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H87357D3FFA2B4F8CBBE9FF38AA362D7E"><enum>(C)</enum><text>other relevant formations.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="H4D43B6779CCE4FB68CCAB7D1A97CCFB8"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Field experiment goals and objectives</header><text>The Secretary shall develop goals and objectives for field experiments carried out under this section to decrease the energy requirements and costs to produce the resulting mineralized carbon.</text></subsection>
<subsection id="H30EC0039EDBF4C188C73CE79A2639A01"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Environmental impact</header><text>In carrying out field experiments under this section, the Secretary shall comply with all applicable environmental laws and regulations.</text></subsection> <subsection id="HAA873634E6464A1088B990C6305FBA7F"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Funding</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text>
<paragraph id="HDD6F4E8BAE1D4F9B886A6ED049B38747"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$4,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="H3D2755533BEF4B3FAAC2488DC9F5A595"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$9,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H2CD5643A35FE4F4CBF5D37AF21B80AD5"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$18,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="H8631F3A9E89D4B39BEF1D9D7507F15E0"><enum>(4)</enum><text>$30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 and 2027.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection>
<subsection id="H6F7EA3D91E29492388A73FAC4E46AF58"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/109/58">Public Law 109–58</external-xref>; 119 Stat. 600) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 963 the following:</text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HB59DED288590467ABE5BF95BB5863A17"> <toc> <toc-entry level="section" bold="off">Sec. 963A. Carbon mineralization pilot projects.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection></section> <section id="H1C4EC21B82F042B885A4AC09B220153B"><enum>112.</enum><header>Carbon mineralization resource assessment</header> <subsection id="HF615FBE3FE99458492C050C51CE9A3A5"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary of the Interior (referred to in this section as the <quote>Secretary</quote>) shall complete a national assessment of the potential for using carbon mineralization for carbon removal, in accordance with the methodology developed under subsection (b). </text></subsection>
<subsection id="HB1B9F59171A44897B6099C87DDAC0745"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Methodology</header><text>Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, acting through the Director of the United States Geological Survey, shall develop a methodology to assess geological resources, mine tailings, and other alkaline industrial wastes to identify sustainable sources of reactive minerals suitable for carbon mineralization, while taking into consideration minerals and mineral classes with high reactivity and fast kinetics. </text></subsection> <subsection id="H767C754EC466464EB9D978FC036CAE40"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Coordination</header> <paragraph id="HB76F4E14FD1C439F85E42F26D4AAF72A"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Federal coordination</header><text>To ensure the maximum usefulness and success of the assessment under subsection (a), the Secretary shall—</text>
<subparagraph id="HB895A3068EF34D6BAD1CCD728FE19BCE"><enum>(A)</enum><text>consult with the Secretary of Energy and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency on the format and content of the assessment; and </text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H613FE3FA6CDB40BE9C084033631FA57A"><enum>(B)</enum><text>share relevant data with the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency.</text></subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HE1C56DC251C841B5B9C47BB60F1D679D"><enum>(2)</enum><header>State coordination</header><text>The Secretary shall consult with State geological surveys and other relevant entities to ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, the usefulness and success of the assessment under subsection (a).</text></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="H3DE9B9082A184552922408DBB609D9E7"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Report</header> <paragraph id="HCCB6340BD89D498FB19CB1661C36F22E"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 180 days after the date on which the assessment under subsection (a) is completed, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives a report describing the findings under the assessment, including the locations and available quantities of suitable reactive minerals.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HA77F3719D8D740DBA0A6D12C81777743"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Public availability</header><text>Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Secretary submits the report under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall make the report publicly available.</text></paragraph></subsection></section> <section id="H9AF5539718E54BA6A574DB8580CAA51F"><enum>113.</enum><header>Tailings and waste mineralization program</header> <subsection id="H9C8FE11EDCB94DC7AC751D93328C364C"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Tailings and waste mineralization program</header> <paragraph id="H36913B5A536341A7B7F937A43944C7CF"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary shall conduct field experiments to examine the use of mine tailings and industrial wastes for the purpose of carbon mineralization.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H0D923841303F4CB0A4F73CDE689D200B" commented="no"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Activities</header><text>The field experiments using mine tailings and industrial wastes conducted under paragraph (1) shall assess—</text> <subparagraph id="H6A5676D317244B1F8932CE5685A6A08C" commented="no"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the reusing of industrial slags and mine tailings in manufacturing; and </text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H69911518090F48B5911BAE279C3B3E65" commented="no"><enum>(B)</enum><text>other industrial wastes that may have carbon mineralization properties.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="H1FAE7B9D4E574B2BB8A439C7F1F8AD31"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Study on environmental impacts of mineralization products</header> <paragraph id="H29866F61D8334DAAA030C3A60EAFD432"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall conduct, and submit to Congress a report that describes the results of, a study on the environmental impacts of—</text>
