[Congressional Bills 113th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 960 Reported in Senate (RS)]

                                                       Calendar No. 147
113th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                 S. 960

                          [Report No. 113-79]

         To foster stability in Syria, and for other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                              May 15, 2013

   Mr. Menendez (for himself, Mr. Corker, Mr. Coons, and Mr. Casey) 
introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the 
                     Committee on Foreign Relations

                             July 24, 2013

               Reported by Mr. Menendez, with amendments
  [Omit the part struck through and insert the part printed in italic]

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
         To foster stability in Syria, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Syria Transition 
Support Act of 2013''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Appropriate congressional committees defined.
Sec. 3. Findings.
Sec. 4. Sense of the Senate.
Sec. <DELETED>4.</DELETED>5. Purposes of assistance.
Sec. <DELETED>5.</DELETED>6. No authorization for the use of military 
                            force.
      TITLE I--UNITED STATES STRATEGY AND CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT

Sec. 101. Report on United States strategy on Syria.
Sec. 102. Congressional oversight of United States Government 
                            activities in Syria.
                   TITLE II--HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

Sec. 201. Humanitarian assistance to the people of Syria.
Sec. 202. Humanitarian and development assistance through international 
                            organizations.
Sec. 203. Bilateral assistance to countries that host Syrian refugees.
Sec. <DELETED>202.</DELETED>204. Sense of Congress.
Sec. <DELETED>203.</DELETED>205. Report on strategy to communicate to 
                            the Syrian people about assistance provided 
                            by the United States Government.
Sec. 206. No authorization for new humanitarian funds.
              TITLE III--PROMOTING AN EFFECTIVE TRANSITION

Sec. 301. Syria Transition Fund.
Sec. 302. Adjusting sanctions provisions in preparation for a political 
                            transition.
Sec. 303. Report on Syrian weapons stockpiles.
Sec. 304. Pre-transition international consensus.
Sec. 305. International support for a peaceful transition.
                          TITLE IV--SANCTIONS

Sec. 401. Definitions.
<DELETED>Sec. 402. Imposition of sanctions with respect to selling, 
                            transferring, or transporting defense 
                            articles, defense services, or military 
                            training to the Assad regime of Syria.
<DELETED>Sec. 403. Imposition of sanctions with respect to persons 
                            providing petroleum or petroleum products 
                            to the Assad regime of Syria.
</DELETED>Sec. 402. Imposition of sanctions with respect to the sale, 
                            transfer, or transportation of defense 
                            articles, defense services, or military 
                            training to the Assad regime of Syria.
Sec. 403. Imposition of sanctions with respect to the provision of 
                            petroleum or petroleum products to the 
                            Assad regime of Syria.
Sec. 404. Sanctions described.
<DELETED>Sec. 405. Waivers.
</DELETED>Sec. 405. National security waiver.
Sec. 406. Sense of Congress on sanctions.
             TITLE V--INCREASED SUPPORT FOR THE OPPOSITION

Sec. 501. Lethal and increased non-lethal support for the vetted 
                            opposition.
Sec. 502. Prohibition on aid to Free Syrian Army in event of chemical 
                            weapons use.
Sec. 503. Prohibition on aid to Free Syrian Army in event of sale or 
                            illegal transfer of United States defense 
                            articles or services.

SEC. 2. APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DEFINED.

    In this Act, except as specifically provided in title IV of this 
Act, the term ``appropriate congressional committees'' means the 
Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on 
Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

SEC. 3. FINDINGS.

    Congress makes the following findings:
            (1) Since mass peaceful demonstrations started in Syria on 
        March 15, 2011, the Government of Syria, led by Bashar al-
        Assad, has responded by committing human rights abuses and 
        launching a violent crackdown that has claimed an estimated 
        70,000 lives and degenerated into a civil war.
            (2) The civil war has caused a humanitarian crisis. 
        According to the United Nations, there are more than 1,400,000 
        Syrian refugees registered in Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, 
        and Iraq and more than 2,600,000 Syrians displaced within the 
        country. More than three-quarters of refugees and internally 
        displaced persons are women and children.
            (3) The refugee crisis threatens the stability of the 
        Middle East, putting immense burdens on Syria's neighbors, most 
        notably Lebanon and Jordan, but also Turkey and Iraq.
            (4) The civil war has increased the danger that the Assad 
        regime could lose control of its chemical weapons stockpile, 
        with the chemical weapons potentially falling into the hands of 
        terrorist groups like Hizballah and al Qaeda.
            (5) On April 25, 2013, the White House issued a letter to 
        Congress stating that ``our intelligence community does assess 
        with varying degrees of confidence that the Syrian regime has 
        used chemical weapons on a small scale in Syria, specifically 
        the chemical agent Sarin''.
            (6) The security vacuum in Syria has created a safe haven 
        for both Shia and Sunni extremists, which could threaten the 
        security of the United States and its partners in the region.
            (7) Instability in Syria has threatened Israel's security, 
        particularly on the shared border along the Golan Heights.
            (8) A change of government in Syria could be a significant 
        blow to the Government of Iran and Hizballah, which would lose 
        a strong ally and which have also been aggressively providing 
        military and other assistance to Bashar al-Assad's forces, 
        including through the trafficking of weapons and supplies on 
        commercial flights originating from or terminating in Iran.
            (9) The commitments made by the National Coalition for 
        Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces at the international 
        meeting in Istanbul on April 20 and 21, 2013, constitute an 
        important endorsement of shared principles and objectives that 
        should guide United States Government cooperation with the 
        National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition 
        Forces and affiliated forces. These principles include a 
        commitment to the territorial integrity of Syria, a rejection 
        of sectarianism and extremism, and pledges to secure chemical 
        weapons and support nonproliferation efforts.
            (10) It is vital to the national security interests of the 
        United States to ensure that the United States planning and 
        programs, specifically those conducted under the authorities or 
        funding provided in or authorized under this Act, are focused 
        on ensuring a stable and appropriate political transition in 
        Syria and limiting the threats posed by extremist groups, 
        weapons proliferation, sectarian and ethnic violence, and 
        refugee flows in the aftermath of the current conflict.
            (11) The President's goals of Assad leaving power, an end 
        to the violence, and a negotiated political settlement in Syria 
        are prerequisites for a stable, democratic future for Syria and 
        regional peace and security, but absent decisive changes to the 
        present military balance of power on the ground in Syria, 
        sufficient incentives do not yet exist for the achievement of 
        such goals.
            (12) The leadership of many United States friends and 
        allies, including the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, the 
        President of France, the Prime Minister of Turkey, the King of 
        Jordan, the King of Saudi Arabia, the Crown Prince of the 
        United Arab Emirates, and the Amir of Qatar, have stated their 
        strong support for more robust international response to change 
        the military balance of power on the ground in Syria.
            (13) The President should increase his consultations with 
        Congress regarding what additional resources and authorities 
        may be necessary to support United States national security 
        interests in Syria, including the defense of United States 
        allies and partners in the Middle East.

