[Congressional Bills 116th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 1201 Reported in Senate (RS)]
<DOC>
Calendar No. 218
116th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1201
[Report No. 116-115]
To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for
other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
April 11, 2019
Mr. Manchin (for himself, Ms. Murkowski, Mrs. Capito, Mr. Cramer, Mr.
Daines, Mr. Jones, Mr. Alexander, Mr. Hoeven, and Mr. Coons) introduced
the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee
on Energy and Natural Resources
September 24, 2019
Reported by Ms. Murkowski, with an amendment
[Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed
in italic]
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for
other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
<DELETED>SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.</DELETED>
<DELETED> This Act may be cited as the ``Enhancing Fossil Fuel
Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019''.</DELETED>
<DELETED>SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAM.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (a) In General.--The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended
by striking section 962 (42 U.S.C. 16292) and inserting the
following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>``SEC. 962. COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(a) Definitions.--In this section:</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) Large-scale pilot project.--The term `large-
scale pilot project' means a pilot project that--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) represents the scale of technology
development beyond laboratory development and bench
scale testing, but not yet advanced to the point of
being tested under real operational conditions at
commercial scale;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) represents the scale of technology
necessary to gain the operational data needed to
understand the technical and performance risks of the
technology before the application of that technology at
commercial scale or in commercial-scale demonstration;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) is large enough--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) to validate scaling factors;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) to demonstrate the
interaction between major components so that
control philosophies for a new process can be
developed and enable the technology to advance
from large-scale pilot plant application to
commercial-scale demonstration or
application.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Net-negative carbon dioxide emissions
technology.--The term `net-negative carbon dioxide emissions
technology' means technology--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) for thermochemical co-conversion of
coal and biomass fuels that--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) uses a carbon capture
system; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) with carbon dioxide
removal, the Secretary determines can provide
electricity, fuels, or chemicals with net-
negative carbon dioxide emissions from
production and consumption of the end products,
while removing atmospheric carbon dioxide;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) through which each use of coal will
be combined with the use of a regionally indigenous
form of biomass energy, provided on a renewable basis,
that is sufficient in quantity to allow for net-
negative emissions of carbon dioxide (in combination
with a carbon capture system), while avoiding impacts
on food production activities.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) Program.--The term `program' means the
program established under subsection (b)(1).</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) Transformational technology.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) In general.--The term
`transformational technology' means a power generation
technology that represents a significant change in the
methods used to convert energy that will enable a step
change in performance, efficiency, and cost of
electricity as compared to the technology in existence
on the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel
Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) Inclusions.--The term
`transformational technology' includes a broad range of
technology improvements, including--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) thermodynamic improvements
in energy conversion and heat transfer,
including--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(I) advanced combustion
systems, including oxygen combustion
systems and chemical looping;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(II) the replacement of
steam cycles with supercritical carbon
dioxide cycles;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) improvements in steam or
carbon dioxide turbine technology;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iii) improvements in carbon
capture, utilization, and storage systems
technology;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iv) improvements in small-scale
and modular coal-fired technologies with
reduced carbon output or carbon capture that
can support incremental power generation
capacity additions;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(v) fuel cell technologies for
low-cost, high-efficiency, fuel-flexible
modular power systems;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(vi) advanced gasification
systems;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(vii) thermal cycling
technologies; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(viii) any other technology the
Secretary recognizes as transformational
technology.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(b) Coal and Natural Gas Technology Program.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a
coal and natural gas technology program to ensure the continued
use of the abundant domestic coal and natural gas resources of
the United States through the development of technologies that
will significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness,
costs, and environmental performance of coal and natural gas
use.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Requirements.--The program shall include--
</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) a research and development
program;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) large-scale pilot
projects;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) demonstration projects;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(D) a front-end engineering and design
program.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) Program goals and objectives.--In
consultation with the interested entities described in
paragraph (5)(C), the Secretary shall develop goals and
objectives for the program to be applied to the technologies
developed within the program, taking into consideration the
following:</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) Increasing the performance of coal
and natural gas plants, including by--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) ensuring reliable, low-cost
power from new and existing coal and natural
gas plants;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) achieving high conversion
efficiencies;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iii) addressing emissions of
carbon dioxide through high-efficiency
platforms;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iv) developing small-scale and
modular technologies to support incremental
capacity additions and load following
generation, in addition to large-scale
generation technologies;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(v) supporting dispatchable
operations for new and existing applications of
coal and natural gas generation; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(vi) accelerating the
development of technologies that have
transformational energy conversion
characteristics.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) Using carbon capture, utilization,
and sequestration technologies to decrease the carbon
dioxide emissions, and the environmental impact from
carbon dioxide emissions, from new and existing coal
and natural gas plants, including by--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) accelerating the development
of technologies to capture carbon dioxide
emissions from new and existing coal and
natural gas plants;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) accelerating the
development of technologies to capture carbon
dioxide emissions from industrial facilities,
including--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(I) nontraditional fuel
manufacturing facilities, including
ethanol or other biofuel production
plants; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(II) energy-intensive
manufacturing facilities that produce
carbon dioxide as a byproduct of
operations;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iii) supporting sites for safe
geological storage of large volumes of
anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide and the
development of the infrastructure needed to
support a carbon dioxide utilization and
storage industry;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iv) improving the conversion,
utilization, and storage of carbon dioxide
produced from fossil fuels and other
anthropogenic sources of carbon
dioxide;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(v) lowering greenhouse gas
emissions for all fossil fuel production,
generation, delivery, and use, to the maximum
extent practicable;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(vi) developing carbon
utilization technologies, products, and
methods, including carbon use and reuse for
commercial application; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(vii) developing net-negative
carbon dioxide emissions
technologies.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) Decreasing the non-carbon dioxide
relevant environmental impacts of coal and natural gas
production, including by--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) further reducing non-carbon
dioxide air emissions; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) reducing the use, and
