[Congressional Bills 116th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 1201 Introduced in Senate (IS)]
<DOC>
116th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1201
To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for
other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
April 11, 2019
Mr. Manchin (for himself, Ms. Murkowski, Mrs. Capito, Mr. Cramer, and
Mr. Daines) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and
referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for
other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019''.
SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by
striking section 962 (42 U.S.C. 16292) and inserting the following:
``SEC. 962. COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.
``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Large-scale pilot project.--The term `large-scale
pilot project' means a pilot project that--
``(A) represents the scale of technology
development beyond laboratory development and bench
scale testing, but not yet advanced to the point of
being tested under real operational conditions at
commercial scale;
``(B) represents the scale of technology necessary
to gain the operational data needed to understand the
technical and performance risks of the technology
before the application of that technology at commercial
scale or in commercial-scale demonstration; and
``(C) is large enough--
``(i) to validate scaling factors; and
``(ii) to demonstrate the interaction
between major components so that control
philosophies for a new process can be developed
and enable the technology to advance from
large-scale pilot plant application to
commercial-scale demonstration or application.
``(2) Net-negative carbon dioxide emissions technology.--
The term `net-negative carbon dioxide emissions technology'
means technology--
``(A) for thermochemical co-conversion of coal and
biomass fuels that--
``(i) uses a carbon capture system; and
``(ii) with carbon dioxide removal, the
Secretary determines can provide electricity,
fuels, or chemicals with net-negative carbon
dioxide emissions from production and
consumption of the end products, while removing
atmospheric carbon dioxide; and
``(B) through which each use of coal will be
combined with the use of a regionally indigenous form
of biomass energy, provided on a renewable basis, that
is sufficient in quantity to allow for net-negative
emissions of carbon dioxide (in combination with a
carbon capture system), while avoiding impacts on food
production activities.
``(3) Program.--The term `program' means the program
established under subsection (b)(1).
``(4) Transformational technology.--
``(A) In general.--The term `transformational
technology' means a power generation technology that
represents a significant change in the methods used to
convert energy that will enable a step change in
performance, efficiency, and cost of electricity as
compared to the technology in existence on the date of
enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019.
``(B) Inclusions.--The term `transformational
technology' includes a broad range of technology
improvements, including--
``(i) thermodynamic improvements in energy
conversion and heat transfer, including--
``(I) advanced combustion systems,
including oxygen combustion systems and
chemical looping; and
``(II) the replacement of steam
cycles with supercritical carbon
dioxide cycles;
``(ii) improvements in steam or carbon
dioxide turbine technology;
``(iii) improvements in carbon capture,
utilization, and storage systems technology;
``(iv) improvements in small-scale and
modular coal-fired technologies with reduced
carbon output or carbon capture that can
support incremental power generation capacity
additions;
``(v) fuel cell technologies for low-cost,
high-efficiency, fuel-flexible modular power
systems;
``(vi) advanced gasification systems;
``(vii) thermal cycling technologies; and
``(viii) any other technology the Secretary
recognizes as transformational technology.
``(b) Coal and Natural Gas Technology Program.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a coal and
natural gas technology program to ensure the continued use of
the abundant domestic coal and natural gas resources of the
United States through the development of technologies that will
significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness, costs, and
environmental performance of coal and natural gas use.
``(2) Requirements.--The program shall include--
``(A) a research and development program;
``(B) large-scale pilot projects;
``(C) demonstration projects; and
``(D) a front-end engineering and design program.
``(3) Program goals and objectives.--In consultation with
the interested entities described in paragraph (5)(C), the
Secretary shall develop goals and objectives for the program to
be applied to the technologies developed within the program,
taking into consideration the following:
``(A) Increasing the performance of coal and
natural gas plants, including by--
``(i) ensuring reliable, low-cost power
from new and existing coal and natural gas
plants;
``(ii) achieving high conversion
efficiencies;
``(iii) addressing emissions of carbon
dioxide through high-efficiency platforms;
``(iv) developing small-scale and modular
technologies to support incremental capacity
additions and load following generation, in
addition to large-scale generation
technologies;
``(v) supporting dispatchable operations
for new and existing applications of coal and
natural gas generation; and
``(vi) accelerating the development of
technologies that have transformational energy
conversion characteristics.
