Improving public health data

Title XXXI of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 300kk) is amended— (1)by inserting before section 3101 the following subtitle designation and heading:

In general

;

and (2)by adding at the end the following new subtitle:

Public health common data standards

3111.

Treatment of public health data

(a)

Standardized reporting

(1)

In general

The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall— (A)adopt and update as necessary uniform standards for State and local health departments to report data to the Centers; and (B)in adopting and updating standards under this subsection, give deference to— (i)corresponding standards developed by standards development organizations and voluntary consensus-based standards bodies; and (ii)the recommendations of the working group established under paragraph (3). (2)

Requirements

The standards under paragraph (1) shall— (A)be consistent with— (i)standards for the interoperability of health information technology under subtitle A; (ii)Office of Management and Budget Circular A–119 (or any successor thereto); (iii) Office of Management and Budget standards for race and ethnicity and other relevant measures; and (iv)the data and technology standards designated under section 2823(a)(2); and (B)provide for the use of interoperable systems, consistent with the application programming interface standards and associated implementation specifications under section 170.215 of title 45 (or any successor regulations). (3)

Working group

(A)

Establishment

The Secretary shall establish a technical working group (in this paragraph referred to as the working group) to make recommendations on an ongoing basis and as needed to establish more comprehensive common standards across appropriate health care, public health, environmental, and public assistance data systems. (B)

Duties

In making the recommendations required by subparagraph (A), the working group shall— (i)coordinate, and consult with the Interagency Council on Statistical Policy established under section 3504 of title 44, United States Code, and any other relevant interagency or intra-agency committee; (ii)include recommendations for— (I)efficiencies to reduce redundancy and the public reporting burden in Federal health data reporting requirements and data collections; and (II)methods to facilitate evidence-building through standardized local and State reporting and cross-agency, linkable data sharing between and among local, State, and Federal agencies to collect, acquire, and compile complete statistics; and (iii)build on existing efforts of public multistakeholder initiatives seeking to standardize key data elements necessary for documenting clinical and other activities related to the social determinants of health in order to improve interoperability, exchange, and use of social determinants of health data across the health and human services sectors. (C)

Additional consultation

The working group may consult with outside experts, including State, local, Tribal, and territorial public health officials, public health researchers, and health care providers representing communities most affected by health disparities. (D)

Timing

Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this subtitle, the working group shall provide initial recommendations under subsection (a) to the Secretary and the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (E)

Composition

(i)

In general

The working group shall, at a minimum, include representation from— (I)all relevant Department of Health and Human Services units, including— (aa)the National Center for Health Statistics; (bb)the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; (cc)the Office of the Chief Technology Officer in the Office of the Secretary; (dd)the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology; and (ee)the Health and Human Services Data Council; (II)the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs of the Office of Management and Budget; (III)the National Institute of Standards and Technology; (IV)the Veterans Health Administration; (V)the Military Health System; and (VI)the Indian Health Service. (ii)

Chair

The chair of the working group shall be the Director of the National Center for Health Statistics (or the Director’s designee). (b)

Increasing efficiency and advancing evidence building

Consistent with the standards in effect under subsection (a), the Chief Statistician of the United States in the Office of Management and Budget, in accordance with section 3504(e) of title 44, United States Code, shall issue and update on an ongoing basis as needed, directives guiding Federal health data information collection to reduce public reporting burden, ensure information quality, improve use of determinants of health data, and enhance access to health data for evidence-building activities. (c)

COVID–19 high-Priority standards

Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this subtitle, the Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and in consultation with the Director of the National Institutes of Health, shall— (1)establish standards under subsection (a) with respect to COVID–19, including for genomic epidemiology, modeling outbreak preparedness and response, therapeutic interventions, treatment settings, and associated outcomes; and (2)in carrying out paragraph (1), adopt or build upon existing standards. (d)

Sharing data related to COVID–19

Subject to applicable law on the privacy and confidentiality of individually identifiable information, the Secretary shall— (1)share real-time data related to COVID–19 data collected by the Department of Health and Human Services with— (A)the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and (B)Federal, State, and local public health agencies outside of the Department of Health and Human Services; and (2)make such data (including metadata as defined in section 3502 of title 44, United States Code) publicly available using standardized, machine-readable formats— (A)on the website of the Department of Health and Human Services; and (B)in the Federal data catalogue maintained under section 3511(c) of title 44, United States Code.