<subparagraph id="H13648C4F46084DACB48D1D71B860B79A"><enum>(A)</enum><text>broadcasting materials and distributing piles of mine tailings at various scales for the purposes of enhanced carbon mineralization; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H8BB84C5D06E541E7BC36B6BFFB49E978"><enum>(B)</enum><text>additional mining for the purposes of carbon mineralization.</text></subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H52E10D000B9A4E9E9882DF64A6C17DC7"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text>The study under paragraph (1) shall include an analysis of—</text> <subparagraph id="H007AA795827149DB954E18CDD249D50F"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the relative carbon removal potential associated with various scales of carbon mineralization;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H439BA640977A45A084E44D1434FF16FE"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the cost of environmental mitigation of the environmental impacts identified under the study; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H81FDDAAD607A4DB993FC65319001AD0C"><enum>(C)</enum><text>opportunities—</text>
<clause id="HA705F9A7756C43CE8C9B0D4BF7899523"><enum>(i)</enum><text>for remediation;</text></clause> <clause id="H23BC35C4C76B4A368DB6BDF52184A5AC"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>to co-extract reactive minerals with conventional mining operations; and</text></clause>
<clause id="H00AB99CBEFAB41EE858FD5D4B6BC1554"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>for the use of reactive minerals in mining remediation.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section></subtitle> <subtitle id="H3082BFAAF3224C058A4141E59254AC13"><enum>C</enum><header>Aquatic carbon removal</header> <section id="HCA4220A568CD421D88EC4AD701326103"><enum>121.</enum><header>Ocean carbon removal mission</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Section 969D of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16298d">42 U.S.C. 16298d</external-xref>) is amended—</text>
<paragraph id="H5653B758DB2F42FFB313D336F1288E0C"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (a) by inserting <quote>and aquatic sources</quote> after <quote>atmosphere</quote>; and</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="H79D451C6649C4920A4C720431BA24188"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (c)—</text>
<subparagraph id="H7B96CB04635F4EB69D6B83A730B96955"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (5), by striking <quote>and</quote> after the semicolon;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H79367CA1334F4C43B3F10BEE2EE78559"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (6), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H639D673A22AB43C496A471D145241241"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HAFF463676674481195742E84BBC878F0"> <paragraph id="H3C92F1765F3F4CF584B8F27A50720A17"><enum>(7)</enum><text>ocean carbon removal and strategies, such as—</text>
<subparagraph id="H703E63F711CA4EBCB6659E187F2B44A7"><enum>(A)</enum><text>blue carbon, which is the management of vegetated coastal habitats (including mangroves, tidal marshes, seagrasses, kelp forests, and other tidal, freshwater, or saltwater wetlands) that sequester carbon (including autochthonous carbon and allochthonous carbon) from the atmosphere, accumulate carbon in biomass, and store the carbon in soils;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H1B96838B5E1F43B5BD4EFA6E4253BA62"><enum>(B)</enum><text>direct ocean capture (as described in section 122(a) of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>); </text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H27C5AB3DFCB64573896DC933DAAAB994"><enum>(C)</enum><text>microalgae and macroalgae cultivation for—</text> <clause id="HB0CA7F643F754C68AF80677B10C0BB06"><enum>(i)</enum><text>biofuels;</text></clause>
<clause id="H472627C3B7B4415E9DBCEE6829CCFB6A"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>bioproducts; and</text></clause> <clause id="HFF80B78F8BD14FFAB614C998D743DB0A"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>carbon storage; and</text></clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HFF127AA911D04BB8B2794BC8EC583EA5"><enum>(D)</enum><text>ocean alkalinity enhancement; and</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="HA567AC9EF9E645CAB259CFEBA523DC28"><enum>(8)</enum><text>any combination of activities described in paragraphs (1) through (7) that have the potential for significant carbon removal (as defined in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>).</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph></section>
<section id="H5037208C1C064B19B21511EBC96186D0"><enum>122.</enum><header>Direct ocean capture assessment</header>
<subsection id="HF0BDC1D8E2C34A40B7D50801D2A85574"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary shall conduct a comprehensive assessment of the potential for removing carbon dioxide directly from the oceans.</text></subsection> <subsection id="HAFDFB3F8D73E404D992575229BA688B6"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Methodology</header><text>In conducting the assessment under subsection (a), the Secretary shall consider the potential and relative merits of—</text>
