[Congressional Bills 114th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 1072 Introduced in House (IH)]

114th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                H. R. 1072

To establish a commission to conduct a comprehensive review of Federal 
 agencies and programs and to recommend the elimination or realignment 
    of duplicative, wasteful, or outdated functions, and for other 
                               purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                           February 25, 2015

 Mr. Fleming introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
 Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, and in addition to the 
Committees on Rules and Appropriations, for a period to be subsequently 
   determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such 
 provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
To establish a commission to conduct a comprehensive review of Federal 
 agencies and programs and to recommend the elimination or realignment 
    of duplicative, wasteful, or outdated functions, and for other 
                               purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Realign and 
Eliminate Duplicative Unnecessary Costly Excess in Government Act of 
2015'' or the ``REDUCE Government Act''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. Establishment of Commission.
Sec. 4. Duties of the Commission.
Sec. 5. Powers of the Commission.
Sec. 6. Commission personnel matters.
Sec. 7. Termination of the Commission.
Sec. 8. Closure and realignment of agencies and programs.
Sec. 9. Congressional consideration of commission recommendations.
Sec. 10. Offsetting rescissions.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Agency.--The term ``agency'' has the meaning given the 
        term ``Executive agency'' under section 105 of title 5, United 
        States Code.
            (2) Calendar day.--The term ``calendar day'' means a 
        calendar day other than one on which either House is not in 
        session because of an adjournment of more than three days to a 
        date certain.
            (3) State.--The term ``State'' means each of the several 
        States, the District of Columbia, each territory or possession 
        of the United States, and each federally recognized Indian 
        tribe.

SEC. 3. ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMISSION.

    (a) Establishment.--There is established the Federal Realignment 
and Closure Commission (hereafter in this Act referred to as the 
``Commission'').
    (b) Membership.--
            (1) Number and appointment.--The Commission shall be 
        composed of 9 members, appointed by the President by and with 
        the advice and consent of the Senate as follows:
                    (A) Two in consultation with the Speaker of the 
                House of Representatives.
                    (B) One in consultation with the minority leader of 
                the House of Representatives.
                    (C) Two in consultation with the majority leader of 
                the Senate.
                    (D) One in consultation with the minority leader of 
                the Senate.
            (2) Member restriction.--A member of the Commission may not 
        be a sitting Member of Congress or a current employee of the 
        executive branch.
            (3) Chairman and vice chairman.--At the time the President 
        appoints individuals to the Commission under this paragraph, 
        the President shall designate 1 such individual who shall serve 
        as chairman and 1 such individual who shall serve as vice 
        chairman. The chairman and vice chairman may not be of the same 
        political party.
    (c) Period of Appointment; Vacancies.--Members shall be appointed 
for the life of the Commission. Any vacancy in the Commission shall not 
affect its powers, but shall be filled in the same manner as the 
original appointment.
    (d) Initial Meeting.--Not later than 30 days after the date on 
which all members of the Commission have been appointed, the Commission 
shall hold its first meeting.
    (e) Meetings.--The Commission shall meet at the call of the 
chairman.
    (f) Quorum.--A majority of the members of the Commission shall 
constitute a quorum, but a lesser number of members may hold hearings.

SEC. 4. DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION.