SEC. 4. SENSE OF THE SENATE.

    It is the sense of the Senate that the United States--
            (1) strongly condemns the ongoing violence and widespread 
        human rights violations perpetrated against the Syrian people 
        by the regime of President Bashar al-Assad;
            (2) should support civilians and innocent victims of the 
        conflict in Syria, particularly women and children who are 
        displaced and vulnerable to physical and psychological 
        exploitation;
            (3) affirms the neutrality of medical professionals 
        providing humanitarian assistance and health care on a non-
        political basis and condemns attacks against such personnel or 
        interference in the provision of medical care;
            (4) should support efforts of democratically oriented 
        political opposition groups in Syria to agree upon a political 
        transition plan that is inclusive and protects the rights of 
        all minority ethnic groups in the country;
            (5) welcomes the pledges of humanitarian assistance made by 
        the Governments of Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, China, 
        India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Morocco, New Zealand, 
        Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and 
        members of the European Union, and encourages prompt delivery 
        of those pledges, which will contribute to meeting the needs of 
        the victims of this conflict, and encourages all donors to 
        coordinate with the United Nations;
            (6) should help ensure that, once a stable transitional 
        government is established in Syria, it is committed to 
        multiparty democracy, open and transparent governance, respect 
        for human rights and religious freedom, protection of refugees 
        and asylees, promoting peace and stability with its neighbors, 
        enhancing the rule of law, and rehabilitating and reintegrating 
        former combatants; and
            (7) should fully implement existing sanctions on Syria, 
        including Executive Order 13606, dated April 22, 2012, which 
        sanctions any individual or entity that assists or enables the 
        commission of serious human rights abuses, through computer or 
        network disruption, tracking, or monitoring, by the Government 
        of Syria or the Government of Iran.

SEC. <DELETED>4.</DELETED>5. PURPOSES OF ASSISTANCE.

    The purposes of assistance authorized by this Act are--
            (1) to support transition from the current regime to a just 
        and democratic state that is inclusive and protects the rights 
        of all Syrians regardless of religion, ethnicity, or gender;
            (2) to assist the people of Syria, especially internally 
        displaced persons and refugees, in meeting basic needs 
        including access to food, health care, shelter, and clean 
        drinking water;
            (3) to provide political and economic support to those 
        neighboring countries who are hosting refugees fleeing Syria 
        and to international organizations that are providing 
        assistance and coordinating humanitarian relief efforts;
            (4) to oppose the unlawful use of violence against 
        civilians by all parties to the conflict in Syria;
            (5) to use a broad array of instruments of national power 
        to expedite a negotiated solution to the conflict in Syria, 
        including the departure of Bashar al-Assad;
            (6) to recognize the National Coalition for Syrian 
        Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (in this Act referred to as 
        the ``Syrian Opposition Coalition'' or ``SOC'') as a legitimate 
        representative of the Syrian people;
            (7) to engage with opposition groups that reflect United 
        States interests and values, most notably the Syrian Opposition 
        Coalition, any legitimate successor groups, including 
        appropriate subgroups within the opposition that are 
        representative of the Syrian people, as well as the broader 
        international community, that are committed to facilitating an 
        orderly transition to a more stable democratic political order, 
        including--
                    (A) protecting human rights, expanding political 
                participation, and providing religious freedom to all 
                Syrians, irrespective of religion, ethnicity, or 
                gender;
                    (B) supporting the rule of law;
                    (C) rejecting terrorism and extremist ideologies;
                    (D) subordinating the military to civilian 
                authority;
                    (E) protecting the Syrian population against 
                sectarian violence and reprisals;
                    (F) cooperating with international counterterrorism 
                and nonproliferation efforts, as well as securing, 
                dismantling, and eventual destruction of any inherited 
                nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons of mass 
                destruction (WMD) or WMD-related programs;
                    (G) supporting regional stability and avoiding 
                interference in the affairs of neighboring countries; 
                and
                    (H) establishing a strong justice system and 
                ensuring accountability for conflict-related crimes;
            (8) to promote the territorial integrity of Syria and 
        continuity of the Syrian state by supporting a post-Assad 
        government that is capable of providing security, services, and 
        political and religious rights to its people;
            (9) to provide foreign assistance, defense articles, 
        defense services, and training to specific members of the 
        Syrian Supreme Military Council, particular units of the Free 
        Syrian Army, and other Syrian entities opposed to the 
        government of Bashar al-Assad that have been properly and fully 
        vetted and share common values and interests with the United 
        States;
            (10) to closely coordinate with key partners on contingency 
        planning, including Turkey, Jordan, Israel, the Gulf 
        Cooperation Council, and the European Union, to ensure that 
        these partners are prepared for an appropriate response to the 
        evolving situation in Syria, including being ready and capable 
        of securing of chemical or biological weapons or other 
        proliferation emergencies, preventing the flow of fighters and 
        weapons out of Syria into neighboring countries, or taking 
        other measures against the Government of Syria, including 
        contingency planning for a no-fly zone;
            (11) to support efforts to identify and document the 
        activities of those individuals who target or lead units or 
        organizations that target civilian populations and vulnerable 
        populations, including women and children, or have engaged in 
        otherwise unlawful acts, and to ensure that they are held 
        accountable <DELETED>for their actions; and
        </DELETED>    (12)</DELETED> to ensure a stable and appropriate 
        political </DELETED> for their actions;
            (12) to support programs that provide scholars, scientists, 
        and tertiary level students in Syria and their families, whose 
        lives, health, and freedoms are at risk as a result of their 
        academic pursuits, fellowship and scholarship opportunities at 
        safe host universities outside Syria in order to ensure that 
        they can be an asset to the rebuilding of a stable and 
        democratic Syria; and
            (13) to ensure a stable and appropriate political 
        transition in Syria and limit the threats posed by extremist 
        groups, weapons proliferation, sectarian and ethnic violence, 
        and refugee flows in the aftermath of the current conflict.

SEC. <DELETED>5.</DELETED>6. NO AUTHORIZATION FOR THE USE OF MILITARY 
              FORCE.

    Nothing in this Act shall be construed as providing authorization 
for the use of military force by the United States Armed Forces.

      TITLE I--UNITED STATES STRATEGY AND CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT

SEC. 101. REPORT ON UNITED STATES STRATEGY ON SYRIA.