managing the discharge, of water in power plant
operations.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(D) Examining methods of converting coal
and natural gas to other valuable products and
commodities in addition to electricity.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) Cross-cutting direction for carbon capture,
utilization, and sequestration activities.--The carbon capture,
utilization, and sequestration activities described in
paragraph (3)(B) shall be--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) cross-cutting in nature;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) carried out by the Assistant
Secretary for Fossil Energy, in coordination with the
heads of other relevant offices of the Department,
including the Director of the Office of Science and the
Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(5) Consultations required.--In carrying out the
program, the Secretary shall--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) undertake international
collaborations, taking into consideration the
recommendations of the National Coal Council;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) use existing authorities to
encourage international cooperation; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) consult with interested entities,
including--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) coal and natural gas
producers;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) industries that use coal
and natural gas;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iii) organizations that promote
coal, advanced coal, and natural gas
technologies;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iv) environmental
organizations;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(v) organizations representing
workers; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(vi) organizations representing
consumers.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(c) Report.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) In general.--Not later than 18 months after
the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy
Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to
Congress a report describing the program goals and objectives
adopted under subsection (b)(3).</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Update.--Not less frequently than once every
2 years after the initial report is submitted under paragraph
(1), the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describing
the progress made towards achieving the program goals and
objectives adopted under subsection (b)(3).</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(d) Funding.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) Authorization of appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out
this section, to remain available until expended--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) for activities under the research
and development program component described in
subsection (b)(2)(A)--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) $230,000,000 for each of
fiscal years 2020 and 2021; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) $150,000,000 for each of
fiscal years 2022 through 2024;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) subject to paragraph (2), for
activities under the large-scale pilot projects program
component described in subsection (b)(2)(B)--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) $347,000,000 for each of
fiscal years 2020 and 2021;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) $272,000,000 for each of
fiscal years 2022 and 2023; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal
year 2024;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) for activities under the
demonstration projects program component described in
subsection (b)(2)(C)--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) $100,000,000 for each of
fiscal years 2020 and 2021; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) $500,000,000 for each of
fiscal years 2022 through 2024; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(D) for activities under the front-end
engineering and design program described in subsection
(b)(2)(D), $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2020
through 2023.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Cost sharing for large-scale pilot
projects.--Activities under subsection (b)(2)(B) shall be
subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section
988(b).''.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) is amended
by striking the item relating to section 962 and inserting the
following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>``Sec. 962. Coal and natural gas technology program.''.
<DELETED>SEC. 3. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (a) In General.--The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended
by striking section 963 (42 U.S. C. 16293) and inserting the
following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>``SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(a) Definitions.--In this section:</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) Electric generation unit.--The term
`electric generation unit' means an electric generation unit
that--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) uses coal- or natural gas-based
generation technology; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) is capable of capturing carbon
dioxide emissions from the unit.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Large-scale carbon sequestration.--The term
`large-scale carbon sequestration' means a scale that
demonstrates the ability to inject into geologic formations and
sequester several million metric tons of carbon dioxide for not
less than a 10-year period.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) Program.--The term `program' means the
program established under subsection (b)(1).</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(b) Carbon Storage Program.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a
program of research, development, and demonstration for carbon
storage.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Program activities.--Activities under the
program shall include--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) in coordination with relevant
Federal agencies, developing and maintaining mapping
tools and resources that assess the capacity of
geologic storage formation in the United
States;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) developing monitoring tools,
modeling of geologic formations, and analyses--
</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) to predict and verify carbon
dioxide containment; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) to account for sequestered
carbon dioxide in geologic storage
sites;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) researching--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) potential environmental,
safety, and health impacts in the event of a
leak into the atmosphere or to an aquifer;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) any corresponding
mitigation actions or responses to limit
harmful consequences of such a leak;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(D) evaluating the interactions of
carbon dioxide with formation solids and fluids,
including the propensity of injections to induce
seismic activity;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of
operations relating to geologic sequestration of carbon
dioxide;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(F) determining the fate of carbon
dioxide concurrent with and following injection into
geologic formations; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(G) supporting cost and business model
assessments to examine the economic viability of
technologies and systems developed under the
program.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) Geologic settings.--In carrying out research
activities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider
a variety of candidate geologic settings, including--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) operating oil and gas
fields;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) depleted oil and gas
fields;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) residual oil zones;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock
types;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(E) unmineable coal seams;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(F) saline formations in both
sedimentary and basaltic geologies;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(G) geologic systems that may be used as
engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities
of brine from geothermal resources of low permeability
or porosity; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(H) geologic systems containing in situ
carbon dioxide mineralization formations.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(c) Large-Scale Carbon Sequestration Demonstration
Program.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a
demonstration program under which the Secretary shall provide
funding for demonstration projects to collect and validate
information on the cost and feasibility of commercial
deployment of large-scale carbon sequestration
technologies.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Existing regional carbon sequestration
partnerships.--In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary may
provide additional funding to regional carbon sequestration
partnerships that are carrying out or have completed a large-
scale carbon sequestration demonstration project under this
section (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment
of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of
2019) for additional work on that project.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) Demonstration components.--Each
demonstration project carried out under this subsection shall
include longitudinal tests involving carbon dioxide injection
and monitoring, mitigation, and verification
operations.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) Clearinghouse.--The National Energy
Technology Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of shared
