[Congressional Bills 113th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 309 Enrolled Bill (ENR)]
S.309
One Hundred Thirteenth Congress
of the
United States of America
AT THE SECOND SESSION
Begun and held at the City of Washington on Friday,
the third day of January, two thousand and fourteen
An Act
To award a Congressional Gold Medal to the World War II members of the
Civil Air Patrol.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. FINDINGS.
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) The unpaid volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol
(hereafter in this Act referred to as the ``CAP'') during World War
II provided extraordinary humanitarian, combat, and national
services during a critical time of need for the Nation.
(2) During the war, CAP members used their own aircraft to
perform a myriad of essential tasks for the military and the Nation
within the United States, including attacks on enemy submarines off
the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States.
(3) This extraordinary national service set the stage for the
post-war CAP to become a valuable nonprofit, public service
organization chartered by Congress and designated the Auxiliary of
the United States Air Force that provides essential emergency,
operational, and public services to communities, States, the
Federal Government, and the military.
(4) The CAP was established on December 1, 1941, initially as a
part of the Office of Civil Defense, by air-minded citizens one
week before the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, out of the
desire of civil airmen of the country to be mobilized with their
equipment in the common defense of the Nation.
(5) Within days of the start of the war, the German Navy
started a massive submarine offensive, known as Operation Drumbeat,
off the east coast of the United States against oil tankers and
other critical shipping that threatened the overall war effort.
(6) Neither the Navy nor the Army had enough aircraft, ships,
or other resources to adequately patrol and protect the shipping
along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States,
and many ships were torpedoed and sunk, often within sight of
civilians on shore, including 52 tankers sunk between January and
March 1942.
(7) At that time General George Marshall remarked that ``[t]he
losses by submarines off our Atlantic seaboard and in the Caribbean
now threaten our entire war effort''.
(8) From the beginning CAP leaders urged the military to use
its services to patrol coastal waters but met with great resistance
because of the nonmilitary status of CAP civilian pilots.
(9) Finally, in response to the ever-increasing submarine
attacks, the Tanker Committee of the Petroleum Industry War Council
urged the Navy Department and the War Department to consider the
use of the CAP to help patrol the sea lanes off the coasts of the
United States.
(10) While the Navy initially rejected this suggestion, the
Army decided it had merit, and the Civil Air Patrol Coastal Patrol
began in March 1942.
(11) Oil companies and other organizations provided funds to
help pay for some CAP operations, including vitally needed shore
radios that were used to monitor patrol missions.
(12) By late March 1942, the Navy also began to use the
services of the CAP.
(13) Starting with 3 bases located in Delaware, Florida, and
New Jersey, CAP aircrews (ranging in age from 18 to over 80)
immediately started to spot enemy submarines as well as lifeboats,
bodies, and wreckage.
(14) Within 15 minutes of starting his patrol on the first
Coastal Patrol flight, a pilot had sighted a torpedoed tanker and
was coordinating rescue operations.
(15) Eventually 21 bases, ranging from Bar Harbor, Maine, to
Brownsville, Texas, were set up for the CAP to patrol the Atlantic
and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States, with 40,000
volunteers eventually participating.
(16) The CAP used a wide range of civilian-owned aircraft,
mainly light-weight, single-engine aircraft manufactured by Cessna,
Beech, Waco, Fairchild, Stinson, Piper, Taylorcraft, and Sikorsky,
among others, as well as some twin engine aircraft, such as the
Grumman Widgeon.
(17) Most of these aircraft were painted in their civilian
prewar colors (red, yellow, or blue, for example) and carried
special markings (a blue circle with a white triangle) to identify
them as CAP aircraft.
(18) Patrols were conducted up to 100 miles off shore,
generally with 2 aircraft flying together, in aircraft often
equipped with only a compass for navigation and a single radio for
communication.
(19) Due to the critical nature of the situation, CAP
operations were conducted in bad weather as well as good, often
when the military was unable to fly, and in all seasons, including
the winter, when ditching an aircraft in cold water would likely
mean certain death to the aircrew.
(20) Personal emergency equipment was often lacking,
particularly during early patrols where inner tubes and kapok duck
hunter vests were carried as flotation devices, since ocean worthy
wet suits, life vests, and life rafts were unavailable.