    (a) In General.--Not later than 60 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall submit to the 
appropriate congressional committees an unclassified report, with an 
classified annex, as necessary, on an integrated United States 
Government strategy to achieve the purposes set forth in section 
<DELETED>4</DELETED> 5.
    (b) Metrics.--The strategy referenced in subsection (a) should 
include specific proposed actions to be taken by each relevant 
government agency, a timeframe for beginning and completing such 
actions, and metrics for evaluating the success of each proposed action 
relative to the purpose of such action.
    (c) International Engagement Strategy.--The strategy referenced in 
subsection (a) should specifically include sections describing specific 
United States Government programs and efforts--
            (1) to establish international consensus on the transition 
        and post-transition period and government in Syria;
            (2) to work with the Government of Russia on the situation 
        in Syria and the transition and post-transition period and 
        government in Syria, including how such programs can leverage 
        the shared interests of the United States and Russia in 
        avoiding the expansion of extremist ideologies and terrorist 
        groups in Syria and the region;
            (3) to work with the Friends of Syria group to ensure that 
        extremist and terrorist groups in Syria are isolated and that 
        the core of the opposition can be brought to the negotiating 
        table; and
            (4) to build an international consensus to limit and, to 
        the greatest extent possible eliminate, support from the 
        Government of Iran for the Syrian regime, including a potential 
        ban on all commercial flights between Iran and Syria.
    (d) Congressional Consultation.--The President shall actively 
consult with the appropriate congressional committees prior to the 
submission of the report required under subsection (a).

SEC. 102. CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 
              ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA.

    (a) In General.--The President shall keep Congress, through the 
appropriate congressional committees, fully and currently informed of 
all United States Government activities with respect to Syria, 
including activities and programs conducted or funded pursuant to this 
Act.
    (b) Reporting.--The President shall provide a classified briefing 
not less than on a quarterly basis to the appropriate congressional 
committees detailing all United States Government activities with 
respect to Syria, including activities and programs conducted or funded 
pursuant to this Act.

                   TITLE II--HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

SEC. 201. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO THE PEOPLE OF SYRIA.

    <DELETED>(a)</DELETED>  Authority.--</DELETED>Notwithstanding any 
other provision of law that restricts the provision of United States 
economic or other non-military assistance in Syria, the President is 
authorized to provide economic and other non-military assistance to 
meet humanitarian needs to the people of Syria, either directly or 
through appropriate groups and organizations pursuant to the provisions 
of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) or the 
Migration and Refugee Assistance Act (22 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.).
<DELETED>    (b) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall 
be construed to authorize new or additional funding for humanitarian 
needs.</DELETED>

SEC. 202. HUMANITARIAN AND DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE THROUGH INTERNATIONAL 
              ORGANIZATIONS.

    The President should instruct the United States permanent 
representative or executive director, as the case may be, to the United 
Nations voluntary agencies, including the World Food Program, the 
United Nations Development Program, the United Nations Children's Fund, 
and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and other 
appropriate international organizations such as the International 
Committee of the Red Cross to use the voice and vote of the United 
States to support humanitarian and development assistance for the 
people of Syria in order to accomplish the purposes described in 
section 5.

SEC. 203. BILATERAL ASSISTANCE TO COUNTRIES THAT HOST SYRIAN REFUGEES.

    The President should support bilateral refugee assistance programs 
in countries, including Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, and Lebanon, which 
have experienced an influx of refugees from Syria.

SEC. <DELETED>202.</DELETED>204. SENSE OF CONGRESS.

    Consistent with the policy objectives described in section 
<DELETED>4</DELETED> 5, it is the sense of Congress that--
            (1) the United States should continue to coordinate with 
        other donor nations, the United Nations, other multilateral 
        agencies, and nongovernmental organizations to enhance the 
        effectiveness of humanitarian assistance to the people 
        suffering as a result of the crisis in Syria;
            (2) countries hosting Syrian refugees should be commended 
        for their efforts and should be encouraged to maintain an open 
        border policy for fleeing Syrians;
            (3) the United States Government should continue to work 
        with these partners to help their national systems accommodate 
        the population influx and also maintain delivery of basic 
        services to their own citizens; and
        <DELETED>    (4) the United States Government should seek to 
        identify humanitarian assistance as originating from the 
        American people wherever possible and to the fullest extent 
        practicable, while maintaining consideration for the health and 
        safety of the implementers and recipients of that assistance 
        and the achievement of United States policy goals and the 
        purposes set forth in section 4.</DELETED>
            (4) all assistance made available under this section 
        should, without restricting the ability of a contractor or 
        grantee to use its own organizational brand or logo for 
        purposes of identification (subject to such standards or 
        regulations as the President may establish), be identified as 
        being ``From the American People'' if the relevant Assistant 
        Secretary of State, in consultation with the implementing 
        partner, determines that such identification would not--
                    (A) jeopardize the safety or impartiality of 
                implementing partners that deliver the assistance;
                    (B) jeopardize the health and safety of the 
                intended beneficiaries;
                    (C) compromise the intrinsic independence or 
                neutrality of a program or materials where implementing 
                partner independence or neutrality is inherently 
                important to the success of the effort;
                    (D) undermine United States efforts to empower the 
                democratically oriented political opposition; or
                    (E) otherwise render the provision of assistance 
                impracticable.

SEC. <DELETED>203.</DELETED>205. REPORT ON STRATEGY TO COMMUNICATE TO 
              THE SYRIAN PEOPLE ABOUT ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY THE UNITED 
              STATES GOVERNMENT.

    (a) In General.--Not later than 90 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall submit to the 
appropriate congressional committees an unclassified report with a 
classified annex, as necessary, on an integrated United States 
Government strategy to ensure that the people of <DELETED>Syria people</DELETED> 
Syria are made aware to the maximum extent possible of the assistance 
that the United States Government provides to Syrians both inside Syria 
and those seeking refuge in neighboring countries.
    (b) Content.--The report should include the following elements:
            (1) A discussion of how the United States balances three 
        imperatives of--
                    (A) maximizing the efficacy of aid provided to the 
                people of Syria;
                    (B) ensuring that there is awareness among the 
                people of Syria on the amount and nature of this aid; 
                and
                    (C) leveraging this aid to improve the credibility 
                of the Syrian Opposition Coalition amongst the people 
                of Syria.
            (2) Methods by which the United States Government and its 
        partners plan to communicate to the people of Syria what 
        assistance the United States has provided.
            (3) A plan, with specific action, timelines, and evaluation 
        metrics for promoting awareness of the United States 
        Government's assistance to the maximum extent possible while 
        taking into consideration and ensuring the safety of its 
        implementing partners and personnel providing that assistance 
        and the achievement of the United States policy goals and the 
        purposes set forth in section <DELETED>4</DELETED> 5.
            (4) An assessment of the Syrian Opposition Coalition's 
        Assistance Coordination Unit (ACU)'s, or any appropriate 
        successor entity's, capacity to participate in the distribution 
        of assistance, and a description of steps the United States 
        Government is taking to increase their profile so as to help 
        build their credibility among Syrians.