information and resources for--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) existing or completed demonstration
projects receiving additional funding under paragraph
(2); and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) any new demonstration projects
funded under this subsection.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(5) Report.--Not later than 1 year after the
date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of
Representatives a report that--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) assesses the progress of all
regional carbon sequestration partnerships carrying out
a demonstration project under this
subsection;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) identifies the remaining challenges
in achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is
reliable and safe for the environment and public
health; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage
research and development activities of the Department
through 2025, with the goal of reducing economic and
policy barriers to commercial carbon
sequestration.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(d) Integrated Storage Program.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) In general.--The Secretary may establish a
program to transition large-scale carbon sequestration
demonstration projects under subsection (c) into integrated
commercial storage complexes.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Goals and objectives.--The goals and
objectives of the program described in paragraph (1) shall be--
</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) to identify geologic storage sites
that are able to accept large volumes of carbon dioxide
acceptable for commercial contracts;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) to understand the technical and
commercial viability of carbon dioxide geologic storage
sites; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) to carry out any other activities
necessary to transition the large-scale carbon
sequestration demonstration projects under subsection
(c) into integrated commercial storage
complexes.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(e) Cost Sharing.--Activities carried out under this
section shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section
988.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(f) Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture Contracting
Authority.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the
date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of
Representatives a report that--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) describes the costs and benefits of
entering into long-term binding contracts on behalf of
the Federal Government with qualified parties to
provide support for capturing carbon dioxide from
electricity generated at an electric generation unit or
carbon dioxide captured from an electric generation
unit and sold to a purchaser for--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) the recovery of crude oil;
or</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) other purposes for which a
commercial market exists;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) contains an analysis of how the
Department would establish, implement, and maintain a
contracting program described in subparagraph (A);
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) outlines options for how contracts
may be structured, and regulations that would be
necessary, to implement a contracting program described
in subparagraph (A).</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this
section--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) $110,250,000 for fiscal year 2021;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) $115,763,000 for fiscal year 2022;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) $121,551,000 for fiscal year 2023;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(5) $127,628,000 for fiscal year
2024.''.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600; 121 Stat.
1708) is amended by striking the item relating to section 963 and
inserting the following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>``Sec. 963. Carbon storage validation and testing.''.
<DELETED>SEC. 4. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (a) Carbon Utilization Program.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> (1) In general.--Subtitle F of title IX of the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) is amended
by adding at the end the following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>``SEC. 969. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish a program
of research, development, and demonstration for carbon utilization--
</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) to assess and monitor--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) potential changes in lifecycle
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) other environmental safety
indicators of new technologies, practices, processes,
or methods used in enhanced hydrocarbon recovery as
part of the activities authorized under section
963;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) to identify and assess novel uses for
carbon, including the conversion of carbon dioxide for
commercial and industrial products, such as--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) chemicals;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) plastics;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) building materials;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(D) fuels;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(E) cement;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(F) products of coal use in power
systems or other applications; or</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(G) other products with demonstrated
market value;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) to identify and assess carbon capture
technologies for industrial systems; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) to identify and assess alternative uses for
coal, including products derived from carbon engineering,
carbon fiber, and coal conversion methods.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this
section--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) $26,250,000 for fiscal year 2021;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) $27,562,500 for fiscal year 2022;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) $28,940,625 for fiscal year 2023;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(5) $30,387,656 for fiscal year
2024.''.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (2) Technical amendment.--The table of contents
for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat.
600) is amended by adding at the end of the items relating to
subtitle F of title IX the following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>``Sec. 969. Carbon utilization program.''.
<DELETED> (b) Study.--</DELETED>
<DELETED> (1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall
enter into an agreement with the National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine under which the National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine shall conduct
a study to assess any barriers and opportunities relating to
commercializing carbon dioxide in the United States.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (2) Requirements.--The study under paragraph (1)
shall--</DELETED>
<DELETED> (A) analyze challenges to commercializing
carbon dioxide, including--</DELETED>
<DELETED> (i) expanding carbon dioxide
pipeline capacity;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (ii) mitigating environmental
impacts;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (iii) access to capital;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (iv) geographic barriers;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> (v) regional economic challenges
and opportunities;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (B) identify potential markets,
industries, or sectors that may benefit from greater
access to commercial carbon dioxide;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (C) assess--</DELETED>
<DELETED> (i) the state of infrastructure as
of the date of the study; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> (ii) any necessary updates to
infrastructure to allow for the integration of
safe and reliable carbon dioxide
transportation, use, and storage;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (D) describe the economic, climate, and
environmental impacts of any well-integrated national
carbon dioxide pipeline system, including suggestions
for policies that could--</DELETED>
<DELETED> (i) improve the economic impact of
the system; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> (ii) mitigate impacts of the
system;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (E) assess the global status and progress
of chemical and biological carbon utilization
technologies in practice as of the date of the study
that utilize anthropogenic carbon, including carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and biogas, from
power generation, biofuels production, and other
industrial processes;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (F) identify emerging technologies and
approaches for carbon utilization that show promise for
scale-up, demonstration, deployment, and
commercialization;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (G) analyze the factors associated with
making carbon utilization technologies viable at a
commercial scale, including carbon waste stream
availability, economics, market capacity, energy, and
lifecycle requirements;</DELETED>
<DELETED> (H)(i) assess the major technical
challenges associated with increasing the commercial
viability of carbon reuse technologies; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> (ii) identify the research and development
questions that will address the challenges described in
clause (i);</DELETED>
<DELETED> (I)(i) assess research efforts being
carried out as of the date of the study, including
basic, applied, engineering, and computational research
efforts, that are addressing the challenges described
in subparagraph (H)(i); and</DELETED>
<DELETED> (ii) identify gaps in the research efforts
under clause (i); and</DELETED>