3112.

Epidemiological surveillance grants

(a)

Grant authority

The Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the National Center for Health Statistics, may award grants or cooperative agreements to public health reporting entities— (1)to establish protocols and acquire technologies to implement the standards under section 3111 for reporting, directly or indirectly, to the Federal Government, including by— (A)supporting expansion and modernization of electronic case reporting, laboratory reporting, and mortality reporting with an emphasis on modernizing and linking, where appropriate, modularized medical examiner and coroner case management systems, electronic death registration systems, electronic health records, and supporting laboratory systems to improve data timeliness and quality; (B)making data sharing with the National Center for Health Statistics bidirectional, such that the data received by the National Center for Health Statistics is provided quickly back to State and local offices and to Federal partners and in a form that is quickly understandable and actionable; (C)supporting survey activities to more broadly measure health disparities at the national, State, and local levels; (D)improving interoperability standards and implementation specifications for industry use to fulfill specific clinical health information technology interoperability needs; (E)developing and implementing protections required by subsection (b); and (F)conducting real-world testing of data important for forecasting to ensure viability, scalability, and adaptability of data collection and reporting activities; and (2)to carry out such reporting using such protocols and technologies. (b)

Adoption of standards and data protections

The Secretary may not award a grant or cooperative agreement under subsection (a) unless the applicant develops an implementation plan to develop and implement policies, practices, procedures, and controls related to— (1)improving data quality and reporting timeliness; (2)data security, in accordance with the most recent versions of the Cybersecurity Framework and Privacy Framework (or successor frameworks) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and (3)confidentiality and privacy of any information that pertains to an individual and from which, either alone or in combination with other reasonably available information, the individual's identity can be determined, including policies, practices, procedures, and controls for— (A)minimizing collection, processing, maintenance, retention, and disclosure of such information to what is necessary, proportionate, and limited for a good faith public health purpose that is clearly described and limited in an agreement between the Federal Government and the recipient; (B)prohibiting disclosure of such information to persons, including government entities, absent legal safeguards included in Federal or State laws or regulations, for protecting the security and privacy of such information; and (C)making the data available to the National Center for Health Statistics for statistical purposes under subchapter III of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code. (c)

COVID–19 reporting

The Secretary may not award a grant or cooperative agreement under subsection (a) unless the applicant agrees— (1)to use the grant for activities under subsection (a) with respect to COVID–19, including with respect to— (A)testing results data; (B)testing results turnaround time; (C)hospitalization and intensive care unit data; (D)new infections among health care workers; (E)new cases among quarantined contacts; and (F)long-term care facilities, prisons, and other congregate settings; and (2)in carrying out such activities, to disaggregate data by age, sex, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, and Zip Code, as appropriate and to the extent possible. (d)

Application

A public health reporting entity applying for a grant or cooperative agreement under this section shall submit an application to the Secretary at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may require. (e)

Definition

In this section, the term public health reporting entity means any entity that reports data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or another public health authority, including a State or local public health department, a public health laboratory, and a health care provider.

3113.

Evidence-building demonstration program

(a)

In general

The Secretary acting through the Director of the National Center for Health Statistics (in this section referred to as the Secretary) shall expand the data linkage program of the Department of Health and Human Services consisting of Federal statistical and programmatic datasets from specified Federal entities, as authorized by subchapter III of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, for the purpose of facilitating statistical public health research on trends and patterns across specifically defined, statistically relevant populations, with a particular focus on linking social determinants of health data, including with respect to— (1)food insecurity; (2)housing instability; (3)transportation access; (4)safety; (5)social connection and isolation; (6)financial resource strain; (7)stress; (8)race and ethnicity; and (9)sexual orientation and gender identity. (b)

Activities

The activities of the demonstration program under this section shall include: (1)Assessing the availability of identified and deidentified data sets held by Federal, State, local, and non-Federal entities that may be useful for research described in subsection (a). (2)Using existing authorities and linkages of data in accordance with subchapter III of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, when relevant to request the submission of datasets to the National Center for Health Statistics for linking. (c)