SEC. 206. NO AUTHORIZATION FOR NEW HUMANITARIAN FUNDS.

    Nothing in this title shall be construed to authorize new or 
additional funding for humanitarian needs or aid to international 
organizations.

              TITLE III--PROMOTING AN EFFECTIVE TRANSITION

SEC. 301. SYRIA TRANSITION FUND.

    (a) Syria Transition Fund.--
            (1) Establishment.--There is established a Syria Transition 
        Fund (in this title referred to as the ``Transition Fund'') 
        from which funds may be made available, notwithstanding any 
        other provision of law that restricts the provision of United 
        States economic or non-military assistance in Syria, for 
        assistance and contributions to promote security and support 
        the objectives described in section <DELETED>4</DELETED> 5.
            (2) Obligation of funds; notification.--
                    (A) In general.--The Transition Fund may rely upon 
                the administrative authorities of the Foreign 
                Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), and 
                obligation of such funds may not occur until 15 days 
                after the date on which the President has provided 
                notice of intent to obligate to the appropriate 
                congressional committees and the Committees on 
                Appropriations of the Senate and the House of 
                Representatives.
                    (B) Waiver.--The notification required under 
                subparagraph (A) may be waived if failure to do so 
                would pose a substantial risk to human health or 
                welfare, in which case notification shall be provided 
                as early as practicable, but in no event later than 
                three days after taking the action to which such 
                notification requirement was applicable in the context 
                of the circumstances necessitating such waiver. Any 
                notification provided pursuant to such a waiver shall 
                contain an explanation of the emergency circumstances.
    (b) Purpose.--The purpose of the Transition Fund is to provide 
support in the early transition period to enable an effective political 
transition to a more democratic and inclusive political structure and 
provide for initiatives that will improve the security of the United 
States, United States partners and allies, and the people of Syria. The 
Transition Fund may be used to support programs in the following areas 
and in priority order:
            (1) Security sector support.--Programs to train, equip, and 
        professionalize law enforcement and military forces in Syria, 
        including police and border protection forces, to protect the 
        people of Syria.
            (2) Support for regional stability.--Programs to support 
        government agencies and law enforcement and military forces in 
        Syria, as well as those in neighboring countries, to provide 
        support to refugees from Syria, to stem the flow of weapons and 
        fighters out of Syria into other nations, and to prevent the 
        proliferation of chemical or other weapons of mass destruction, 
        including preventing such weapons from falling into the hands 
        of al Qaeda, Hizballah, and other terrorist groups.
            (3) Technical assistance for phased disarmament.--Technical 
        assistance to transitional authorities to--
                    (A) create special weapons storage sites used to 
                separately warehouse and catalogue vetted groups' 
                weaponry during a transition period;
                    (B) repurpose weapons systems for eventual new 
                Syrian security forces; and
                    (C) transition rebel groups into civilian life or 
                official membership in new forces.
            <DELETED>(3)</DELETED>(4) Transitional justice and conflict 
        resolution.--Programs to reduce the likelihood of retribution 
        or sectarian violence in the aftermath of the end of the Assad 
        regime and to promote the creation of a stable center, 
        including improving relations between the moderate Sunni, 
        Alawite, and Christian communities.
            <DELETED>(4)</DELETED>(5) Technical assistance to promote 
        democracy and building democratic institutions.--Technical 
        assistance, capacity building, and training programs that--
                    (A) facilitate the development of an accountable, 
                effective, and representative democratic government;
                    (B) protect the rule of law  <DELETED>during the 
                transition</DELETED>;
                    (C) support the development and administration of a 
                modern justice system;
                    (D) assist with the development of a Syrian 
                constitution that fosters a sense of unity and 
                contributes to national reconciliation among different 
                components of Syrian society; <DELETED>and
                <DELETED>    (E) support the establishment of an 
                inclusive and transparent electoral system in 
                Syria.</DELETED>
                    (E) support the establishment of an inclusive and 
                transparent electoral system in Syria; and
                    (F) develop the capacity of democratically-oriented 
                political parties and civil society organizations.
            <DELETED>(5)</DELETED>(6) Technical assistance to support 
        economic revitalization.--Technical assistance, capacity 
        building, and training programs that support the resumption of 
        economic activity, restore access to international markets, 
        promote international investment, provide for financial 
        transparency and fiscal stability, and empower the private 
        sector.
            <DELETED>(6)</DELETED>(7) Technical assistance for basic 
        services.--Technical assistance, capacity building, and 
        training programs to provide basic civil government services to 
        the people of Syria.
            <DELETED>(7)</DELETED>(8) Collection of evidence on 
        unlawful activities targeting civilian populations.--Programs 
        that support the collection of evidence related to the 
        activities of those individuals who target or lead units or 
        organizations that target civilian populations and vulnerable 
        populations, including women and children, or have engaged in 
        otherwise unlawful acts, and to ensure that they are held 
        accountable for their actions.
            (9) Post-conflict stabilization.--High-level diplomacy and 
        planning for post-conflict stabilization efforts.
    (c) Authorization of Appropriations.--In addition to other 
assistance authorized under law, there is authorized to be appropriated 
to the Transition Fund, out of amounts appropriated for the support of 
political and economic transition in the Middle East and North Africa, 
up to $250,000,000 annually for fiscal years 2013 through 2015.
    (d) Uses of Funds for Nonproliferation.--Notwithstanding any other 
provision of law that restricts the provision of United States 
assistance in Syria, up to $100,000,000 of the funds authorized to be 
appropriated annually under subsection (c) may also be transferred to 
and merged with funds made available to carry out in Syria the purposes 
of chapter 9 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 
U.S.C. 2349bb et seq.; nonproliferation and export control assistance).
    (e) Transfer Authority.--
            (1) In general.--In addition to other transfer authorities 
        available to the Department of State, the Department of 
        Defense, or other United States Government agencies or 
        departments, funds available for foreign assistance or funds of 
        the Department of Defense or other United States Government 
        agencies or departments that are specifically allocated towards 
        addressing the situation in Syria may be transferred to the 
        Transition Fund by the agencies or departments to which the 
        funds are available, subject to existing reprogramming 
        requirements and limitations, including congressional 
        notification and approval requirements. Amounts so transferred 
        shall be merged with funds otherwise made available under this 
        section and remain available until expended for the purposes 
        specified in subsection (b).
            (2) Limit.--The total amount of funds made available to the 
        Transition Fund may not exceed $250,000,000 in any fiscal year.
            (3) Transfer authority.--Funds available to carry out 
        assistance authorized by this section may be transferred to an 
        agency or account determined most appropriate to facilitate the 
        provision of assistance authorized by this section.
            (4) Additional to other authorities.--The transfer 
        authorities in paragraphs (1) and (3) are in addition to any 
        other transfer authority available to the Department of State 
        or other United States Government agencies.
    (f) Sunset Provision.--Unless specifically renewed, the Transition 
Fund shall terminate on September 30, 2015.
    (g) Annual Report.--
            (1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the 
        establishment of the Transition Fund, and annually thereafter 
        for the duration of the Transition Fund, the Secretary of 
        State, in collaboration with the Secretary of Defense and other 
        appropriate agencies, shall submit to the appropriate 
        congressional committees a report on United States efforts to 
        assist the political transition in Syria with a specific focus 
        on the efforts supported by the Transition Fund. The Secretary 
        shall also provide an update briefing to the appropriate 
        congressional committees every 180 days.
            (2) Content.--The report required under paragraph (1) shall 
        include the following elements:
                    (A) A description of the efforts undertaken and 
                planned to be undertaken by the United States 
                Government through the Transition Fund to support the 
                policy objectives outlined in section <DELETED>4</DELETED> 
                5.
                    (B) A description of the efforts supported by the 
                Transition Fund to support an effective and secure 
                political transition in Syria and how those activities 
                align with the purposes described in subsection (b).
                    (C) A description of the efforts undertaken and 
                planned to be undertaken by the United States 
                Government, supported by the Transition Fund, to 
                leverage additional financial assistance from the 
                international donor community, including the Gulf 
                states, in support of political transition and 
                rebuilding in Syria.
                    <DELETED>(C)</DELETED>(D) A specific accounting of 
                all monies obligated through the Transition Fund by 
                program and project.
                    <DELETED>(D)</DELETED>(E) Metrics and benchmarks to 
                make allocations from the Transition Fund and measure 
                the performance of the Transition Fund and programs 
                funded by the Transition Fund.
                    <DELETED>(E)</DELETED>(F) A description of efforts 
                undertaken to coordinate with other donors and ensure 
                that there is not a duplication of efforts, including 
                among Federal agencies.
            (3) Form.--The report under paragraph (1) shall be 
        submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified 
        annex.