<DELETED> (J) develop a comprehensive research
agenda that addresses long- and short-term research
needs and opportunities.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (3) Deadline.--Not later than 180 days after the
date of enactment of this Act, the National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine shall submit to the
Secretary of Energy a report describing the results of the
study under paragraph (1).</DELETED>
<DELETED>SEC. 5. CARBON REMOVAL.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (a) In General.--Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) (as amended by section
4(a)(1)) is amended by adding at the end the following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>``SEC. 969A. CARBON REMOVAL.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(a) Establishment.--The Secretary, in coordination with
the heads of appropriate Federal agencies, including the Secretary of
Agriculture, shall establish a research, development, and demonstration
program (referred to in this section as the `program') to test,
validate, or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(b) Cross-Cutting Direction.--The Secretary shall ensure
that the program--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) is cross-cutting in nature; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) includes the coordinated participation of
the Office of Fossil Energy, the Office of Science, and the
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(c) Program Activities.--The program may include
research, development, and demonstration activities relating to--
</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) direct air capture and storage
technologies;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) bioenergy with carbon capture and
sequestration;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) enhanced geological weathering;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) agricultural and grazing
practices;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(5) forest management and afforestation;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(6) planned or managed carbon sinks, including
natural and artificial.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(d) Requirements.--In developing and identifying carbon
removal technologies and strategies under the program, the Secretary
shall consider--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) land use changes, including impacts on
natural and managed ecosystems;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) ocean acidification;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) net greenhouse gas emissions;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) commercial viability;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(5) potential for near-term impact;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(6) potential for carbon reductions on a gigaton
scale; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(7) economic cobenefits.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(e) Air Capture Technology Prize Competition.--
</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection:</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) Dilute media.--The term `dilute
media' means media in which the concentration of carbon
dioxide is less than 1 percent by volume.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) Prize competition.--The term `prize
competition' means the competitive technology prize
competition established under paragraph (2).</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) Establishment.--Not later than 1 year after
the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy
Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary, in consultation
with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency,
shall establish as part of the program a competitive technology
prize competition to award prizes for carbon dioxide capture
from dilute media.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) Requirements.--In carrying out this
subsection, the Secretary, in accordance with section 24 of the
Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C.
3719), shall develop requirements for--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) the prize competition process;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) monitoring and verification
procedures for projects selected to receive a prize
under the prize competition.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) Eligible projects.--To be eligible to be
awarded a prize under the prize competition, a project shall--
</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(A) meet minimum performance standards
set by the Secretary;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(B) meet minimum levels set by the
Secretary for the capture of carbon dioxide from dilute
media; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(C) demonstrate in the application of
the project for a prize--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(i) a design for a promising
carbon capture technology that will--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(I) be operated on a
demonstration scale; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(II) have the potential
to achieve significant reduction in the
level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(ii) a successful bench-scale
demonstration of a carbon capture technology;
or</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(iii) an operational carbon
capture technology on a commercial
scale.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(f) Intraagency Coordination.--The direct air capture
activities carried out under subsections (c)(1) and (e) shall be
carried out in coordination with, and leveraging lessons learned from,
the coal and natural gas technology program established under section
962(b)(1).</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(g) Accounting.--The Secretary shall collaborate with
the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the heads
of other relevant Federal agencies to develop and improve accounting
frameworks and tools to accurately measure carbon removal and
sequestration methods and technologies across the Federal
Government.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(h) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this
section--</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which
$15,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection
(e);</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(2) $31,500,000 for fiscal year 2021;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(3) $33,075,000 for fiscal year 2022;</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(4) $34,729,000 for fiscal year 2023;
and</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(5) $36,465,000 for fiscal year
2024.''.</DELETED>
<DELETED> (b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) (as
amended by section 4(a)(2)) is amended by adding at the end of the
items relating to subtitle F of title IX the following:</DELETED>
<DELETED>``Sec. 969A. Carbon removal.''.
<DELETED>SEC. 6. FOSSIL ENERGY.</DELETED>
<DELETED> Section 961(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C.
16291(a)) is amended--</DELETED>
<DELETED> (1) in paragraph (6), by inserting ``, including
technology development to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide
and associated emissions of heavy metals within coal combustion
residues and gas streams resulting from fossil fuel use and
production'' before the period at the end; and</DELETED>
<DELETED> (2) by striking paragraph (7) and inserting the
following:</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(7) Increasing the export of emissions control
technologies from the United States for fossil energy-related
equipment, technology, and services.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(8) Developing carbon removal and utilization
technologies, products, and methods that result in net
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, including direct air
capture and storage, and carbon use and reuse for commercial
application.</DELETED>
<DELETED> ``(9) Improving the conversion, use, and storage
of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels.''.</DELETED>
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019'' or the ``EFFECT Act of 2019''.
SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by
striking section 962 (42 U.S.C. 16292) and inserting the following:
``SEC. 962. COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.
``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Large-scale pilot project.--The term `large-scale
pilot project' means a pilot project that--
``(A) represents the scale of technology
development beyond laboratory development and bench
scale testing, but not yet advanced to the point of
being tested under real operational conditions at
commercial scale;
``(B) represents the scale of technology necessary
to gain the operational data needed to understand the
technical and performance risks of the technology
before the application of that technology at commercial
scale or in commercial-scale demonstration; and
``(C) is large enough--
``(i) to validate scaling factors; and
``(ii) to demonstrate the interaction
between major components so that control
philosophies for a new process can be developed
and enable the technology to advance from
large-scale pilot plant application to
commercial-scale demonstration or application.
``(2) Net-negative carbon dioxide emissions technology.--
The term `net-negative carbon dioxide emissions technology'
means technology--
``(A) for thermochemical co-conversion of coal and
biomass fuels that--
``(i) uses a carbon capture system; and
``(ii) with carbon dioxide removal, the
Secretary determines can provide electricity,
fuels, or chemicals with net-negative carbon
dioxide emissions from production and
consumption of the end products, while removing
atmospheric carbon dioxide; and
``(B) through which each use of coal will be
combined with the use of biomass energy, provided on a
renewable basis, that is sufficient in quantity to
allow for net-negative emissions of carbon dioxide (in
combination with a carbon capture system), while
avoiding impacts on food production activities.