    (a) Systematic Assessment of Programs by the Commission.--
            (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (4), not 
        later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, 
        the Commission shall establish a systematic method for 
        assessing the effectiveness and accountability of agency 
        programs in accordance with paragraph (2) and divide the 
        programs into three approximately equal budgetary groupings 
        based on the size of the budget and number of personnel of the 
        agency program.
            (2) Method objectives.--The method established under 
        paragraph (1) shall--
                    (A) recognize different types of Federal programs;
                    (B) assess programs based on the achievement of 
                performance goals (as defined under section 1115(h)(9) 
                of title 31, United States Code);
                    (C) assess programs based in part on the adequacy 
                of the program's performance measures, financial 
                management, and other factors;
                    (D) assess programs based in part on whether the 
                program has fulfilled the legislative intent 
                surrounding the creation of the program, taking into 
                account any change in legislative intent during the 
                program's existence; and
                    (E) assess programs based in part on collaborative 
                analysis, with the program or agency, of program policy 
                and goals which may not fit into easily measurable 
                performance goals.
            (3) Comptroller general recommendations.--The Comptroller 
        General of the United States shall--
                    (A) assist the Commission, to the extent requested, 
                in the Commission's evaluation of agencies and programs 
                under subsection (b)(1); and
                    (B) by no later than March 30 of each year in which 
                an evaluation is carried out under subsection (b)(1), 
                submit to the Commission a report containing the 
                Comptroller General's recommendations for the agencies 
                and programs that should be realigned or eliminated 
                within the grouping evaluated that year.
            (4) Department of defense exemption.--The Commission shall 
        not consider Department of Defense programs.
    (b) Evaluation, Plan, and Recommendations.--
            (1) Evaluation.--Subject to subsection (e), during each of 
        2017, 2019, and 2021 the Commission shall evaluate all 
        agencies, and programs within those agencies, in a grouping 
        identified in the assessment under subsection (a), with one 
        grouping evaluated each year over those three years, using the 
        criteria under paragraph (3). In carrying out the evaluation, 
        the Commission shall consider the report of the Comptroller 
        General submitted under subsection (a)(3).
            (2) Plan and recommendations.--
                    (A) In general.--Not later than June 30 of a year 
                in which an evaluation is carried out under paragraph 
                (1), the Commission shall, with respect to the 
                evaluation carried out during that year, submit to the 
                President and Congress a plan with recommendations of 
                the agencies and programs that should be realigned or 
                eliminated within the grouping evaluated that year.
                    (B) Implementation description required.--The plan 
                described in subparagraph (A) shall include a detailed 
                description of the actions necessary to implement the 
                plan and complete the reorganization, including a 
                projected timetable for completion of the 
                implementation process.
                    (C) Plan approval.--The plan must be approved by at 
                least 5 members of the Commission.
            (3) Criteria.--
                    (A) In general.--The Commission shall evaluate the 
                efficiency and public need for each agency using the 
                following criteria:
                            (i) The effectiveness, and the efficiency 
                        of the operation of, the programs carried out 
                        by each such agency.
                            (ii) Whether the programs carried out by 
                        the agency are cost effective.
                            (iii) Whether the agency or program has 
                        acted outside the scope of its original 
                        authority, and whether the original objectives 
                        of the agency have been achieved.
                            (iv) The extent to which the jurisdiction 
                        of, and the programs administered by, the 
                        agency duplicate or conflict with the 
                        jurisdiction and programs of other agencies.
                            (v) The potential benefits of consolidating 
                        programs administered by the agency with 
                        similar or duplicative programs of other 
                        agencies, and the potential for consolidating 
                        such programs.
                            (vi) The extent to which the agency has 
                        complied with the applicable provisions 
                        contained in sections 1115, 1116, 1120, 1121, 
                        1123, and 1124 of title 31, United States Code, 
                        and section 306 of title 5, United States Code, 
                        as well as recommendations contained in the 
                        reports required by such sections.
                            (vii) The extent to which State and local 
                        governments already collect information or 
                        perform services conducted by the Federal 
                        program or agency.
                    (B) Duplicative.--If 2 or more agencies or programs 
                are performing the same essential function and the 
                function can be consolidated or streamlined into a 
                single agency or program, the Commission shall 
                recommend that the agencies or programs be realigned.
                    (C) Wasteful or inefficient.--The Commission may 
                recommend the realignment or elimination of any agency 
                or program that has wasted Federal funds by--
                            (i) spending funds on items outside the 