SEC. 302. ADJUSTING SANCTIONS PROVISIONS IN PREPARATION FOR A POLITICAL 
              TRANSITION.

    (a) Sense of Congress.--It is the sense of Congress that the United 
States Government should begin a phased process to remove sanctions on 
Syria once the Government of Syria has ceased its campaign of violence 
against the people of Syria and a transition has begun to a 
representative and inclusive government that is demonstrably committed 
to the principles set forth in subparagraphs (A) through (H) of section 
<DELETED>4</DELETED> 5(7) and is recognized by the United States.
    (b) Amendments to Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty 
Restoration Act of 2003.--Section 5 of the Syria Accountability and 
Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003 (Public Law 108-175; 22 
U.S.C. 2151 note) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (c)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1)--
                            (i) by inserting ``(A)'' after ``(1)''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``paragraphs (1) through 
                        (4) of subsection (d)'' and inserting 
                        ``subparagraphs (A) through (D) of paragraph 
                        (1) of subsection (d)'';
                    (B) by redesignating paragraphs (2) and (3) as 
                subparagraphs (B) and (C), respectively; and
                    (C) in subparagraph (C), as redesignated by 
                subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, by striking the 
                comma at the end and inserting the following: ``; or
            ``(2) makes the determination that the Government of Syria 
        meets the requirements described in paragraph (2) of such 
        subsection and certifies such determination to Congress in 
        accordance with such subsection,''; and
            (2) in subsection (d)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1), by inserting ``(A)'' after 
                ``(1)'';
                    (B) by redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) 
                as subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D), respectively; and
                    (C) in subparagraph (D), as redesignated by 
                subparagraph (B), by striking the period at the end and 
                inserting the following: ``; or
            ``(2)(A) Bashar al-Assad is no longer the leader of Syria; 
        and
            ``(B) the Government of Syria has ceased its campaign of 
        violence against the people of Syria and begun the transition 
        to a representative and inclusive government that is 
        demonstrably committed to the principles of--
                    ``(i) protecting human rights, expanding political 
                participation, and providing religious freedom to all 
                Syrians, irrespective of, religion, ethnicity, or 
                gender;
                    ``(ii) supporting the rule of law;
                    ``(iii) rejecting terrorism and extremist 
                ideologies;
                    ``(iv) subordinating the military to civilian 
                authority;
                    ``(v) protecting the Syrian population against 
                sectarian violence and reprisals;
                    ``(vi) cooperating with international 
                counterterrorism and nonproliferation efforts;
                    ``(vii) supporting regional stability and avoiding 
                interference in the affairs of neighboring countries;
                    ``(viii) establishing a strong justice system and 
                ensuring accountability for conflict-related crimes; 
                and
                    ``(ix) recognizing the Golan Heights `Separation of 
                Forces Agreement Between Israel And Syria,' signed on 
                May 31, 1974, and the related protocol regarding United 
                Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) 
                functions.''.

SEC. 303. REPORT ON SYRIAN WEAPONS STOCKPILES.

    (a) In General.--Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment 
of this Act, the President shall submit to Congress an assessment 
<DELETED>of the size and security</DELETED> of conventional and non-
conventional weapons stockpiles in Syria.
    (b) Content.--The report required under subsection (a) shall 
include the following elements:
        <DELETED>    (1) A description of who has or may have access to 
        the stockpiles.</DELETED>
            (2)</DELETED> A description of the sources and types of
        </DELETED>    (1) A description of who has command and control 
        over and access to conventional and non-conventional weapons 
        stockpiles.
            (2) A description of the use and sources and types of 
        weapons flowing from outside Syria to both government and 
        opposition forces.
            (3) A detailed plan to prevent the proliferation of 
        conventional, biological, chemical, and other types of weapons 
        in Syria.

SEC. 304. PRE-TRANSITION INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS.

    The Secretary of State should establish international consensus on 
the transition and post-transition period and government in Syria by--
            (1) working with the government of Russia on the situation 
        in Syria and the transition and post-transition period and 
        government in Syria, including <DELETED>how such programs can 
        leverage</DELETED> leveraging the shared interests of the 
        United States and Russia in avoiding the expansion of extremist 
        ideologies and terrorist groups in Syria and the region and 
        working to end Russian financial and military support for the 
        Assad regime;
            (2) working with the Friends of Syria group to ensure that 
        extremist and terrorist groups in Syria are isolated and that 
        the core of the opposition can be brought to the negotiating 
        table; and
            (3) building an international consensus to limit and, to 
        the greatest extent possible, eliminate support from the 
        Government of Iran for the Syrian regime, including a potential 
        ban on all commercial flights between Iran and Syria.