``(3) Program.--The term `program' means the program
established under subsection (b)(1).
``(4) Transformational technology.--
``(A) In general.--The term `transformational
technology' means a power generation technology that
represents a significant change in the methods used to
convert energy that will enable a step change in
performance, efficiency, and cost of electricity as
compared to the technology in existence on the date of
enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019.
``(B) Inclusions.--The term `transformational
technology' includes a broad range of technology
improvements, including--
``(i) thermodynamic improvements in energy
conversion and heat transfer, including--
``(I) advanced combustion systems,
including oxygen combustion systems and
chemical looping; and
``(II) the replacement of steam
cycles with supercritical carbon
dioxide cycles;
``(ii) improvements in steam or carbon
dioxide turbine technology;
``(iii) improvements in carbon capture,
utilization, and storage systems technology;
``(iv) improvements in small-scale and
modular coal-fired technologies with reduced
carbon output or carbon capture that can
support incremental power generation capacity
additions;
``(v) fuel cell technologies for low-cost,
high-efficiency modular power systems;
``(vi) advanced gasification systems;
``(vii) thermal cycling technologies; and
``(viii) any other technology the Secretary
recognizes as transformational technology.
``(b) Coal and Natural Gas Technology Program.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a coal and
natural gas technology program to ensure the continued use of
the abundant domestic coal and natural gas resources of the
United States through the development of transformational
technologies that will significantly improve the efficiency,
effectiveness, costs, and environmental performance of coal and
natural gas use.
``(2) Requirements.--The program shall include--
``(A) a research and development program;
``(B) large-scale pilot projects;
``(C) demonstration projects; and
``(D) a front-end engineering and design program.
``(3) Program goals and objectives.--In consultation with
the interested entities described in paragraph (5)(C), the
Secretary shall develop goals and objectives for the program to
be applied to the transformational technologies developed
within the program, taking into consideration the following:
``(A) Increasing the performance of coal and
natural gas plants, including by--
``(i) ensuring reliable, low-cost power
from new and existing coal and natural gas
plants;
``(ii) achieving high conversion
efficiencies;
``(iii) addressing emissions of carbon
dioxide through high-efficiency platforms;
``(iv) developing small-scale and modular
technologies to support incremental capacity
additions and load following generation, in
addition to large-scale generation
technologies;
``(v) supporting dispatchable operations
for new and existing applications of coal and
natural gas generation; and
``(vi) accelerating the development of
technologies that have transformational energy
conversion characteristics.
``(B) Using carbon capture, utilization, and
sequestration technologies to decrease the carbon
dioxide emissions, and the environmental impact from
carbon dioxide emissions, from new and existing coal
and natural gas plants, including by--
``(i) accelerating the development,
deployment, and commercialization of
technologies to capture and sequester carbon
dioxide emissions from new and existing coal
and natural gas plants;
``(ii) supporting sites for safe geological
storage of large volumes of anthropogenic
sources of carbon dioxide and the development
of the infrastructure needed to support a
carbon dioxide utilization and storage
industry;
``(iii) improving the conversion,
utilization, and storage of carbon dioxide
produced from fossil fuels and other
anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide;
``(iv) lowering greenhouse gas emissions
for all fossil fuel production, generation,
delivery, and use, to the maximum extent
practicable;
``(v) developing carbon utilization
technologies, products, and methods, including
carbon use and reuse for commercial
application; and
``(vi) developing net-negative carbon
dioxide emissions technologies.
``(C) Decreasing the non-carbon dioxide relevant
environmental impacts of coal and natural gas
production, including by--
``(i) further reducing non-carbon dioxide
air emissions; and
``(ii) reducing the use, and managing the
discharge, of water in power plant operations.
``(D) Accelerating the development of technologies
to capture carbon dioxide emissions from industrial
facilities, including--
``(i) nontraditional fuel manufacturing
facilities, including ethanol or other biofuel
production plants or hydrogen production
plants; and
``(ii) energy-intensive manufacturing
facilities that produce carbon dioxide as a
byproduct of operations.
``(E) Examining methods of converting coal and
natural gas to other valuable products and commodities
in addition to electricity, including hydrogen.
``(4) Cross-cutting direction for carbon capture,
utilization, and sequestration activities.--The carbon capture,
utilization, and sequestration activities described in
paragraph (3)(B) shall be--
``(A) cross-cutting in nature; and
``(B) carried out by the Assistant Secretary for
Fossil Energy, in coordination with the heads of other
relevant offices of the Department, including the
Director of the Office of Science and the Assistant
Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
``(5) Consultations required.--In carrying out the program,
the Secretary shall--
``(A) undertake international collaborations,
taking into consideration the recommendations of the
National Coal Council;
``(B) use existing authorities to encourage
international cooperation; and
``(C) consult with interested entities, including--
``(i) coal and natural gas producers;
``(ii) industries that use coal and natural
gas;
``(iii) organizations that promote coal,
advanced coal, and natural gas technologies;
``(iv) environmental organizations;
``(v) organizations representing workers;
and
``(vi) organizations representing
consumers.
``(c) Report.--
``(1) In general.--Not later than 18 months after the date
of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to Congress
a report describing the program goals and objectives adopted
under subsection (b)(3).
``(2) Update.--Not less frequently than once every 2 years
after the initial report is submitted under paragraph (1), the
Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describing the
progress made towards achieving the program goals and
objectives adopted under subsection (b)(3).