                        authorized mission or purpose of the agency or 
                        program;
                            (ii) mismanagement of resources and 
                        personnel; or
                            (iii) use of such funds for personal 
                        benefit or the benefit of a special interest 
                        group.
                    (D) Outdated, irrelevant, or failed.--The 
                Commission shall recommend the elimination of any 
                agency or program that--
                            (i) has completed its intended purpose, if 
                        such purpose is defined under the law;
                            (ii) has become irrelevant; or
                            (iii) has failed to meet its objectives.
            (4) Relocation of federal employees.--The plan under 
        paragraph (2) shall provide that if the position of an employee 
        of an agency is eliminated as a result of the implementation of 
        the plan, the affected agency shall make reasonable efforts to 
        relocate such employee to another position within the agency or 
        within another Federal agency.
            (5) Use of savings.--All funds saved by the implementation 
        of the plan shall be used for deficit reduction.
            (6) Limitation on recommendations in plan.--The plan under 
        paragraph (2)--
                    (A) may not recommend the creation of a new agency, 
                unless such agency is the result of a consolidation of 
                existing agencies, the result of such consolidation 
                producing an overall reduction in amounts provided in 
                annual appropriations Acts and the number of personnel;
                    (B) may recommend the removal of part of an agency 
                from an agency; and
                    (C) may not recommend--
                            (i) continuing an agency beyond the period 
                        authorized by law for its existence or beyond 
                        the time when it would have terminated if the 
                        realignment had not been made;
                            (ii) continuing a function beyond the 
                        period authorized by law for its exercise or 
                        beyond the time when it would have terminated 
                        if the realignment had not been made;
                            (iii) authorizing an agency to exercise a 
                        function which is not expressly authorized by 
                        law at the time the plan is transmitted to 
                        Congress;
                            (iv) increasing the term of an office 
                        beyond that provided by law for the office;
                            (v) the consolidation or realignment of any 
                        entity outside of the executive branch, 
                        including moving an agency outside the 
                        executive branch; or
                            (vi) the modification of any funding that 
                        is not an appropriation.
            (7) Information to members of congress.--After June 30 of 
        each year in which the Commission submits a plan and 
        recommendations to the President and Congress under this 
        subsection, the Commission shall promptly provide, upon 
        request, to any Member of Congress information used by the 
        Commission in making its recommendations.
    (c) Consideration of Suggestions From Public Through Website.--In 
carrying out its duties under this Act, the Commission shall--
            (1) establish a website for the purpose of allowing any 
        member of the public to submit suggestions to the Commission 
        for its consideration; and
            (2) consider each such suggestion submitted through the 
        website.
    (d) Review by the President.--
            (1) Evaluation required.--The President shall, by no later 
        than August 15 of a year in which the Commission carries out an 
        evaluation under subsection (b)(1), transmit to the Commission 
        and to Congress a report containing the President's approval or 
        disapproval of the Commission's plan and recommendations.
            (2) Approval of plan.--The President may approve the plan 
        and recommendations of the Commission if the President finds 
        that the plan is in accordance with the criteria and limitation 
        described in paragraphs (3) and (6) of subsection (b), 
        respectively. If the President approves all the plan and 
        recommendations of the Commission, the President shall transmit 
        a copy of such plan and recommendations to Congress, together 
        with a certification of such approval.
            (3) Disapproval of plan.--If the President disapproves the 
        plan and recommendations of the Commission, in whole or in 
        part, the President shall transmit to the Commission and 
        Congress the reasons for that disapproval. The Commission shall 
        then transmit to the President, by no later than September 15 
        of the year in which the evaluation was carried out, a revised 
        list of recommendations for the closure or realignment of 
        agencies and programs.
            (4) Approval of revised plan.--If the President finds that 
        the revised plan is in accordance with the criteria and 
        limitation described in paragraphs (3) and (6) of subsection 
        (b), respectively, and approves all of the revised plan and 
        recommendations of the Commission transmitted to the President 
        under paragraph (3), the President shall transmit a copy of 
        such revised plan and recommendations to Congress, together 
        with a certification of such approval.
            (5) Termination of assessment.--If the President does not 
        transmit to Congress an approval and certification described in 
        paragraph (2) or (4) by October 15 of any year in which the 
        Commission has transmitted its plan and recommendations to the 
        President under this section, the process by which agencies and 
        programs may be selected for realignment or elimination under 
        this Act with respect to that year shall be terminated.
    (e) Carryforward of Grouping and Evaluation.--If the process by 
which agencies and programs may be selected for realignment or 
elimination under this Act with respect to a year is terminated under 
subsection (d)(5) if the termination occurs in 2017 or 2019, the 
grouping of agencies and programs evaluated that year shall be included 
in the grouping evaluated under subsection (b)(1) in the next year an 
evaluation is conducted.