SEC. 305. INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR A PEACEFUL TRANSITION.

    It is the sense of Congress that the United States Government 
should work with international financial institutions to support the 
purposes described in section 5.

                          TITLE IV--SANCTIONS

SEC. 401. DEFINITIONS.

    In this title:
            (1) Account; correspondent account; payable-through 
        account.--The terms ``account'', ``correspondent account'', and 
        ``payable-through account'' have the meanings given those terms 
        in section 5318A of title 31, United States Code.
            <DELETED>(1)</DELETED>(2) Appropriate congressional 
        committees.--The term ``appropriate congressional committees'' 
        means--
                    (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the 
                Committee on Finance, and the Committee on Banking, 
                Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate; and
                    (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee 
                on Ways and Means, and the Committee on Financial 
                Services of the House of Representatives.
            <DELETED>(2)</DELETED>(3) Defense article; defense 
        service.--The terms ``defense article'' and ``defense service'' 
        have the meanings given those terms in section 47 of the Arms 
        Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794).
            (4) Foreign financial institution.--The term ``foreign 
        financial institution'' has the meaning of that term as 
        determined by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to section 
        104(i) of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and 
        Divestment Act of 2010 (22 U.S.C. 8513(i)).
            <DELETED>(3)</DELETED>(5) Person.--The term ``person'' 
        means an individual or entity.
            <DELETED>(4)</DELETED>(6) Petroleum.--The term 
        ``petroleum'' includes crude oil and any mixture of 
        hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground 
        reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after 
        passing through surface separating facilities.
            <DELETED>(5)</DELETED>(7) Petroleum products.--The term 
        ``petroleum products'' includes unfinished oils, liquefied 
        petroleum gases, pentanes plus, aviation gasoline, motor 
        gasoline, naptha-type jet fuel, kerosene-type jet fuel, 
        kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petrochemical 
        feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum 
        coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous products 
        obtained from the processing of crude oil (including lease 
        condensate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon compounds.
            <DELETED>(6)</DELETED>(8) United states person.--The term 
        ``United States person'' means--
                    (A) a natural person who is a citizen or resident 
                of the United States or a national of the United States 
                (as defined in section 101(a) of the Immigration and 
                Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a))); and
                    (B) an entity that is organized under the laws of 
                the United States or a jurisdiction within the United 
                States.

<DELETED>SEC. 402. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO SELLING, 
              TRANSFERRING, OR TRANSPORTING DEFENSE ARTICLES, DEFENSE 
              SERVICES, OR MILITARY TRAINING TO THE ASSAD REGIME OF 
              SYRIA.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    On or after the date that is 30 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the President may impose sanctions from among 
the sanctions described in section 404 with respect to any person that 
the President determines has, on or after such date of enactment, 
knowingly participated in or facilitated a significant transaction 
related to the sale, transfer, or transportation of defense articles, 
defense services, or military training to the Assad regime of Syria or 
any successor regime in Syria that the President determines is not a 
legitimate transitional or replacement government.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 403. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PERSONS 
              PROVIDING PETROLEUM OR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TO THE ASSAD 
              REGIME OF SYRIA.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    On or after the date that is 30 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the President shall impose the sanction 
described in paragraph (5) of section 404 and 2 or more of the other 
sanctions described in that section with respect to each person that 
the President determines has, on or after such date of enactment, 
knowingly participated in or facilitated a significant transaction 
related to the sale or transfer of petroleum or petroleum products to 
the Assad regime of Syria or any successor regime in Syria that the 
President determines is not a legitimate transitional or replacement 
government.</DELETED>

SEC. 402. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE SALE, TRANSFER, 
              OR TRANSPORTATION OF DEFENSE ARTICLES, DEFENSE SERVICES, 
              OR MILITARY TRAINING TO THE ASSAD REGIME OF SYRIA.

    (a) In General.--On or after the date that is 30 days after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall impose 2 or more 
of the sanctions described in section 404 with respect to any person 
(other than a foreign financial institution) that the President 
determines has, on or after such date of enactment, knowingly 
participated in or facilitated a significant transaction related to the 
sale, transfer, or transportation of defense articles (including 
surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missile systems, including any 
S300 system and the Yakhont system), defense services, or military 
training to the Assad regime of Syria or any successor regime in Syria 
that the President determines is not a legitimate transitional or 
replacement government.
    (b) Sanctions With Respect to Foreign Financial Institutions.--On 
or after the date that is 30 days after the date of the enactment of 
this Act, the President may prohibit the opening, and prohibit or 
impose strict conditions on the maintaining, in the United States of a 
correspondent account or a payable-through account by a foreign 
financial institution that the President determines has knowingly 
conducted, on or after such date of enactment, a significant 
transaction related to the sale, transfer, or transportation of defense 
articles (including surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missile 
systems, including any S300 system and the Yakhont system), defense 
services, or military training to--
            (1) the Assad regime of Syria or any successor regime in 
        Syria that the President determines is not a legitimate 
        transitional or replacement government; or
            (2) any person added after April 28, 2011, to the list of 
        specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained 
        by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of 
        the Treasury in connection with the conflict in Syria.

SEC. 403. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE PROVISION OF 
              PETROLEUM OR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS TO THE ASSAD REGIME OF 
              SYRIA.

    (a) In General.--On or after the date that is 30 days after the 
date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall impose 3 or more 
of the sanctions described in section 404 with respect to each person 
(other than a foreign financial institution) that the President 
determines has, on or after such date of enactment, knowingly 
participated in or facilitated a significant transaction related to the 
sale or transfer of petroleum or petroleum products to the Assad regime 
of Syria or any successor regime in Syria that the President determines 
is not a legitimate transitional or replacement government.
    (b) Sanctions With Respect to Foreign Financial Institutions.--On 
or after the date that is 30 days after the date of the enactment of 
this Act, the President may prohibit the opening, and prohibit or 
impose strict conditions on the maintaining, in the United States of a 
correspondent account or a payable-through account by a foreign 
financial institution that the President determines has knowingly 
conducted, on or after such date of enactment, a significant 
transaction related to the sale or transfer of petroleum or petroleum 
products to--
            (1) the Assad regime of Syria or any successor regime in 
        Syria that the President determines is not a legitimate 
        transitional or replacement government; or
            (2) any person added after April 28, 2011, to the list of 
        specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained 
        by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of 
        the Treasury in connection with the conflict in Syria.
    (c) Humanitarian Exception.--The President may not impose sanctions 
under this section with respect to any person for conducting or 
facilitating a transaction necessary to meet the humanitarian needs of 
the people of Syria.