(21) The initial purpose of the Coastal Patrol was to spot
submarines, report their position to the military, and force them
to dive below the surface, which limited their operating speed and
maneuverability and reduced their ability to detect and attack
shipping, because attacks against shipping were conducted while the
submarines were surfaced.
(22) It immediately became apparent that there were
opportunities for CAP pilots to attack submarines, such as when a
Florida CAP aircrew came across a surfaced submarine that quickly
stranded itself on a sand bar. However, the aircrew could not get
any assistance from armed military aircraft before the submarine
freed itself.
(23) Finally, after several instances when the military could
not respond in a timely manner, a decision was made by the military
to arm CAP aircraft with 50- and 100-pound bombs, and to arm some
larger twin-engine aircraft with 325-pound depth charges.
(24) The arming of CAP aircraft dramatically changed the
mission for these civilian aircrews and resulted in more than 57
attacks on enemy submarines.
(25) While CAP volunteers received $8 a day flight
reimbursement for costs incurred, their patrols were accomplished
at a great economic cost to many CAP members who--
(A) used their own aircraft and other equipment in defense
of the Nation;
(B) paid for much of their own aircraft maintenance and
hangar use; and
(C) often lived in the beginning in primitive conditions
along the coast, including old barns and chicken coops
converted for sleeping.
(26) More importantly, the CAP Coastal Patrol service came at
the high cost of 26 fatalities, 7 serious injuries, and 90 aircraft
lost.
(27) At the conclusion of the 18-month Coastal Patrol, the
heroic CAP aircrews would be credited with--
(A) 2 submarines possibly damaged or destroyed;
(B) 57 submarines attacked;
(C) 82 bombs dropped against submarines;
(D) 173 radio reports of submarine positions (with a number
of credited assists for kills made by military units);
(E) 17 floating mines reported;
(F) 36 dead bodies reported;
(G) 91 vessels in distress reported;
(H) 363 survivors in distress reported;
(I) 836 irregularities noted;
(J) 1,036 special investigations at sea or along the coast;
(K) 5,684 convoy missions as aerial escorts for Navy ships;
(L) 86,685 total missions flown;
(M) 244,600 total flight hours logged; and
(N) more than 24,000,000 total miles flown.
(28) It is believed that at least one high-level German Navy
Officer credited CAP as one reason that submarine attacks moved
away from the United States when he concluded that ``[i]t was
because of those damned little red and yellow planes!''.
(29) The CAP was dismissed from coastal missions with little
thanks in August 1943 when the Navy took over the mission
completely and ordered CAP to stand down.
(30) While the Coastal Patrol was ongoing, CAP was also
establishing itself as a vital wartime service to the military,
States, and communities nationwide by performing a wide range of
missions including, among others--
(A) border patrol;
(B) forest and fire patrols;
(C) military courier flights for mail, repair and
replacement parts, and urgent military deliveries;
(D) emergency transportation of military personnel;
(E) target towing (with live ammunition being fired at the
targets and seven lives being lost) and searchlight tracking
training missions;
(F) missing aircraft and personnel searches;
(G) air and ground search and rescue for missing aircraft
and personnel;
(H) radar and aircraft warning system training flights;
(I) aerial inspections of camouflaged military and civilian
facilities;
(J) aerial inspections of city and town blackout
conditions;
(K) simulated bombing attacks on cities and facilities to
test air defenses and early warning;
(L) aerial searches for scrap metal materials;
(M) river and lake patrols, including aerial surveys for
ice in the Great Lakes;
(N) support of war bond drives;
(O) management and guard duties at hundreds of airports;
(P) support for State and local emergencies such as natural
and manmade disasters;
(Q) predator control;
(R) rescue of livestock during floods and blizzards;
(S) recruiting for the Army Air Force;
(T) initial flight screening and orientation flights for
potential military recruits;
(U) mercy missions, including the airlift of plasma to
central blood banks;
(V) nationwide emergency communications services; and
(W) a cadet youth program which provided aviation and
military training for tens of thousands.