``(d) Funding.--
``(1) Authorization of appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out
this section, to remain available until expended--
``(A) for activities under the research and
development program component described in subsection
(b)(2)(A)--
``(i) $230,000,000 for each of fiscal years
2020 and 2021; and
``(ii) $150,000,000 for each of fiscal
years 2022 through 2024;
``(B) subject to paragraph (2), for activities
under the large-scale pilot projects program component
described in subsection (b)(2)(B)--
``(i) $347,000,000 for each of fiscal years
2020 and 2021;
``(ii) $272,000,000 for each of fiscal
years 2022 and 2023; and
``(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
``(C) for activities under the demonstration
projects program component described in subsection
(b)(2)(C)--
``(i) $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years
2020 and 2021; and
``(ii) $500,000,000 for each of fiscal
years 2022 through 2024; and
``(D) for activities under the front-end
engineering and design program described in subsection
(b)(2)(D), $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2020
through 2023.
``(2) Cost sharing for large-scale pilot projects.--
Activities under subsection (b)(2)(B) shall be subject to the
cost-sharing requirements of section 988(b).''.
(b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) is amended by
striking the item relating to section 962 and inserting the following:
``Sec. 962. Coal and natural gas technology program.''.
SEC. 3. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING.
(a) In General.--The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by
striking section 963 (42 U.S. C. 16293) and inserting the following:
``SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING.
``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Electric generation unit.--The term `electric
generation unit' means an electric generation unit that--
``(A) uses coal- or natural gas-based generation
technology; and
``(B) is capable of capturing carbon dioxide
emissions from the unit.
``(2) Large-scale carbon sequestration.--The term `large-
scale carbon sequestration' means a scale that demonstrates the
ability to inject into geologic formations and sequester
several million metric tons of carbon dioxide for not less than
a 10-year period.
``(3) Program.--The term `program' means the program
established under subsection (b)(1).
``(b) Carbon Storage Program.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a program
of research, development, and demonstration for carbon storage.
``(2) Program activities.--Activities under the program
shall include--
``(A) in coordination with relevant Federal
agencies, developing and maintaining mapping tools and
resources that assess the capacity of geologic storage
formation in the United States;
``(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling of
geologic formations, and analyses--
``(i) to predict carbon dioxide
containment; and
``(ii) to account for sequestered carbon
dioxide in geologic storage sites;
``(C) researching--
``(i) potential environmental, safety, and
health impacts in the event of a leak into the
atmosphere or to an aquifer; and
``(ii) any corresponding mitigation actions
or responses to limit harmful consequences of
such a leak;
``(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon dioxide
with formation solids and fluids, including the
propensity of injections to induce seismic activity;
``(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of
operations relating to geologic sequestration of carbon
dioxide;
``(F) determining the fate of carbon dioxide
concurrent with and following injection into geologic
formations; and
``(G) supporting cost and business model
assessments to examine the economic viability of
technologies and systems developed under the program.
``(3) Geologic settings.--In carrying out research
activities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider
a variety of candidate onshore and offshore geologic settings,
including--
``(A) operating oil and gas fields;
``(B) depleted oil and gas fields;
``(C) residual oil zones;
``(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock types;
``(E) unmineable coal seams;
``(F) saline formations in both sedimentary and
basaltic geologies;
``(G) geologic systems that may be used as
engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities
of brine from geothermal resources of low permeability
or porosity; and
``(H) geologic systems containing in situ carbon
dioxide mineralization formations.
``(c) Large-scale Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Program.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a
demonstration program under which the Secretary shall provide
funding for demonstration projects to collect and validate
information on the cost and feasibility of commercial
deployment of large-scale carbon sequestration technologies.
``(2) Existing regional carbon sequestration
partnerships.--In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary may
provide additional funding to regional carbon sequestration
partnerships that are carrying out or have completed a large-
scale carbon sequestration demonstration project under this
section (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment
of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of
2019) for additional work on that project.
``(3) Demonstration components.--Each demonstration project
carried out under this subsection shall include longitudinal
tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring,
mitigation, and verification operations.
``(4) Clearinghouse.--The National Energy Technology
Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of shared information
and resources for--
``(A) existing or completed demonstration projects
receiving additional funding under paragraph (2); and
``(B) any new demonstration projects funded under
this subsection.
``(5) Report.--Not later than 1 year after the date of
enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology
Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on
Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives
a report that--
``(A) assesses the progress of all regional carbon
sequestration partnerships carrying out a demonstration
project under this subsection;
``(B) identifies the remaining challenges in
achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is
reliable and safe for the environment and public
health; and
``(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage research
and development activities of the Department through
2025, with the goal of reducing economic and policy
barriers to commercial carbon sequestration.
``(d) Integrated Storage Program.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary may establish a program to
transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration
projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial
storage complexes.
``(2) Goals and objectives.--The goals and objectives of
the program described in paragraph (1) shall be--
``(A) to identify geologic storage sites that are
able to accept large volumes of carbon dioxide
acceptable for commercial contracts;
``(B) to understand the technical and commercial
viability of carbon dioxide geologic storage sites; and
``(C) to carry out any other activities necessary
to transition the large-scale carbon sequestration
demonstration projects under subsection (c) into
integrated commercial storage complexes.
``(e) Cost Sharing.--Activities carried out under this section
shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section 988.
``(f) Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture Contracting Authority.--
``(1) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology
Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on
Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives
a report that--
``(A) describes the costs and benefits of entering
into long-term binding contracts on behalf of the
Federal Government with qualified parties to provide
support for capturing carbon dioxide from electricity
generated at an electric generation unit or carbon
dioxide captured from an electric generation unit and
sold to a purchaser for--
``(i) the recovery of crude oil; or
``(ii) other purposes for which a
commercial market exists;
``(B) contains an analysis of how the Department
would establish, implement, and maintain a contracting
program described in subparagraph (A); and
``(C) outlines options for how contracts may be
structured, and regulations that would be necessary, to
implement a contracting program described in
subparagraph (A).