<paragraph id="HE489C76209FE452C90CBB0E83CB38CA8"><enum>(1)</enum><text>pathways, methods, and technologies that are able to directly remove carbon dioxide from the oceans through engineered or inorganic processes; and</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="H8FEFC296331B48D5AD594E738446AEE6"><enum>(2)</enum><text>technologies such as filters, membranes, phase change systems, chemical conversion, or other technological pathways.</text></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="HB1F085810CE04538BA1486AE4F3F2DA8"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Inclusion</header><text>In conducting the assessment under subsection (a), the Secretary shall incorporate any information on the results of activities conducted under section 223 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/10/4001">10 U.S.C. 4001</external-xref> note; <external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/116/92">Public Law 116–92</external-xref>).</text></subsection> <subsection id="HC4B70D7C91C944F38EE479AA73C89D3B"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Report</header><text>Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, shall submit to the Committees on Energy and Natural Resources and Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing the results of the assessment under subsection (a).</text></subsection>
<subsection id="H94793462BC904EA59794B01F6AE329DF"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text> <paragraph id="HD6047159D1C647008BFC67268B4E359C"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; </text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H58DE378DB4E2402094D4E12EC0567A85"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$4,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="H55D12F502A4F41A0938849F195D610B2"><enum>(3)</enum><text>$8,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027.</text></paragraph></subsection></section>
<section id="H8F3A38815709454FA37708D2FBE10034"><enum>123.</enum><header>Offshore carbon storage program and assessment</header>
<subsection id="HE79E9717791647C194F4E21C42C5162F"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in the ocean</header>
<paragraph id="HABC70549F81B41218B8078940DBC2DFA"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Department of Energy Carbon Capture and Sequestration Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 2007 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/110/140">Public Law 110–140</external-xref>; 121 Stat. 1704) is amended by adding at the end the following: </text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HFD05B07A51A042118ED9858BF3396834"> <section id="HA36ED3F978EE4258A93AA137DA09B0F9"><enum>709.</enum><header>Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in the ocean</header> <subsection id="H0929AD17EC4D48878F9544AF170142B1"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary shall establish a program to monitor, research, and model the ecological impacts of ocean carbon dioxide removal and storage techniques.</text></subsection>
<subsection id="H46D4B880D7EB495D82361D0FFFDAEDFC"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>In carrying out the program established under subsection (a), the Secretary shall coordinate with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.</text></subsection> <subsection id="H982E5DD200394E999B7B1414D9061DC7"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text>
<paragraph id="H9DE73509C49D4001B33A703AE3E9A292"><enum>(1)</enum><text>$2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023; and</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="H06D3E34D1CE84471A32C2CC41F931A1D"><enum>(2)</enum><text>$5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027.</text></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H06A6DD66A6534BB49E9070B066EC2281" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(2)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">Clerical amendment</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The table of contents for the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/110/140">Public Law 110–140</external-xref>; 121 Stat. 1496) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 708 the following:</text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H773ADBE74BDE4268A5A7CDFC9620C69B"> <toc> <toc-entry level="section" bold="off">Sec. 709. Carbon dioxide impacts and fate in the ocean.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="HE6462BCA7AF8492A911B31CC611B49D5"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Outer continental shelf resource assessment</header> <paragraph id="HED9C8B1640FC432594F4A0F3973D31E0"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall—</text>
<subparagraph id="H58090E73E47E42D18294DE7331339556"><enum>(A)</enum><text>expand the CarbonSAFE Initiative of the Department of Energy to complete a national carbon mineralization assessment that examines the full range of carbon mineralization storage potential for the outer Continental Shelf region; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H73B056B0381B45668FC138AD6BA71421"><enum>(B)</enum><text>submit to the Committees on Energy and Natural Resources and Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing the results of the assessment.</text></subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H18D35C6486F44DFA94F96393D0C5195B"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this subsection $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.</text></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="H98696932BAEB4A2BBF0C185CFAD12ECD"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Assessment To determine the potential for offshore carbon storage</header> <paragraph id="H85E248F8098E4D29AF41C4E4F356DDDA"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of the Interior, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, shall conduct a comprehensive assessment of the potential for offshore carbon storage, including an assessment of—</text>