``(B) Using carbon capture, utilization, and
sequestration technologies to decrease the carbon
dioxide emissions, and the environmental impact from
carbon dioxide emissions, from new and existing coal
and natural gas plants, including by--
``(i) accelerating the development of
technologies to capture carbon dioxide
emissions from new and existing coal and
natural gas plants;
``(ii) accelerating the development of
technologies to capture carbon dioxide
emissions from industrial facilities,
including--
``(I) nontraditional fuel
manufacturing facilities, including
ethanol or other biofuel production
plants; and
``(II) energy-intensive
manufacturing facilities that produce
carbon dioxide as a byproduct of
operations;
``(iii) supporting sites for safe
geological storage of large volumes of
anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide and the
development of the infrastructure needed to
support a carbon dioxide utilization and
storage industry;
``(iv) improving the conversion,
utilization, and storage of carbon dioxide
produced from fossil fuels and other
anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide;
``(v) lowering greenhouse gas emissions for
all fossil fuel production, generation,
delivery, and use, to the maximum extent
practicable;
``(vi) developing carbon utilization
technologies, products, and methods, including
carbon use and reuse for commercial
application; and
``(vii) developing net-negative carbon
dioxide emissions technologies.
``(C) Decreasing the non-carbon dioxide relevant
environmental impacts of coal and natural gas
production, including by--
``(i) further reducing non-carbon dioxide
air emissions; and
``(ii) reducing the use, and managing the
discharge, of water in power plant operations.
``(D) Examining methods of converting coal and
natural gas to other valuable products and commodities
in addition to electricity.
``(4) Cross-cutting direction for carbon capture,
utilization, and sequestration activities.--The carbon capture,
utilization, and sequestration activities described in
paragraph (3)(B) shall be--
``(A) cross-cutting in nature; and
``(B) carried out by the Assistant Secretary for
Fossil Energy, in coordination with the heads of other
relevant offices of the Department, including the
Director of the Office of Science and the Assistant
Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
``(5) Consultations required.--In carrying out the program,
the Secretary shall--
``(A) undertake international collaborations,
taking into consideration the recommendations of the
National Coal Council;
``(B) use existing authorities to encourage
international cooperation; and
``(C) consult with interested entities, including--
``(i) coal and natural gas producers;
``(ii) industries that use coal and natural
gas;
``(iii) organizations that promote coal,
advanced coal, and natural gas technologies;
``(iv) environmental organizations;
``(v) organizations representing workers;
and
``(vi) organizations representing
consumers.
``(c) Report.--
``(1) In general.--Not later than 18 months after the date
of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to Congress
a report describing the program goals and objectives adopted
under subsection (b)(3).
``(2) Update.--Not less frequently than once every 2 years
after the initial report is submitted under paragraph (1), the
Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describing the
progress made towards achieving the program goals and
objectives adopted under subsection (b)(3).
``(d) Funding.--
``(1) Authorization of appropriations.--There are
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out
this section, to remain available until expended--
``(A) for activities under the research and
development program component described in subsection
(b)(2)(A)--
``(i) $230,000,000 for each of fiscal years
2020 and 2021; and
``(ii) $150,000,000 for each of fiscal
years 2022 through 2024;
``(B) subject to paragraph (2), for activities
under the large-scale pilot projects program component
described in subsection (b)(2)(B)--
``(i) $347,000,000 for each of fiscal years
2020 and 2021;
``(ii) $272,000,000 for each of fiscal
years 2022 and 2023; and
``(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
``(C) for activities under the demonstration
projects program component described in subsection
(b)(2)(C)--
``(i) $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years
2020 and 2021; and
``(ii) $500,000,000 for each of fiscal
years 2022 through 2024; and
``(D) for activities under the front-end
engineering and design program described in subsection
(b)(2)(D), $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2020
through 2023.
``(2) Cost sharing for large-scale pilot projects.--
Activities under subsection (b)(2)(B) shall be subject to the
cost-sharing requirements of section 988(b).''.
(b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) is amended by
striking the item relating to section 962 and inserting the following:
``Sec. 962. Coal and natural gas technology program.''.
SEC. 3. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING.
(a) In General.--The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by
striking section 963 (42 U.S. C. 16293) and inserting the following:
``SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING.
``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
``(1) Electric generation unit.--The term `electric
generation unit' means an electric generation unit that--
``(A) uses coal- or natural gas-based generation
technology; and
``(B) is capable of capturing carbon dioxide
emissions from the unit.