SEC. 5. POWERS OF THE COMMISSION.

    (a) Hearings.--
            (1) In general.--The Commission or, at its direction, any 
        subcommittee or member of the Commission, may, for the purpose 
        of carrying out this Act--
                    (A) hold such hearings, sit and act at such times 
                and places, take such testimony, receive such evidence, 
                and administer such oaths as any member of the 
                Commission considers advisable;
                    (B) require, by subpoena or otherwise, the 
                attendance and testimony of such witnesses as any 
                member of the Commission considers advisable; and
                    (C) require, by subpoena or otherwise, the 
                production of such books, records, correspondence, 
                memoranda, papers, documents, tapes, and other 
                evidentiary materials relating to any matter under 
                investigation by the Commission.
            (2) Testimony under oath.--All testimony before the 
        Commission shall be under oath.
    (b) Issuance and Enforcement of Subpoenas.--
            (1) Issuance.--Subpoenas issued under subsection (a) shall 
        bear the signature of the chairman of the Commission and shall 
        be served by any person or class of persons designated by the 
        chairman for that purpose.
            (2) Enforcement.--In the case of contumacy or failure to 
        obey a subpoena issued under subsection (a), the United States 
        district court for the judicial district in which the 
        subpoenaed person resides, is served, or may be found, may 
        issue an order requiring such person to appear at any 
        designated place to testify or to produce documentary or other 
        evidence. Any failure to obey the order of the court may be 
        punished by the court as a contempt of that court.
    (c) Information From Federal Agencies.--The Commission may secure 
directly from any Federal department or agency such information as the 
Commission considers necessary to carry out this Act. Upon request of 
the chairman of the Commission, the head of such department or agency 
shall furnish such information to the Commission.
    (d) Postal Services.--The Commission may use the United States 
mails in the same manner and under the same conditions as other 
departments and agencies of the Federal Government.

SEC. 6. COMMISSION PERSONNEL MATTERS.

    (a) Compensation of Members.--
            (1) Non-federal members.--Except as provided under 
        subsection (b), each member of the Commission who is not an 
        officer or employee of the Federal Government shall not be 
        compensated.
            (2) Federal employees.--All members of the Commission who 
        are employees of the United States shall serve without 
        compensation in addition to that received for their services as 
        employees of the United States.
    (b) Travel Expenses.--The members of the Commission shall be 
allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at 
rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of 
chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code, while away from their homes 
or regular places of business in the performance of services for the 
Commission.
    (c) Staff.--
            (1) In general.--The chairman of the Commission may, 
        without regard to the civil service laws and regulations, 
        appoint and terminate an executive director and such other 
        additional personnel as may be necessary to enable the 
        Commission to perform its duties. The employment of an 
        executive director shall be subject to confirmation by the 
        Commission.
            (2) Compensation.--Upon the approval of the chairman, the 
        executive director may fix the compensation of the executive 
        director and other personnel without regard to chapter 51 and 
        subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code, 
        relating to classification of positions and General Schedule 
        pay rates, except that the rate of pay for the executive 
        director and other personnel may not exceed the maximum rate 
        payable for a position at GS-15 of the General Schedule under 
        section 5332 of such title.
            (3) Personnel as federal employees.--
                    (A) In general.--The executive director and any 
                personnel of the Commission who are employees shall be 
                employees under section 2105 of title 5, United States 
                Code, for purposes of chapters 63, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 
                89, and 90 of that title.
                    (B) Members of commission.--Subparagraph (A) shall 
                not be construed to apply to members of the Commission.
    (d) Detail of Government Employees.--Any Federal Government 
employee may be detailed to the Commission without reimbursement, and 
such detail shall be without interruption or loss of civil service 
status or privilege.
    (e) Security Clearance.--As a condition of appointment to or 
employment with the Commission, the members and staff of the Commission 
shall hold appropriate security clearances for access to any classified 
briefing, records, and materials that may be reviewed by the Commission 
or its staff and shall follow the guidance and practices on security 
under applicable Executive orders and agency directives.
    (f) Library of Congress.--Upon the request of the Commission, the 
Librarian of Congress shall provide to the Commission, on a 
reimbursable basis, administrative support services, research services, 
and research staff necessary for the Commission to carry out its 
responsibilities under this Act.
    (g) Procurement of Temporary and Intermittent Services.--The 
chairman of the Commission may procure temporary and intermittent 
services under section 3109(b) of title 5, United States Code, at rates 
for individuals which do not exceed the daily equivalent of the annual 
rate of basic pay prescribed for level V of the Executive Schedule 
under section 5316 of such title.