SEC. 404. SANCTIONS DESCRIBED.

    The sanctions the President may impose with respect to a person 
under sections 402 and 403 are the following:
            (1) Export-import bank assistance.--The President may 
        direct the Export-Import Bank of the United States not to give 
        approval to the issuance of any guarantee, insurance, extension 
        of credit, or participation in the extension of credit in 
        connection with the export of any goods or services to the 
        person.
            (2) Procurement sanction.--The President may prohibit the 
        United States Government from procuring, or entering into any 
        contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from the 
        person.
            (3) Arms export prohibition.--The President may prohibit 
        United States Government sales to the person of any item on the 
        United States Munitions List under section 38(a)(1) of the Arms 
        Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778(a)(1)) and require 
        termination of sales to the person of any defense articles, 
        defense services, or design and construction services under 
        that Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.).
            (4) Dual-use export prohibition.--The President may deny 
        licenses and suspend existing licenses for the transfer to the 
        person of items the export of which is controlled under the 
        Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2401 et seq.) 
        (as in effect pursuant to the International Emergency Economic 
        Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.)) or the Export 
        Administration Regulations under subchapter C of chapter VII of 
        title 15, Code of Federal Regulations.
            (5) Blocking of assets.--The President may, pursuant to 
        such regulations as the President may prescribe, block and 
        prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in 
        property of the person if such property and interests in 
        property are in the United States, come within the United 
        States, or are or come within the possession or control of a 
        United States person.
            (6) Visa ineligibility.--In the case of a person that is an 
        alien, the President may direct the Secretary of State to deny 
        a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security to exclude 
        from the United States, the person, subject to regulatory 
        exceptions to permit the United States to comply with the 
        Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of 
        America regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations and 
        other applicable international obligations.

<DELETED>SEC. 405. WAIVERS.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    (a) General Waiver Authority.--The President may waive the 
application of section 402 or 403 to a person or category of persons 
for a period of 180 days, and may renew the waiver for additional 
periods of not more than 180 days, if the President determines and 
reports to the appropriate congressional committees every 180 days that 
the waiver is in the vital national security interests of the United 
States.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    (b) Waiver for Humanitarian Needs.--The President may 
waive the application of section 403 to a person for a period of not 
more than 180 days, and may renew the waiver for additional periods of 
not more than 180 days, if the President determines and reports to the 
appropriate congressional committees every 180 days that the waiver is 
to necessary to permit the person to conduct or facilitate a 
transaction that is necessary to meet humanitarian needs of the people 
of Syria.</DELETED>
<DELETED>    (c) Form.--Each report submitted under subsection (a) or 
(b) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a 
classified annex.</DELETED>

SEC. 405. NATIONAL SECURITY WAIVER.

    (a) In General.--The President may waive the application of section 
402 or 403 to a person or category of persons for a period of not more 
than 180 days, and may renew the waiver for additional periods of not 
more than 180 days, if the President determines and reports to the 
appropriate congressional committees every 180 days that the waiver is 
in the vital national security interests of the United States.
    (b) Form.--Each report submitted under subsection (a) shall be 
submitted in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.

SEC. 406. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON SANCTIONS.

    It is the sense of Congress that the President should work closely 
with allies of the United States to obtain broad multilateral support 
for countries to impose sanctions that are equivalent to the sanctions 
set forth in this title under the laws of those countries.

             TITLE V--INCREASED SUPPORT FOR THE OPPOSITION

SEC. 501. LETHAL AND INCREASED NON-LETHAL SUPPORT FOR THE VETTED 
              OPPOSITION.