<subparagraph id="H60AC009F56BC41E6B1F0358EE3030550"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the potential for offshore carbon storage—</text> <clause id="H8A73CCE2521A42D6AF200AB8ED31212F"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in deep offshore sub-seabed locations, such as in geological formations;</text></clause>
<clause id="HCF539D8AB0C94E6BB97BFC1A4352FBA9"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>at the seabed, such as through biomass sinking; and</text></clause> <clause id="HAE5FEF6BC20E4CB490F391D04339788C"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>within the oceans, such as liquid carbon dioxide storage; and</text></clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H071D7F7BDE234A458386C16AD2D16795"><enum>(B)</enum><text>other relevant methods of offshore carbon storage.</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="HB8483BD622F44D7196714EE916C63F7B"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Inclusion</header><text>The assessment under paragraph (1) shall include recommendations of measures that the Department of Energy may take to improve the ease, safety, and security of offshore carbon dioxide storage.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H3BB4C7EF4F7A454786447027D347D089"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Reporting</header><text>Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Energy and Natural Resources and Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing the results of the assessment under paragraph (1).</text></paragraph></subsection></section></subtitle> <subtitle id="HE1A0259D9F1A48628BC96CD3E317043E" style="OLC"><enum>D</enum><header>Atmospheric carbon removal</header> <section id="HB2E68355E2E148A593F337EEECB1EB42"><enum>131.</enum><header>Direct air capture technology manufacturing research program</header> <subsection id="H9852A246EA3C471C84AF01192FCE56A0"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Initiative</header> <paragraph id="HBB0FB3281A574BCA9455CD6E5D74AC33"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary shall establish a program for the research, development, and demonstration of manufacturing techniques for direct air capture technologies (referred to in this section as the <quote>program</quote>).</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H9EB1600C3A2048318982FFEC3FB75789"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Coordination</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall leverage expertise and resources from—</text> <subparagraph id="H76CECB042118449E9B8DCE6CCEBAD874"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the Office of Science;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HCCCAAC4883A2421DA777E041ACB9F28B"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H981FD76299D44E8E9A4E7E5B4EE40B71"><enum>(C)</enum><text>the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="HF6845BD455E24CCCA06208A2809AFA17"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Contactor design</header>
<paragraph id="HDE2879639F2B4784B5F6BDAEA0440B99"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall conduct research on applied technology development of air contactor design.</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="HDC388F7A5744462686272F8A33118387"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text>The research under paragraph (1) shall support efforts to improve air contactors with—</text>
<subparagraph id="HE086CB5764C348F68DB449445C897E86"><enum>(A)</enum><text>low pressure drop;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="HE187AD60BD97425CB4570BF822A528F2"><enum>(B)</enum><text>high surface area; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HD9EABA9EAFEB4F79B63F15C69AC8D3D5"><enum>(C)</enum><text>high longevity.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="H674A2150D61249D18C05FC25773187B6"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Manufacturing improvement</header> <paragraph id="HE73494497D9A427F94D60D260E45A1BC"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>In carrying out the program, the Secretary shall conduct research scaling-up manufacturing of direct air capture components.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H6721CE2B92844B9BB1AF83C7B6741404"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Requirements</header><text>The research under paragraph (1) shall—</text> <subparagraph id="H227E53D089F14A459CD64785B5C77531"><enum>(A)</enum><text>support efforts to improve techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HDAFBD0C3101243C8AA450521F3DFCEB1"><enum>(B)</enum><text>be coordinated with private industry and universities.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="HA570249263444079AF8E434527B018B1"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary—</text>
<paragraph id="H5774B5FAAEFA4DDBAB4F752ED529B479"><enum>(1)</enum><text>to carry out subsection (b)—</text> <subparagraph id="H99F51E22F7C44874BFBF90E9DDCAB78E"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$3,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HCA67EB53AED24F538221F4E7D6F7C43E"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$7,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="HDCB383DC73BF43CC9A58B6CBE677E04A"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027; and</text></subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HB233CC46235743048B2FB4F7CCFF8A04"><enum>(2)</enum><text>to carry out subsection (c)—</text> <subparagraph id="H897B991357914FB8BCFDDE2C2377D27C"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$2,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H9DBA7232C3544E958EB6CD9DC1D515D7"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$5,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H5B0DF6B49AAE417F8C56B35566E26FE3" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section></subtitle>