``(g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
``(1) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;
``(2) $110,250,000 for fiscal year 2021;
``(3) $115,763,000 for fiscal year 2022;
``(4) $121,551,000 for fiscal year 2023; and
``(5) $127,628,000 for fiscal year 2024.''.
(b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600; 121 Stat. 1708)
is amended by striking the item relating to section 963 and inserting
the following:
``Sec. 963. Carbon storage validation and testing.''.
SEC. 4. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.
(a) Carbon Utilization Program.--
(1) In general.--Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) is amended by
adding at the end the following:
``SEC. 969. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.
``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish a program of
research, development, and demonstration for carbon utilization--
``(1) to assess and monitor--
``(A) potential changes in lifecycle carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gas emissions; and
``(B) other environmental safety indicators of new
technologies, practices, processes, or methods used in
enhanced hydrocarbon recovery as part of the activities
authorized under section 963;
``(2) to identify and assess novel uses for carbon,
including the conversion of carbon oxides for commercial and
industrial products, such as--
``(A) chemicals;
``(B) plastics;
``(C) building materials;
``(D) fuels;
``(E) cement;
``(F) products of coal use in power systems or
other applications; or
``(G) other products with demonstrated market
value;
``(3) to identify and assess carbon capture technologies
for industrial systems; and
``(4) to identify and assess alternative uses for coal,
including products derived from carbon engineering, carbon
fiber, and coal conversion methods.
``(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
``(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;
``(2) $26,250,000 for fiscal year 2021;
``(3) $27,562,500 for fiscal year 2022;
``(4) $28,940,625 for fiscal year 2023; and
``(5) $30,387,656 for fiscal year 2024.''.
(2) Technical amendment.--The table of contents for the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) is
amended by adding at the end of the items relating to subtitle
F of title IX the following:
``Sec. 969. Carbon utilization program.''.
(b) Study.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall enter into
an agreement with the National Academies of Sciences,
Engineering, and Medicine under which the National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine shall conduct a study to
assess any barriers and opportunities relating to
commercializing carbon dioxide in the United States.
(2) Requirements.--The study under paragraph (1) shall--
(A) analyze challenges to commercializing carbon
dioxide, including--
(i) expanding carbon dioxide pipeline
capacity;
(ii) mitigating environmental impacts;
(iii) access to capital;
(iv) geographic barriers; and
(v) regional economic challenges and
opportunities;
(B) identify potential markets, industries, or
sectors that may benefit from greater access to
commercial carbon dioxide;
(C) assess--
(i) the state of infrastructure as of the
date of the study; and
(ii) any necessary updates to
infrastructure to allow for the integration of
safe and reliable carbon dioxide
transportation, use, and storage;
(D) describe the economic, climate, and
environmental impacts of any well-integrated national
carbon dioxide pipeline system, including suggestions
for policies that could--
(i) improve the economic impact of the
system; and
(ii) mitigate impacts of the system;
(E) assess the global status and progress of
chemical and biological carbon utilization technologies
in practice as of the date of the study that utilize
anthropogenic carbon, including carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, methane, and biogas, from power generation,
biofuels production, and other industrial processes;
(F) identify emerging technologies and approaches
for carbon utilization that show promise for scale-up,
demonstration, deployment, and commercialization;
(G) analyze the factors associated with making
carbon utilization technologies viable at a commercial
scale, including carbon waste stream availability,
economics, market capacity, energy, and lifecycle
requirements;
(H)(i) assess the major technical challenges
associated with increasing the commercial viability of
carbon reuse technologies; and
(ii) identify the research and development
questions that will address the challenges described in
clause (i);
(I)(i) assess research efforts being carried out as
of the date of the study, including basic, applied,
engineering, and computational research efforts, that
are addressing the challenges described in subparagraph
(H)(i); and
(ii) identify gaps in the research efforts under
clause (i);
(J) develop a comprehensive research agenda that
addresses long- and short-term research needs and
opportunities; and
(K)(i) identify appropriate Federal agencies with
capabilities to support small business entities; and
(ii) determine what assistance the Federal agencies
identified under clause (i) could provide to small
business entities to further the development and
commercial deployment of carbon dioxide-based products.
(3) Deadline.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
enactment of this Act, the National Academies of Sciences,
Engineering, and Medicine shall submit to the Secretary of
Energy a report describing the results of the study under
paragraph (1).
SEC. 5. CARBON REMOVAL.
(a) In General.--Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy Policy Act of
2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) (as amended by section 4(a)(1)) is
amended by adding at the end the following:
``SEC. 969A. CARBON REMOVAL.
``(a) Establishment.--The Secretary, in coordination with the heads
of appropriate Federal agencies, including the Secretary of
Agriculture, shall establish a research, development, and demonstration
program (referred to in this section as the `program') to test,
validate, or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale.
``(b) Cross-cutting Direction.--The Secretary shall ensure that the
program--
``(1) is cross-cutting in nature; and
``(2) includes the coordinated participation of the Office
of Fossil Energy, the Office of Science, and the Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
``(c) Program Activities.--The program may include research,
development, and demonstration activities relating to--
``(1) direct air capture and storage technologies;
``(2) bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration;
``(3) enhanced geological weathering;
``(4) agricultural and grazing practices;
``(5) forest management and afforestation; and
``(6) planned or managed carbon sinks, including natural
and artificial.
``(d) Requirements.--In developing and identifying carbon removal
technologies and strategies under the program, the Secretary shall
consider--
``(1) land use changes, including impacts on natural and
managed ecosystems;
``(2) ocean acidification;
``(3) net greenhouse gas emissions;
``(4) commercial viability;
``(5) potential for near-term impact;
``(6) potential for carbon reductions on a gigaton scale;
and
``(7) economic cobenefits.