    (a) Authorization To Provide Lethal and Increased Non-Lethal 
Assistance to Vetted Elements of the Syrian Opposition.--Subject to 
subsection (b), the President is authorized, notwithstanding any other 
provision of law that restricts military, non-military, or economic 
assistance to Syria, to provide defense articles, defense services, and 
military training to <DELETED>specific members of the Syrian Supreme 
Military Council, particular units of the Free Syrian</DELETED> vetted 
elements of the Syrian Supreme Military Council, the Free Syrian Army, 
and other Syrian entities opposed to the government of Bashar al-Assad, 
with funds made available for foreign assistance.
    (b) Notification.--Not later than 15 days before obligating funds, 
otherwise providing any assistance, or otherwise making any commitment 
to provide the assistance described in subsection (a), the President 
shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees--
            (1) a certification that--
                    (A) assistance to any <DELETED>individual, unit, or 
                entities</DELETED> unit or entity will be provided 
                consistent with section 620M of the Foreign Assistance 
                Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2378d);
                    (B) <DELETED>the individual to whom assistance is 
                being provided or is planned to be provided, or leader 
                or leaders of any unit or entity, including all senior 
                members of such unit or entity, to which assistance is 
                being provided or is planned to be provided, are, based 
                on the information available to the United States 
                Government--</DELETED> the unit or entity to which 
                assistance is being provided or is planned to be 
                provided and the senior leaders of such unit or entity, 
                are, based on the information available to the United 
                States Government--
                            (i) not an organization or person that has 
                        been designated, <DELETED>or is affiliated with 
                        any</DELETED> or an associated force of an 
                        organization or person that has been 
                        designated, as a foreign terrorist organization 
                        pursuant to section 219 of the Immigration and 
                        Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189) or a 
                        ``Specially Designated Global Terrorist'' 
                        pursuant to Executive Order <DELETED>13224 (66 
                        Fed. Reg. 49079);
                        <DELETED>    (ii) committed to rejecting 
                        terrorism and extremist ideologies;</DELETED>
                            (iii)</DELETED> opposed to the carrying out 
                        of sectarian violence and revenge killings;</DELETED> 
                        13224 (66 Fed. Reg. 49079), and has been 
                        screened through all relevant terrorist 
                        databases, including the Terrorist Identities 
                        Datamart Environment (TIDE);
                            (ii) committed to rejecting terrorism and 
                        extremist ideologies;
                            (iii) opposed to the carrying out of 
                        sectarian violence, revenge killings, and other 
                        abuses of the laws of armed conflict, including 
                        international human rights and humanitarian 
                        law, and committed to an inclusive political 
                        transition; 
                            (iv) committed to civilian rule, including 
                        subordinating the military to civilian 
                        authority, and the rule of law for Syria;
                            (v) committed to cooperating with 
                        international counterterrorism and 
                        nonproliferation efforts; and
                            (vi) supporting regional stability and 
                        avoiding interference in the affairs of 
                        neighboring countries;
                    <DELETED>(C)</DELETED> any military education and 
                training
                </DELETED>    (C) there is significant international 
                support from key European and Middle Eastern partners 
                for providing the assistance referenced in this title, 
                and United States efforts to provide this assistance 
                are being coordinated with these partners;
                    (D) any military education and training should 
                include information and training on appropriate 
                leadership and command skills, protection of critical 
                infrastructure, observance of and respect for 
                applicable laws of armed conflict, respect for the rule 
                of law, and the importance of civilian control of the 
                military, including the capability to maintain a chain 
                of custody of assistance being provided under this 
                section, and, when appropriate, on securing chemical 
                weapons sites and other important <DELETED>sites; and
                </DELETED>    (D)</DELETED> assistance provided</DELETED> 
                sites;
                    (E) according to chain of custody criteria 
                established and promulgated by the Department of State, 
                the unit or entity to whom assistance is being provided 
                can maintain a reasonable chain of custody of weapons 
                consisting of a reasonable capability to document, 
                account, and physically control the transfer, custody, 
                and disposition of assistance being provided under this 
                section; and
                    (F) assistance provided under this section to any 
                <DELETED>specific individual or entity</DELETED> unit 
                or entity shall immediately be terminated if the United 
                States Government receives information that indicates 
                that the <DELETED>individual or entity</DELETED> unit 
                or entity is not in compliance with the terms laid out 
                in subparagraph (B); and
            (2) a written policy justification, budget, execution plan 
        and timeline, and anticipated completion date for the planned 
        activity.
    (c) Restriction on Anti-Aircraft Defensive Systems.--
            (1) In general.--Except as provided under paragraph (2), no 
        anti-aircraft defensive systems may be transferred as part of 
        the assistance authorized under this section.
            (2) Waiver.--The President may waive the restriction under 
        paragraph (1) if--
                    (A) it is in the vital national security interest 
                to do so;
                    (B) the President notifies Congress not later than 
                15 days before exercising such waiver;
                    (C) not later than 15 days before exercising such 
                waiver, the President transmits to the appropriate 
                congressional committees a report described in 
                subsection <DELETED>(e)</DELETED> (f), together with 
                the certification required under subsection (b)(1) 
                specifically with respect to anti-aircraft defensive 
                systems;
                    (D) the President certifies that--
                            (i) the systems provided have been equipped 
                        with appropriate tracking, disabling, or anti-
                        tamper devices; or
                            (ii) effective end use monitoring, 
                        including appropriate disposition of systems, 
                        is in <DELETED>place; and
                </DELETED>    (E)</DELETED> the President certifies 
                that the United States has consulted with regional 
                allies regarding the systems provided.</DELETED> place;
                    (E) the President certifies that the United States 
                has consulted with regional allies regarding the 
                systems provided; and
                    (F) the President submits a strategy to implement 
                an accelerated global program to secure or eliminate 
                stocks of anti-aircraft defense systems and related 
                equipment and facilities that pose a proliferation 
                threat immediately after the cessation of violence. 
    (d) Code of Conduct.--The United States Government shall encourage 
any entity receiving assistance pursuant to subsection (a) to commit to 
a code of conduct that <DELETED>includes respect for applicable laws of 
armed conflict, respect for the rule of law, and a commitment to 
refrain from sectarian violence and revenge killings.
</DELETED>    (e)</DELETED>  Reporting Requirement.--</DELETED> In the 
event that</DELETED> includes--
            (1) respect for applicable laws of armed conflict;
            (2) respect for the rule of law;
            (3) a commitment to refrain from sectarian violence and 
        revenge killings; and
            (4) a commitment to cooperate with transitional authorities 
        in the establishment of special weapons storage sites and 
        efforts to shift security functions to the transitional 
        government.
    (e) Nonproliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction.--The United 
States Government shall encourage any entity receiving assistance 
pursuant to subsection (a) to commit to a Syria that is free of weapons 
of mass destruction, including any chemical, biological, or nuclear 
WMD-related programs.
    (f)  Reporting Requirement.-- In the event that the President 
exercises the authority in subsection (a), the President shall submit 
to the appropriate congressional committees every 90 days thereafter 
until such time as the authority is no longer being exercised, a 
detailed report on--
            (1) the education, training or assistance provided;
            (2) a rationale for why the assistance is being provided;
            <DELETED>(2)</DELETED>(3) the vetting conducted to satisfy 
        the certification requirement in subsection (b)(1);
            <DELETED>(3)</DELETED>(4) steps taken to encourage the 
        development of a code of conduct outlined in subsection 
        <DELETED>(c)</DELETED> (d);
            <DELETED>(4)</DELETED>(5) an assessment of the current 
        military capacity of opposition forces receiving assistance;
            <DELETED>(5)</DELETED>(6) an assessment of the ability of 
        opposition forces inside and outside of Syrian to establish 
        military activities impacting Syria, together with a 
        practicable timetable for accomplishing these objectives;
            <DELETED>(6)</DELETED>(7) an assessment of the ability of 
        opposition groups to establish effective military control over 
        <DELETED>Syria; and</DELETED> Syria;
            <DELETED>(7)</DELETED>(8) a description of the financial 
        and materiel resources currently available to opposition 
        <DELETED>forces.</DELETED> forces;
            (9) the criteria for chain of custody certification and the 
        adherence by the Syrian opposition to chain of custody 
        requirements; and
            (10) a strategy for securing the lethal assistance being 
        provided in the aftermath of the conflict. 
    <DELETED>(f)</DELETED>(g) Sunset Provision.--Unless specifically 
renewed, the authority described in subsection (a) shall terminate on 
September 30, 2015.

SEC. 502. PROHIBITION ON AID TO FREE SYRIAN ARMY IN EVENT OF CHEMICAL 
              WEAPONS USE.

    In the event that the United States Government receives substantial 
evidence that any units or entities provided assistance under this 
title have engaged in the use of chemical weapons, the authority under 
this Act to provide assistance to those units or entities shall 
immediately terminate.

SEC. 503. PROHIBITION ON AID TO FREE SYRIAN ARMY IN EVENT OF SALE OR 
              ILLEGAL TRANSFER OF UNITED STATES DEFENSE ARTICLES OR 
              SERVICES.

    In the event that the United States Government receives substantial 
evidence that any units or entities provided assistance under this 
title are selling or illegally transferring defense articles or defense 
services received from the United States Government, the authority 
under this Act to provide assistance to those units or entities shall 
immediately terminate.
                                                       Calendar No. 147

113th CONGRESS

  1st Session

                                 S. 960

                          [Report No. 113-79]

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

         To foster stability in Syria, and for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                             July 24, 2013

                        Reported with amendments