SEC. 7. TERMINATION OF THE COMMISSION.

    The Commission shall terminate 120 days after the date on which the 
Commission submits the final plan and recommendations under section 
3(b).

SEC. 8. CLOSURE AND REALIGNMENT OF AGENCIES AND PROGRAMS.

    (a) In General.--Subject to subsection (b), the President shall--
            (1) eliminate all agencies and programs recommended for 
        elimination by the Commission in each report submitted to 
        Congress by the President under section 4(d);
            (2) realign all agencies and programs recommended for 
        realignment by such Commission in each such report;
            (3) initiate all such eliminations and realignments no 
        later than 2 years after the date on which the President 
        submits a report to Congress under section 4(d) containing the 
        recommendations for such eliminations or realignments; and
            (4) complete all such eliminations and realignments no 
        later than the end of the 6-year period beginning on the date 
        on which the President submits the report under section 4(d) 
        containing the recommendations for such closures or 
        realignments.
    (b) Congressional Disapproval.--
            (1) In general.--The President may not carry out any 
        elimination or realignment recommended in a report submitted by 
        the President under section 4(d) if a joint resolution is 
        enacted, in accordance with the provisions of section 9, 
        disapproving such recommendations before the earlier of--
                    (A) the end of the 45-day period beginning on the 
                date on which the President submits such report; or
                    (B) the adjournment of Congress sine die for the 
                session during which such report is submitted.
            (2) Computation of days.--For purposes of paragraph (1) of 
        this subsection and subsections (a) and (c) of section 9, the 
        days on which either House of Congress is not in session 
        because of adjournment of more than 3 days to a day certain 
        shall be excluded in the computation of a period.

SEC. 9. CONGRESSIONAL CONSIDERATION OF COMMISSION RECOMMENDATIONS.