``(e) Air Capture Technology Prize Competition.--
``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection:
``(A) Dilute media.--The term `dilute media' means
media in which the concentration of carbon dioxide is
less than 1 percent by volume.
``(B) Prize competition.--The term `prize
competition' means the competitive technology prize
competition established under paragraph (2).
``(2) Establishment.--Not later than 1 year after the date
of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary, in consultation with the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall
establish as part of the program a competitive technology prize
competition to award prizes for carbon dioxide capture from
dilute media.
``(3) Requirements.--In carrying out this subsection, the
Secretary, in accordance with section 24 of the Stevenson-
Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719),
shall develop requirements for--
``(A) the prize competition process; and
``(B) monitoring and verification procedures for
projects selected to receive a prize under the prize
competition.
``(4) Eligible projects.--To be eligible to be awarded a
prize under the prize competition, a project shall--
``(A) meet minimum performance standards set by the
Secretary;
``(B) meet minimum levels set by the Secretary for
the capture of carbon dioxide from dilute media; and
``(C) demonstrate in the application of the project
for a prize--
``(i) a design for a promising carbon
capture technology that will--
``(I) be operated on a
demonstration scale; and
``(II) have the potential to
achieve significant reduction in the
level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere;
``(ii) a successful bench-scale
demonstration of a carbon capture technology;
or
``(iii) an operational carbon capture
technology on a commercial scale.
``(f) Direct Air Capture Test Center.--
``(1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of
enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology
Act of 2019, the Secretary shall award grants to 1 or more
entities for the operation of 1 or more test centers (referred
to in this subsection as a `Center') to provide unique testing
capabilities for innovative direct air capture and storage
technologies.
``(2) Purpose.--Each Center shall--
``(A) advance research, development, demonstration,
and commercial application of direct air capture and
storage technologies;
``(B) support pilot plant and full-scale
demonstration projects and test direct air capture and
storage technologies that represent the scale of
technology development beyond laboratory testing, but
not yet advanced to test under operational conditions
at commercial scale;
``(C) develop front-end engineering design and
economic analysis; and
``(D) maintain a public record of pilot and full-
scale plant performance.
``(3) Selection.--
``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall select
entities to receive grants under this subsection
according to such criteria as the Secretary may
develop.
``(B) Competitive basis.--The Secretary shall
select entities to receive grants under this subsection
on a competitive basis.
``(C) Priority criteria.--In selecting entities to
receive grants under this subsection, the Secretary
shall prioritize applicants that--
``(i) have access to existing or planned
research facilities for direct air capture and
storage technologies;
``(ii) are institutions of higher education
with established expertise in engineering for
direct air capture and storage technologies, or
partnerships with such institutions of higher
education; or
``(iii) have access to existing research
and test facilities for bulk materials design
and testing, component design and testing, or
professional engineering design.
``(4) Formula for awarding grants.--The Secretary may
develop a formula for awarding grants under this subsection.
``(5) Schedule.--
``(A) In general.--Each grant awarded under this
subsection shall be for a term of not more than 5
years, subject to the availability of appropriations.
``(B) Renewal.--The Secretary may renew a grant for
1 or more additional 5-year terms, subject to a
competitive merit review and the availability of
appropriations.
``(6) Termination.--To the extent otherwise authorized by
law, the Secretary may eliminate, and terminate grant funding
under this subsection for, a Center during any 5-year term
described in paragraph (5) if the Secretary determines that the
Center is underperforming.
``(g) Large-scale Pilots and Demonstration.--In supporting the
technology development activities under this section, the Secretary is
encouraged to support carbon removal pilot and demonstration projects,
including--
``(1) pilot projects that test direct air capture systems
capable of capturing 10 to 100 tonnes of carbon oxides per year
to provide data for demonstration-scale projects; and
``(2) direct air capture demonstration projects capable of
capturing greater than 1,000 tonnes of carbon oxides per year.
``(h) Intraagency Coordination.--The direct air capture activities
carried out under subsections (c)(1) and (e) shall be carried out in
coordination with, and leveraging lessons learned from, the coal and
natural gas technology program established under section 962(b)(1).
``(i) Accounting.--The Secretary shall collaborate with the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the heads of
other relevant Federal agencies to develop and improve accounting
frameworks and tools to accurately measure carbon removal and
sequestration methods and technologies across the Federal Government.
``(j) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
``(1) $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which
$15,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (e);
``(2) $63,500,000 for fiscal year 2021;
``(3) $66,150,000 for fiscal year 2022;
``(4) $69,458,000 for fiscal year 2023; and
``(5) $72,930,000 for fiscal year 2024.''.
(b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) (as amended by
section 4(a)(2)) is amended by adding at the end of the items relating
to subtitle F of title IX the following:
``Sec. 969A. Carbon removal.''.
SEC. 6. FOSSIL ENERGY.
Section 961(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C.
16291(a)) is amended--
(1) in paragraph (6), by inserting ``, including technology
development to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and
associated emissions of heavy metals within coal combustion
residues and gas streams resulting from fossil fuel use and
production'' before the period at the end; and
(2) by striking paragraph (7) and inserting the following:
``(7) Increasing the export of fossil energy-related
equipment, technology, including emissions control
technologies, and services from the United States.
``(8) Developing carbon removal and utilization
technologies, products, and methods that result in net
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, including direct air
capture and storage, and carbon use and reuse for commercial
application.
``(9) Improving the conversion, use, and storage of carbon
dioxide produced from fossil fuels.''.
Calendar No. 218
116th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1201
[Report No. 116-115]
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for
other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
September 24, 2019
Reported with an amendment