<subtitle id="HB048568EBB924B1889B73870D0DBE779"><enum>E</enum><header>Carbon removal quantification</header>
<section id="HBFA8FC67DF4E4142A27718246F5C6998"><enum>141.</enum><header>Carbon removal quantification</header>
<subsection id="H6244A909E3FC458798D75CD64E499AD6"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Title V of the Energy Act of 2020 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16298e">42 U.S.C. 16298e et seq.</external-xref>) is amended by adding at the end the following:</text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H1B757E007C8E452A8F5184B4BD487290"> <section id="H1AE517487F714A2191CDA9420ECF5CC3"><enum>5003.</enum><header>Quantifying the benefits of carbon removal</header> <subsection id="H11C946C3818C4AA5BE782F14CE432D06"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Purposes</header><text>The purposes of this section are—</text>
<paragraph id="H4769B27D0EDD4D739E47CC02A9EDFC11"><enum>(1)</enum><text>to quantify the net carbon removed through atmospheric and aquatic carbon removal pathways;</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="HD393CBCEBDC9499D96FCDA45D07DB539"><enum>(2)</enum><text>to determine the current and projected carbon removal capacity of atmospheric and aquatic carbon removal pathways;</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H349726F261B74A75B8FAC7EF2C13D568"><enum>(3)</enum><text>to determine the current and likely future technical readiness of carbon removal technologies or approaches for large-scale carbon removal deployment; and </text></paragraph> <paragraph id="HF857538E27D441CC849EB2657A687D14"><enum>(4)</enum><text>to aid in the commercialization of carbon removal technologies or approaches. </text></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="HE5580451CA4F4C958D2E3D93258B7701"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>In this section:</text> <paragraph id="H7D0779B33A3D47B3B9771CD48BA363CF"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Carbon removal; carbon removal technology or approach</header><text>The terms <term>carbon removal</term> and <term>carbon removal technology or approach</term> have the meanings given the terms in section 2 of the <short-title>Carbon Removal and Emissions Storage Technologies Act of 2022</short-title>.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HCAC3D2401F8545E5BCD740007F496736"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Eligible entity</header><text>The term <term>eligible entity</term> means any of the following entities:</text> <subparagraph id="HF73DC01D61AD4E27A11BEF8594E63621"><enum>(A)</enum><text>An institution of higher education.</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HD599636C2C344998A9781CB8EB99FAE4"><enum>(B)</enum><text>A National Laboratory.</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H4978B393CF7B4AF392E787CBC7AD5950"><enum>(C)</enum><text>A Federal research agency.</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H2F2EE4B113B7443E85BA5381C2A4F585"><enum>(D)</enum><text>A State research agency.</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H18FDCF74DAF54A77A66142A60D33E2DE"><enum>(E)</enum><text>A nonprofit research organization.</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HE9FFECDC2E9E4496833C0A6F2A464708"><enum>(F)</enum><text>An industrial entity.</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H7F2B38A77B464C91AFCA848834B956CD"><enum>(G)</enum><text>A consortium of 2 or more entities described in subparagraphs (A) through (F). </text></subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H364860A55AAD4FDBA5950142D68B1A1A"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Secretary</header><text>The term <quote>Secretary</quote> means the Secretary of Energy.</text></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="H238D23D1AA7B41049888F4EBD467A239"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Carbon removal footprint program</header> <paragraph id="H25EDD253C61E4B07B3885A30638B094F"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Establishment</header><text>Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall establish a program to carry out the purposes described in subsection (a), including by providing financial assistance to eligible entities to examine the technological, economic, and environmental impacts of carbon removal pathways and technologies.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HFAAED77B01ED4BD9B90C51A9B9A46A7D"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Eligible activities</header><text>Activities eligible to receive financial assistance under this section include—</text> <subparagraph id="H5B72EEB3876D4BDEB1D497783810FC24"><enum>(A)</enum><text>assessments of technological or economic barriers to the widescale deployment of carbon removal pathways and technologies; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HF36B59D8F4E44ADB9D204C793F422CFC"><enum>(B)</enum><text>lifecycle assessments for carbon removal pathways and technologies, including gathering data in partnership with a direct air capture test center authorized under section 969D(f)(1) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16298d">42 U.S.C. 16298d(f)(1)</external-xref>). </text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="HD62AA0E7A5A84349837C295A8711A66F"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Applications</header><text>An eligible entity seeking financial assistance under this section shall submit to the Secretary an application that includes a description of—</text>