    (a) Terms of the Resolution.--For purposes of section 8(b), the 
term ``joint resolution'' means only a joint resolution which is 
introduced within the 10-day period beginning on the date on which the 
President submits the report to Congress under section 4(d), and--
            (1) which does not have a preamble;
            (2) the matter after the resolving clause of which is as 
        follows: ``That Congress disapproves the recommendations of the 
        Federal Realignment and Closure Commission as submitted by the 
        President on __________'', the blank space being filled in with 
        the appropriate date; and
            (3) the title of which is as follows: ``Joint resolution 
        disapproving the recommendations of the Federal Realignment and 
        Closure Commission.''.
    (b) Referral.--A resolution described in subsection (a) that is 
introduced in the House of Representatives shall be referred to the 
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the House of 
Representatives. A resolution described in subsection (a) introduced in 
the Senate shall be referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and 
Governmental Affairs of the Senate.
    (c) Discharge.--If the committee to which a resolution described in 
subsection (a) is referred has not reported such a resolution (or an 
identical resolution) by the end of the 20-day period beginning on the 
date on which the President submits the report to Congress under 
section 4(d), such committee shall be, at the end of such period, 
discharged from further consideration of such resolution, and such 
resolution shall be placed on the appropriate calendar of the House 
involved.
    (d) Consideration.--
            (1) In general.--On or after the third day after the date 
        on which the committee to which such a resolution is referred 
        has reported, or has been discharged (under subsection (c)) 
        from further consideration of, such a resolution, it is in 
        order (even though a previous motion to the same effect has 
        been disagreed to) for any Member of the respective House to 
        move to proceed to the consideration of the resolution. A 
        Member may make the motion only on the day after the calendar 
        day on which the Member announces to the House concerned the 
        Member's intention to make the motion, except that, in the case 
        of the House of Representatives, the motion may be made without 
        such prior announcement if the motion is made by direction of 
        the committee to which the resolution was referred. The motion 
        is highly privileged in the House of Representatives and is 
        privileged in the Senate and is not debatable. The motion is 
        not subject to amendment, or to a motion to postpone, or to a 
        motion to proceed to the consideration of other business. A 
        motion to reconsider the vote by which the motion is agreed to 
        or disagreed to shall not be in order. If a motion to proceed 
        to the consideration of the resolution is agreed to, the 
        respective House shall immediately proceed to consideration of 
        the joint resolution without intervening motion, order, or 
        other business, and the resolution shall remain the unfinished 
        business of the respective House until disposed of.
            (2) Debate.--Debate on the resolution, and on all debatable 
        motions and appeals in connection therewith, shall be limited 
        to not more than 2 hours, which shall be divided equally 
        between those favoring and those opposing the resolution. An 
        amendment to the resolution is not in order. A motion further 
        to limit debate is in order and not debatable. A motion to 
        postpone, or a motion to proceed to the consideration of other 
        business, or a motion to recommit the resolution is not in 
        order. A motion to reconsider the vote by which the resolution 
        is agreed to or disagreed to is not in order.
            (3) Vote on final passage.--Immediately following the 
        conclusion of the debate on a resolution described in 
        subsection (a) and a single quorum call at the conclusion of 
        the debate if requested in accordance with the rules of the 
        appropriate House, the vote on final passage of the resolution 
        shall occur.
            (4) Appeals on decisions by the chair.--Appeals from the 
        decisions of the Chair relating to the application of the rules 
        of the Senate or the House of Representatives, as the case may 
        be, to the procedure relating to a resolution described in 
        subsection (a) shall be decided without debate.
    (e) Consideration by Other House.--
            (1) Disposition of resolution.--If, before the passage by 
        one House of a resolution of that House described in subsection 
        (a), that House receives from the other House a resolution 
        described in subsection (a), then the following procedures 
        shall apply--
                    (A) the resolution of the other House shall not be 
                referred to a committee and may not be considered in 
                the House receiving it except in the case of final 
                passage as provided in subparagraph (B)(ii); and
                    (B) with respect to a resolution described in 
                subsection (a) of the House receiving the resolution 
                (i) the procedure in that House shall be the same as if 
                no resolution had been received from the other House; 
                but (ii) the vote on final passage shall be on the 
                resolution of the other House.
            (2) Not in order to consider other resolution.--Upon 
        disposition of the resolution received from the other House, it 
        shall no longer be in order to consider the resolution that 
        originated in the receiving House.
    (f) Rules of the Senate and House.--This section is enacted by 
Congress--
            (1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate 
        and House of Representatives, respectively, and as such it is 
        deemed a part of the rules of each House, respectively, but 
        applicable only with respect to the procedure to be followed in 
        that House in the case of a resolution described in subsection 
        (a), and it supersedes other rules only to the extent that it 
        is inconsistent with such rules; and
            (2) with full recognition of the constitutional right of 
        either House to change the rules (so far as relating to the 
        procedure of that House) at any time, in the same manner, and 
        to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of that 
        House.

SEC. 10. OFFSETTING RESCISSIONS.

    Of the unobligated balance of funds available for each of the 
following accounts, $3,000,000 is rescinded from each such account:
            (1) ``Department of Health and Human Services--Office of 
        the Secretary--General Departmental Management''.
            (2) ``Agricultural Programs--Departmental Administration''.
            (3) ``Department of Education--Departmental Management--
        Program Administration''.
            (4) ``Department of Housing and Urban Development--
        Management and Administration--Administration, Operations, and 
        Management''.
            (5) ``Department of the Interior--Departmental Offices--
        Office of the Secretary--Departmental Operations''.
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