Limitation

The Secretary shall limit access to data under the demonstration program under this section— (1)to Federal statistical agencies and qualified public and private researchers, as determined by the Director of the National Center for Health Statistics; (2)for a period to be specified by the Secretary; and (3)exclusively for the purpose described in subsection (a). (d)

Process for making data available

(1)

In general

Consistent with paragraph (2), the Secretary shall establish a rigorous process for making data available and usable pursuant to the demonstration program under this section. (2)

Requirements

Before any data is made available pursuant to the demonstration program under this section by an entity described in subsection (b)(1) to another entity described in subsection (b)(1)— (A) the receiving entity shall submit to the Director of the National Center for Health Statistics an application for data for the purpose described in subsection (a); and (B)the Director shall approve or deny such request in writing, including in the case of a denial an explanation of the reasons for the denial. (e)

Rulemaking

(1)

No delay on implementation

The Secretary— (A)shall begin implementation of the demonstration program under this section upon the date of enactment of this subtitle; and (B)shall not delay such implementation for purposes of promulgating the regulations required by paragraph (2). (2)

Promulgation

The Secretary shall— (A)issue regulations for carrying out this section; and (B)specify in such regulations the allowed and disallowed purposes for sharing and linking data through the program, including areas of potential research. (f)

Website

The Secretary shall maintain a publicly accessible website— (1)providing information about a demonstration program under this section; (2)facilitating stakeholder participation in such demonstration program; (3)facilitating oversight of such demonstration program; (4)providing lists of datasets from Federal and non-Federal entities; (5)providing lists of identified and deidentified datasets; (6)identifying linked datasets; (7)delineating a process to protect privacy and confidentiality; (8)identifying sources of the datasets; and (9)delineating categories of personal data. (g)

Program requirements

The demonstration program under this section shall be designed to— (1)support data matching services for agencies and researchers using the National Death Index; and (2)facilitate collaboration with States and private entities to examine, update, and modernize the fee structure of the National Death Index to support a broad range of data queries while assuring the continued support of the State systems collecting and providing this information to the National Death Index. (h)

Contracted entities

(1)

In general

Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Secretary may enter into contracts with eligible entities, as appropriate, for infrastructure and support services in carrying out the demonstration program under this section. (2)

Eligibility

To be eligible for a contract under paragraph (1), an entity shall— (A)demonstrate core capabilities for data sharing, data linkage, and compliance with subchapter III of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code; and (B)adhere to security standards in accordance with the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (or any successor program). (i)

Rule of construction

Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the availability or use of data for— (1)law enforcement; or (2)any determination of the eligibility of an individual for any direct or indirect payment, benefit, or service. (j)

Report to Congress

Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit a report to the Congress on the implementation of this section, including— (1) identification of best States practices for— (A)sharing data with, and reporting data to, the National Death Index; and (B)ensuring the quality of such data; and (2)recommendations to improve— (A)such sharing and reporting; and (B)access to the National Death Index by researchers.

3114.

Building statistical public health research capacity

(a)

In general

The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, shall provide financial assistance to research entities and public health departments to establish, expand, or enhance capacity for conducting statistical public health research— (1)in connection with the programs and activities under this subtitle; and (2)in accordance with subchapter III of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code. (b)

Capacity for sharing and linking

The capacity referred to in subsection (a) may include sharing and linking information and accessing and utilizing linked health data files in accordance with established data use agreements with data holders (including electronic case reporting, electronic health records, and electronic test orders and results) with public health agencies and related systems, including the National Death Index, immunization information systems, syndromic surveillance systems, laboratory information management systems, electronic case reporting systems, medical examiner case management systems, and Patient Unified Look-up Systems for Emergencies.

3115.

Rule of construction

Nothing in this subtitle shall be construed to supersede the authority of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget under title 44, United States Code, to determine and issue relevant standards for information management.

3116.

Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated— (1)to carry out this subtitle (other than section 3113), $450,000,000, to remain available until expended; and (2)to carry out section 3113, $100,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2020 through 2025.