``(2) Large-scale carbon sequestration.--The term `large-
scale carbon sequestration' means a scale that demonstrates the
ability to inject into geologic formations and sequester
several million metric tons of carbon dioxide for not less than
a 10-year period.
``(3) Program.--The term `program' means the program
established under subsection (b)(1).
``(b) Carbon Storage Program.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a program
of research, development, and demonstration for carbon storage.
``(2) Program activities.--Activities under the program
shall include--
``(A) in coordination with relevant Federal
agencies, developing and maintaining mapping tools and
resources that assess the capacity of geologic storage
formation in the United States;
``(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling of
geologic formations, and analyses--
``(i) to predict and verify carbon dioxide
containment; and
``(ii) to account for sequestered carbon
dioxide in geologic storage sites;
``(C) researching--
``(i) potential environmental, safety, and
health impacts in the event of a leak into the
atmosphere or to an aquifer; and
``(ii) any corresponding mitigation actions
or responses to limit harmful consequences of
such a leak;
``(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon dioxide
with formation solids and fluids, including the
propensity of injections to induce seismic activity;
``(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of
operations relating to geologic sequestration of carbon
dioxide;
``(F) determining the fate of carbon dioxide
concurrent with and following injection into geologic
formations; and
``(G) supporting cost and business model
assessments to examine the economic viability of
technologies and systems developed under the program.
``(3) Geologic settings.--In carrying out research
activities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider
a variety of candidate geologic settings, including--
``(A) operating oil and gas fields;
``(B) depleted oil and gas fields;
``(C) residual oil zones;
``(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock types;
``(E) unmineable coal seams;
``(F) saline formations in both sedimentary and
basaltic geologies;
``(G) geologic systems that may be used as
engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities
of brine from geothermal resources of low permeability
or porosity; and
``(H) geologic systems containing in situ carbon
dioxide mineralization formations.
``(c) Large-Scale Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Program.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a
demonstration program under which the Secretary shall provide
funding for demonstration projects to collect and validate
information on the cost and feasibility of commercial
deployment of large-scale carbon sequestration technologies.
``(2) Existing regional carbon sequestration
partnerships.--In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary may
provide additional funding to regional carbon sequestration
partnerships that are carrying out or have completed a large-
scale carbon sequestration demonstration project under this
section (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment
of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of
2019) for additional work on that project.
``(3) Demonstration components.--Each demonstration project
carried out under this subsection shall include longitudinal
tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring,
mitigation, and verification operations.
``(4) Clearinghouse.--The National Energy Technology
Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of shared information
and resources for--
``(A) existing or completed demonstration projects
receiving additional funding under paragraph (2); and
``(B) any new demonstration projects funded under
this subsection.
``(5) Report.--Not later than 1 year after the date of
enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology
Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on
Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives
a report that--
``(A) assesses the progress of all regional carbon
sequestration partnerships carrying out a demonstration
project under this subsection;
``(B) identifies the remaining challenges in
achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is
reliable and safe for the environment and public
health; and
``(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage research
and development activities of the Department through
2025, with the goal of reducing economic and policy
barriers to commercial carbon sequestration.
``(d) Integrated Storage Program.--
``(1) In general.--The Secretary may establish a program to
transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration
projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial
storage complexes.
``(2) Goals and objectives.--The goals and objectives of
the program described in paragraph (1) shall be--
``(A) to identify geologic storage sites that are
able to accept large volumes of carbon dioxide
acceptable for commercial contracts;
``(B) to understand the technical and commercial
viability of carbon dioxide geologic storage sites; and
``(C) to carry out any other activities necessary
to transition the large-scale carbon sequestration
demonstration projects under subsection (c) into
integrated commercial storage complexes.
``(e) Cost Sharing.--Activities carried out under this section
shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section 988.
``(f) Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture Contracting Authority.--
``(1) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology
Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on
Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives
a report that--
``(A) describes the costs and benefits of entering
into long-term binding contracts on behalf of the
Federal Government with qualified parties to provide
support for capturing carbon dioxide from electricity
generated at an electric generation unit or carbon
dioxide captured from an electric generation unit and
sold to a purchaser for--
``(i) the recovery of crude oil; or
``(ii) other purposes for which a
commercial market exists;
``(B) contains an analysis of how the Department
would establish, implement, and maintain a contracting
program described in subparagraph (A); and
``(C) outlines options for how contracts may be
structured, and regulations that would be necessary, to
implement a contracting program described in
subparagraph (A).