(31) The CAP flew more than 500,000 hours on these additional
missions, including--
(A) 20,500 missions involving target towing (with live
ammunition) and gun/searchlight tracking which resulted in 7
deaths, 5 serious injuries, and the loss of 25 aircraft;
(B) a courier service involving 3 major Air Force Commands
over a 2-year period carrying more than 3,500,000 pounds of
vital cargo and 543 passengers;
(C) southern border patrol flying more than 30,000 hours
and reporting 7,000 unusual sightings including a vehicle (that
was apprehended) with 2 enemy agents attempting to enter the
country;
(D) a week in February 1945 during which CAP units rescued
seven missing Army and Navy pilots; and
(E) a State in which the CAP flew 790 hours on forest fire
patrol missions and reported 576 fires to authorities during a
single year.
(32) On April 29, 1943, the CAP was transferred to the Army Air
Forces, thus beginning its long association with the United States
Air Force.
(33) Hundreds of CAP-trained women pilots joined military
women's units including the Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASP)
program.
(34) Many members of the WASP program joined or rejoined the
CAP during the post-war period because it provided women
opportunities to fly and continue to serve the Nation that were
severely lacking elsewhere.
(35) Due to the exceptional emphasis on safety, unit and pilot
training and discipline, and the organization of the CAP, by the
end of the war a total of only 64 CAP members had died in service
and only 150 aircraft had been lost (including its Coastal Patrol
losses from early in the war).
(36) It is estimated that up to 100,000 civilians (including
youth in its cadet program) participated in the CAP in a wide range
of staff and operational positions, and that CAP aircrews flew a
total of approximately 750,000 hours during the war, most of which
were in their personal aircraft and often at risk to their lives.
(37) After the war, at a CAP dinner for Congress, a quorum of
both Houses attended with the Speaker of the House of
Representatives and the President thanking CAP for its service.
(38) While air medals were issued for some of those
participating in the Coastal Patrol, little other recognition was
forthcoming for the myriad of services CAP volunteers provided
during the war.
(39) Despite some misguided efforts to end the CAP at the end
of the war, the organization had proved its capabilities to the
Nation and strengthened its ties with the Air Force and Congress.
(40) In 1946, Congress chartered the CAP as a nonprofit, public
service organization and in 1948 made the CAP an Auxiliary of the
United States Air Force.
(41) Today, the CAP conducts many of the same missions it
performed during World War II, including a vital role in homeland
security.
(42) The CAP's wartime service was highly unusual and
extraordinary, due to the unpaid civilian status of its members,
the use of privately owned aircraft and personal funds by many of
its members, the myriad of humanitarian and national missions flown
for the Nation, and the fact that for 18 months, during a time of
great need for the United States, the CAP flew combat-related
missions in support of military operations off the Atlantic and
Gulf of Mexico coasts.
SEC. 2. CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL.
(a) Award.--
(1) Authorized.--The President pro tempore of the Senate and
the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall make appropriate
arrangements for the award, on behalf of Congress, of a single gold
medal of appropriate design in honor of the World War II members of
the Civil Air Patrol collectively, in recognition of the military
service and exemplary record of the Civil Air Patrol during World
War II.
(2) Design and striking.--For the purposes of the award
referred to in paragraph (1), the Secretary of the Treasury shall
strike the gold medal with suitable emblems, devices, and
inscriptions, to be determined by the Secretary.
(3) Smithsonian institution.--
(A) In general.--Following the award of the gold medal
referred to in paragraph (1) in honor of all of its World War
II members of the Civil Air Patrol, the gold medal shall be
given to the Smithsonian Institution, where it shall be
displayed as appropriate and made available for research.
(B) Sense of congress.--It is the sense of Congress that
the Smithsonian Institution should make the gold medal received
under this paragraph available for display elsewhere,
particularly at other locations associated with the Civil Air
Patrol.
(b) Duplicate Medals.--Under such regulations as the Secretary may
prescribe, the Secretary may strike and sell duplicates in bronze of
the gold medal struck under this Act, at a price sufficient to cover
the costs of the medals, including labor, materials, dies, use of
machinery, and overhead expenses, and amounts received from the sale of
such duplicates shall be deposited in the United States Mint Public
Enterprise Fund.
(c) National Medals.--Medals struck pursuant to this Act are
national medals for purposes of chapter 51 of title 31, United States
Code.
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Vice President of the United States and
President of the Senate.