<subparagraph id="H1E1A9894650E496BA19B69DDE71A3BAE"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the applicable project;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H724AA943A6B5435895D3B5C4EC6F59ED"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the software programs, consultants, and general methodologies to be used to conduct the assessment;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H8CF12863447E46918BD4FE8C02CFB91D"><enum>(C)</enum><text>the location of any applicable facility or project;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H8105CB788EFE423B9CBD2234E788F338"><enum>(D)</enum><text>expected feedstocks and other inputs; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HC9F464C486CD423FA54F190170AD7326"><enum>(E)</enum><text>the expected use of carbon removed.</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="HD6146912848E4A7599F34C2EF6E199FA"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Priority</header><text>In selecting eligible entities to receive financial assistance under this section, the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that—</text>
<subparagraph id="H29F87551C96C4A9C87A2C0628DAE48A2"><enum>(A)</enum><text>make the assessment publicly available, with confidential business information redacted or removed; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H6C5767BABA644CC688AE98777AC1B328"><enum>(B)</enum><text>have not previously received financial assistance under this section.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection>
<subsection id="H077DC72FD1904B229A3EFA4B5C329CC7"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents for the Energy Act of 2020 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/116/260">Public Law 116–260</external-xref>; 134 Stat. 2419) is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 5002 the following:</text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HA440DDC25EA84C8A879B08E6882776B3"> <toc> <toc-entry level="section" idref="H1AE517487F714A2191CDA9420ECF5CC3">Sec. 5003. Quantifying the benefits of carbon removal.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection></section></subtitle> <enum>II</enum><header>Carbon Removal First Movers Pilot Program</header> <section id="H01B06C1208114EDA998AF1A640ECFD81"><enum>201.</enum><header>Carbon Removal First Movers Pilot Program</header> <subsection id="HB2120F4E514D4C8F94F90820209D6F7C"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/16291">42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.</external-xref>) is amended by adding at the end the following:</text>
<quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HE7D63490BF5941F9B500C503842A4680">
<section id="H5C0E3F6F4B664B44ACD72C68E4A25543"><enum>969E.</enum><header>Carbon Removal First Movers Pilot Program</header>
<subsection id="HEFC3EED5A20E42469690A4377B0CB236"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Purposes</header><text>The purposes of this section are—</text> <paragraph id="H045A6866A76540398613E48FB97D9D4B"><enum>(1)</enum><text>to accelerate the deployment and commercialization of carbon removal pathways and technologies;</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H076F7763AC784D95888FE4B5240D7F09"><enum>(2)</enum><text>to stimulate the development and commercialization of low-carbon products made with carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere or oceans; and</text></paragraph> <paragraph id="HEFECC5C2A8C743A2A31A64A78BCC931B"><enum>(3)</enum><text>to support the development of technologies relating to carbon removal.</text></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="H553D0D9C43D8476E9F13932CAD0112A6"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>In this section:</text> <paragraph id="HF893891E63624706A8D6DD68676755AB"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Additional</header><text>The term <term>additional</term>, with respect to carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere, means that carbon dioxide was removed pursuant to an intentional carbon removal activity that delivers a net removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, measured on a lifecycle basis, that would not have occurred without the carbon removal activity. </text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HCD4AC8FCA4F14108BA3FE6C999D0DC29"><enum>(2)</enum><header>All-in cost</header><text>The term <term>all-in cost</term> means the total cost of—</text> <subparagraph id="HCAF688DCF27642D792DD88876CB678DC"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the capture, transport, and storage of carbon dioxide; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H36BD77FF71084AC1A8DEFAB1C862FE69"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the measurement, reporting, and verification of carbon dioxide removed on a net ton carbon dioxide equivalent basis. </text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="H7702224DD7E945D3BF789D0EE085D305"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Eligible entity</header><text>The term <term>eligible entity</term> means a carbon removal facility that—</text>
<subparagraph id="HE4072A913E7642619496F1D6AE9044AD"><enum>(A)</enum><text>is located in the United States;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H48BD54FE76A04B89BC46D6A54AB76155"><enum>(B)</enum><text>meets all applicable Federal and State permitting requirements; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HE69C7EB58D54442E9454BFB1AE5192CC"><enum>(C)</enum><text>meets financial and technical criteria established by the Secretary.</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="H96AE8C8CFA6144AE82E499C7B59E7A67"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Removal</header><text>The term <term>removal</term> means—</text>