``(g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
``(1) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;
``(2) $110,250,000 for fiscal year 2021;
``(3) $115,763,000 for fiscal year 2022;
``(4) $121,551,000 for fiscal year 2023; and
``(5) $127,628,000 for fiscal year 2024.''.
(b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600; 121 Stat. 1708)
is amended by striking the item relating to section 963 and inserting
the following:
``Sec. 963. Carbon storage validation and testing.''.
SEC. 4. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.
(a) Carbon Utilization Program.--
(1) In general.--Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) is amended by
adding at the end the following:
``SEC. 969. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.
``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish a program of
research, development, and demonstration for carbon utilization--
``(1) to assess and monitor--
``(A) potential changes in lifecycle carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gas emissions; and
``(B) other environmental safety indicators of new
technologies, practices, processes, or methods used in
enhanced hydrocarbon recovery as part of the activities
authorized under section 963;
``(2) to identify and assess novel uses for carbon,
including the conversion of carbon dioxide for commercial and
industrial products, such as--
``(A) chemicals;
``(B) plastics;
``(C) building materials;
``(D) fuels;
``(E) cement;
``(F) products of coal use in power systems or
other applications; or
``(G) other products with demonstrated market
value;
``(3) to identify and assess carbon capture technologies
for industrial systems; and
``(4) to identify and assess alternative uses for coal,
including products derived from carbon engineering, carbon
fiber, and coal conversion methods.
``(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
``(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;
``(2) $26,250,000 for fiscal year 2021;
``(3) $27,562,500 for fiscal year 2022;
``(4) $28,940,625 for fiscal year 2023; and
``(5) $30,387,656 for fiscal year 2024.''.
(2) Technical amendment.--The table of contents for the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) is
amended by adding at the end of the items relating to subtitle
F of title IX the following:
``Sec. 969. Carbon utilization program.''.
(b) Study.--
(1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall enter into
an agreement with the National Academies of Sciences,
Engineering, and Medicine under which the National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine shall conduct a study to
assess any barriers and opportunities relating to
commercializing carbon dioxide in the United States.
(2) Requirements.--The study under paragraph (1) shall--
(A) analyze challenges to commercializing carbon
dioxide, including--
(i) expanding carbon dioxide pipeline
capacity;
(ii) mitigating environmental impacts;
(iii) access to capital;
(iv) geographic barriers; and
(v) regional economic challenges and
opportunities;
(B) identify potential markets, industries, or
sectors that may benefit from greater access to
commercial carbon dioxide;
(C) assess--
(i) the state of infrastructure as of the
date of the study; and
(ii) any necessary updates to
infrastructure to allow for the integration of
safe and reliable carbon dioxide
transportation, use, and storage;
(D) describe the economic, climate, and
environmental impacts of any well-integrated national
carbon dioxide pipeline system, including suggestions
for policies that could--
(i) improve the economic impact of the
system; and
(ii) mitigate impacts of the system;
(E) assess the global status and progress of
chemical and biological carbon utilization technologies
in practice as of the date of the study that utilize
anthropogenic carbon, including carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, methane, and biogas, from power generation,
biofuels production, and other industrial processes;
(F) identify emerging technologies and approaches
for carbon utilization that show promise for scale-up,
demonstration, deployment, and commercialization;
(G) analyze the factors associated with making
carbon utilization technologies viable at a commercial
scale, including carbon waste stream availability,
economics, market capacity, energy, and lifecycle
requirements;
(H)(i) assess the major technical challenges
associated with increasing the commercial viability of
carbon reuse technologies; and
(ii) identify the research and development
questions that will address the challenges described in
clause (i);
(I)(i) assess research efforts being carried out as
of the date of the study, including basic, applied,
engineering, and computational research efforts, that
are addressing the challenges described in subparagraph
(H)(i); and
(ii) identify gaps in the research efforts under
clause (i); and
(J) develop a comprehensive research agenda that
addresses long- and short-term research needs and
opportunities.
(3) Deadline.--Not later than 180 days after the date of
enactment of this Act, the National Academies of Sciences,
Engineering, and Medicine shall submit to the Secretary of
Energy a report describing the results of the study under
paragraph (1).
SEC. 5. CARBON REMOVAL.
(a) In General.--Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy Policy Act of
2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) (as amended by section 4(a)(1)) is
amended by adding at the end the following:
``SEC. 969A. CARBON REMOVAL.
``(a) Establishment.--The Secretary, in coordination with the heads
of appropriate Federal agencies, including the Secretary of
Agriculture, shall establish a research, development, and demonstration
program (referred to in this section as the `program') to test,
validate, or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale.
``(b) Cross-Cutting Direction.--The Secretary shall ensure that the
program--
``(1) is cross-cutting in nature; and
``(2) includes the coordinated participation of the Office
of Fossil Energy, the Office of Science, and the Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
``(c) Program Activities.--The program may include research,
development, and demonstration activities relating to--
``(1) direct air capture and storage technologies;
``(2) bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration;
``(3) enhanced geological weathering;
``(4) agricultural and grazing practices;
``(5) forest management and afforestation; and
``(6) planned or managed carbon sinks, including natural
and artificial.
``(d) Requirements.--In developing and identifying carbon removal
technologies and strategies under the program, the Secretary shall
consider--
``(1) land use changes, including impacts on natural and
managed ecosystems;
``(2) ocean acidification;
``(3) net greenhouse gas emissions;
``(4) commercial viability;
``(5) potential for near-term impact;
``(6) potential for carbon reductions on a gigaton scale;
and
``(7) economic cobenefits.
``(e) Air Capture Technology Prize Competition.--
``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection:
``(A) Dilute media.--The term `dilute media' means
media in which the concentration of carbon dioxide is
less than 1 percent by volume.
``(B) Prize competition.--The term `prize
competition' means the competitive technology prize
competition established under paragraph (2).
``(2) Establishment.--Not later than 1 year after the date
of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon
Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary, in consultation with the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall
establish as part of the program a competitive technology prize
competition to award prizes for carbon dioxide capture from
dilute media.
``(3) Requirements.--In carrying out this subsection, the
Secretary, in accordance with section 24 of the Stevenson-
Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719),
shall develop requirements for--
``(A) the prize competition process; and
``(B) monitoring and verification procedures for
projects selected to receive a prize under the prize
competition.
``(4) Eligible projects.--To be eligible to be awarded a
prize under the prize competition, a project shall--
``(A) meet minimum performance standards set by the
Secretary;
``(B) meet minimum levels set by the Secretary for
the capture of carbon dioxide from dilute media; and
``(C) demonstrate in the application of the project
for a prize--
``(i) a design for a promising carbon
capture technology that will--
``(I) be operated on a
demonstration scale; and
``(II) have the potential to
achieve significant reduction in the
level of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere;
``(ii) a successful bench-scale
demonstration of a carbon capture technology;
or
``(iii) an operational carbon capture
technology on a commercial scale.
``(f) Intraagency Coordination.--The direct air capture activities
carried out under subsections (c)(1) and (e) shall be carried out in
coordination with, and leveraging lessons learned from, the coal and
natural gas technology program established under section 962(b)(1).
``(g) Accounting.--The Secretary shall collaborate with the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the heads of
other relevant Federal agencies to develop and improve accounting
frameworks and tools to accurately measure carbon removal and
sequestration methods and technologies across the Federal Government.
``(h) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
``(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which
$15,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (e);
``(2) $31,500,000 for fiscal year 2021;
``(3) $33,075,000 for fiscal year 2022;
``(4) $34,729,000 for fiscal year 2023; and
``(5) $36,465,000 for fiscal year 2024.''.
(b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) (as amended by
section 4(a)(2)) is amended by adding at the end of the items relating
to subtitle F of title IX the following:
``Sec. 969A. Carbon removal.''.
SEC. 6. FOSSIL ENERGY.
Section 961(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C.
16291(a)) is amended--
(1) in paragraph (6), by inserting ``, including technology
development to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and
associated emissions of heavy metals within coal combustion
residues and gas streams resulting from fossil fuel use and
production'' before the period at the end; and
(2) by striking paragraph (7) and inserting the following:
``(7) Increasing the export of emissions control
technologies from the United States for fossil energy-related
equipment, technology, and services.
``(8) Developing carbon removal and utilization
technologies, products, and methods that result in net
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, including direct air
capture and storage, and carbon use and reuse for commercial
application.
``(9) Improving the conversion, use, and storage of carbon
dioxide produced from fossil fuels.''.
<all>