<subparagraph id="H33FD9C7CA4474604840E6BC74DA3CEEC"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere through a chemical, physical, or other process; and</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H80635421236B40DC94058947CB87946D"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the subsequent permanent storage or use of the carbon dioxide in a manner that ensures that the carbon dioxide does not reenter the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere.</text></subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HBAAE8C67D5A14458B891E6EB5A61EDD5"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Upper hydrosphere</header><text>The term <term>upper hydrosphere</term> means the total liquid water existing on the surface level of the earth, including—</text> <subparagraph id="H727459B8A0464018A5F1161D0C77E56F"><enum>(A)</enum><text>oceans;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H58E15CCECA654E6AA7C1BEFDDE8AEBAD"><enum>(B)</enum><text>lakes;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="HECC6747BC16D4266AF1EC587A3352C5B"><enum>(C)</enum><text>rivers; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H743BE022C46849B2B3DB2CDBFD235E2F"><enum>(D)</enum><text>other surface bodies of water.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection> <subsection id="H552950CE4CEA4A7284CBA9410BC77F7B"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Program</header> <paragraph id="H71766EC216624AB8A234AE86B652228D"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Establishment</header><text>The Secretary shall establish a competitive purchasing pilot program under which the Secretary shall purchase from eligible entities carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere. </text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HC9034FB7C9D942F28D314131DD5070A2"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Purchase</header><text>In carrying out the pilot program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall purchase, subject to the availability of appropriations, removed carbon dioxide from eligible entities—</text> <subparagraph id="HF85F3C8D55EE4ECAA2C8CE71FB3D4F61"><enum>(A)</enum><text>until the date on which the first reverse auction is held under paragraph (3), by making a payment per net ton carbon equivalent basis to account for lifecycle greenhouse gas inputs to carbon removal in an amount determined by the Secretary; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H70E29B3836C94881ADB9AD0FAEB39395"><enum>(B)</enum><text>beginning with the first reverse auction held under paragraph (3), in accordance with the reverse auction procedures described in that paragraph.</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="HD41B342A652A4723BFEF8E40A0955285"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Reverse auction procedures</header> <subparagraph id="H7DBD24822A164BC39B0A68649972FB62"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this section, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall conduct a reverse auction under which—</text>
<clause id="H733413FD56144FE4A59A69781BBB2FF0"><enum>(i)</enum><text>the Secretary shall solicit bids from eligible entities in each tier described in subparagraph (B)(ii) (referred to in this section as a <quote>permanence tier</quote>); and</text></clause> <clause id="HE067BDF8CDEC46E79719591D3A5EB949"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>eligible entities shall submit to the Secretary sealed bids describing—</text>
<subclause id="H8381117221CF42ABB1258E085BAD5D48"><enum>(I)</enum><text>a desired price for the removed carbon dioxide on a per net ton carbon dioxide equivalent basis;</text></subclause> <subclause id="HA61D51EECCCE4C8BB1A7D0C963EFED34"><enum>(II)</enum><text>the estimated net ton carbon dioxide equivalent removed by the eligible entity annually that the eligible entity desires the Secretary to purchase at the desired price;</text></subclause>
<subclause id="H85F32AB2DD43463593BC0A1505D68F1E"><enum>(III)</enum><text>details of the permanence of the removed carbon dioxide;</text></subclause> <subclause id="HA3D529F29BD746E8B0BEBD3F7DBEBDB9"><enum>(IV)</enum><text>details on the purity, location, and transportation options for the removed carbon dioxide to be purchased by the Secretary for purposes of the all-in costs; </text></subclause>
<subclause id="H04480FC70CDC430CBCA30E38BB76B75E"><enum>(V)</enum><text>a lifecycle assessment of the operation to quantify the net carbon dioxide removed, while accounting for greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of the inputs necessary for the carbon dioxide removal and storage processes; and</text></subclause> <subclause id="HC6EAB8208CF04D7CA22CE0B48A06E09F"><enum>(VI)</enum><text>any other details the Secretary may require.</text></subclause></clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H4E82ACE881544F7ABA82C4847004737C"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Selection</header>
<clause id="HDA9F4B84B4394895951BD249A39DE31D"><enum>(i)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Secretary shall—</text> <subclause id="H3E8F8F24B9574E1BAE7F6D328C23F854"><enum>(I)</enum><text>examine the bids submitted under subparagraph (A)(ii) to determine which bids are acceptable under the criteria established by the Secretary for the applicable permanence tier; and</text></subclause>
<subclause id="HF24C3D92B36C42C2B1ED444B5D8FB92B"><enum>(II)</enum><text>of the bids determined to be acceptable under subclause (I), select the bids containing the lowest desired price for carbon dioxide until the amount of funds available for the applicable permanence tier of the reverse auction is obligated.</text></subclause></clause> <clause id="HD77A1876C30C428E88633285C1C03CBE"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Permanence tiers</header><text>In selecting bids under clause (i), the Secretary shall group the permanence of each carbon removal bid into 1 of the following 2 tiers:</text>
<subclause id="H6F8414D3A7AE4E958EA9190856255840"><enum>(I)</enum><text>Medium-term tier for bids providing for the removal of carbon dioxide for at least 100 years, but fewer than 1,000 years.</text></subclause> <subclause id="H26A68E44C2EA4855807FDD1DE3F7374D"><enum>(II)</enum><text>Long-term tier for bids providing for the removal of carbon dioxide for 1,000 years or more. </text></subclause></clause>
<clause id="HBD15E85822624955A5CCD3C7C61B6BF6"><enum>(iii)</enum><header>Priority</header><text>In any case in which the desired price in 2 or more bids submitted under subparagraph (A)(ii) for an applicable permanence tier is equal, the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that demonstrate outstanding potential for local and regional economic development in carrying out projects to remove carbon dioxide from ambient air or aquatic sources.</text></clause></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="HAD959447B2EE4A07B6F77D35C6E20B1C"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Cost cap</header> <subparagraph id="HAF00891965CE4FBAB098538570B1D858"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Subject to subparagraph (B), for purposes of a reverse auction under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall—</text>
<clause id="H773A526E8B2E48868BB8B375D086653D"><enum>(i)</enum><text>determine the current average market price per net ton carbon dioxide equivalent basis to account for lifecycle greenhouse gas inputs of removed carbon within each permanence tier; and</text></clause> <clause id="H2C2C677C68194C759370DD6D03807C70"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>set that price as the maximum price per ton to be paid under the reverse auction within each permanence tier.</text></clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HB46779899F9E432197F59AD24CEEF102"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Increased cap</header><text>In the case of an eligible entity that uses a technology that has the potential to eventually remove carbon dioxide at an all-in cost of less than $100 per net ton carbon dioxide equivalent, the Secretary shall double the maximum price per net ton carbon dioxide equivalent established under subparagraph (A)(ii) with respect to the eligible entity.</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="H4EA8B5D7135C4CDCB9AAB8C5E2A9D6B7"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Requirement</header><text>In purchasing removed carbon dioxide under the program under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall determine that the carbon dioxide—</text>
<subparagraph id="HE39C0EF276C244908BEA149C2B0119FC"><enum>(A)</enum><text>is additional; </text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="HFD2AE550F1644338A81A3AE3725F1313"><enum>(B)</enum><text>shall be delivered not later than 5 years after the date of the purchase;</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H10750F1A1F174C81AD8B9E92B8B13BEE"><enum>(C)</enum><text>shall have a monitoring, reporting, and verification plan approved by the Department of Energy; and </text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H2FE30D33F1BA4653A38B3F34318F2B51"><enum>(D)</enum><text>has not less than a 99 percent likelihood of being stored for not fewer than 100 years.</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="H1E4801B3E011466EB3146015D491A49D"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Use of carbon dioxide</header><text>Carbon dioxide purchased under the pilot program under subsection (c), at the discretion of the Secretary, may be used or stored in any manner that ensures that the carbon dioxide does not reenter the atmosphere or upper hydrosphere during the time period associated with the applicable permanence tier.</text></subsection> <subsection id="H9F6FDF9F6C6A4E6DAC700F75C910F2BA"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Pilot program coordination</header><text>Amounts made available under this section may be made available to carry out pilot and demonstration projects described in section 969D(f)(2)(B) and section 969D(g).</text></subsection>
<subsection id="H5E95FF7D6B184DA0B3A8BD89C587142C"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Confidentiality</header><text>The Secretary shall establish procedures to ensure that any confidential, private, proprietary, or privileged information that is included in a sealed bid submitted under this section is not publicly disclosed or otherwise improperly used.</text></subsection> <subsection id="H046BA86C66F14B2B815C1EF9E9B2D55F"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Authorization of appropriations</header> <paragraph id="H3599DA9094AC4FEFA8CF3F82AB233936"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section—</text>
<subparagraph id="HC6FA9E53D3B64FF282EAB958B695D198"><enum>(A)</enum><text>$20,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H28997ED18E1E41A7AF41DD04DAF5A3E9"><enum>(B)</enum><text>$30,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; and</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="HF2DD5ADC75B244EE9386594AFE26D118"><enum>(C)</enum><text>$60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2027.</text></subparagraph></paragraph> <paragraph id="H49C304A3B8A940ED9E664638221CDCA7"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Allocation</header><text>Amounts made available under paragraph (1) for each fiscal year shall be allocated between the permanence tiers as follows:</text>
<subparagraph id="H64BC54A9824949708A5915166D1F1F9D"><enum>(A)</enum><text>70 percent shall be allocated for the permanence tier described in subsection (c)(3)(B)(ii)(II).</text></subparagraph> <subparagraph id="H2960D2BDAFE2476FBB8F8766E8EDCE22"><enum>(B)</enum><text>30 percent shall be allocated for the permanence tier described in subsection (c)(3)(B)(ii)(I).</text></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection>
<subsection id="HBDA165BBBE7B4E83B90B8798B6F73DCE"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Clerical amendment</header><text>The table of contents for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (<external-xref legal-doc="public-law" parsable-cite="pl/109/59">Public Law 109–59</external-xref>; 119 Stat. 600; 134 Stat. 2550) is amended by adding at the end of the items relating to subtitle F of title IX the following:</text> <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H4888D6F00C034F939F48FA45EC56EB8C"> <toc> <toc-entry level="section" idref="H5C0E3F6F4B664B44ACD72C68E4A25543">Sec. 969E. Carbon Removal First Movers Pilot Program.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subsection></section>