[Congressional Bills 113th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 2164 Introduced in House (IH)]

113th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                H. R. 2164

   To amend title 18, United States Code, to prohibit human cloning.


_______________________________________________________________________


                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                              May 23, 2013

  Mr. Harris (for himself, Mr. Lipinski, Mr. Smith of New Jersey, Mr. 
Fleming, Mr. Johnson of Ohio, and Mr. Kelly of Pennsylvania) introduced 
    the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the 
                               Judiciary

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
   To amend title 18, United States Code, to prohibit human cloning.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 
2012''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    Congress finds that--
            (1) some individuals have announced that they will attempt 
        to clone human beings using the technique known as somatic cell 
        nuclear transfer already used with limited success in sheep and 
        other animals;
            (2) nearly all scientists agree that such attempts pose a 
        massive risk of producing children who are stillborn, 
        unhealthy, or severely disabled, and considered opinion is 
        virtually unanimous that such attempts are therefore grossly 
        irresponsible and unethical;
            (3) efforts to create human beings by cloning mark a new 
        and decisive step toward turning human reproduction into a 
        manufacturing process in which children are made in 
        laboratories to preordained specifications and, potentially, in 
        multiple copies;
            (4) because it is an asexual form of reproduction, cloning 
        confounds the meaning of ``father'' and ``mother'' and confuses 
        the identity and kinship relations of any cloned child, and 
        thus threatens to weaken existing notions regarding who bears 
        which parental duties and responsibilities for children;
            (5) because cloning requires no personal involvement by the 
        person whose genetic material is used, cloning could easily be 
        used to reproduce living or deceased persons without their 
        consent;
            (6) creating cloned live-born human children (sometimes 
        called ``reproductive cloning'') necessarily begins by creating 
        cloned human embryos, a process which some also propose as a 
        way to create embryos for research or as sources of cells and 
        tissues for possible treatment of other humans;
            (7) the prospect of creating new human life solely to be 
        exploited and destroyed in this way has been condemned on moral 
        grounds by many, including supporters of a right to abortion, 
        as displaying a profound disrespect for life, and recent 
        scientific advances with adult stem cells indicate that there 
        are fruitful and morally unproblematic alternatives to this 
        approach;
            (8) in order to be effective, a ban on human cloning must 
        stop the cloning process at the beginning because--
                    (A) cloning would take place within the privacy of 
                a doctor-patient relationship;
                    (B) the transfer of embryos to begin a pregnancy is 
                a simple procedure; and
                    (C) any government effort to prevent the transfer 
                of an existing embryo, or to prevent birth once the 
                transfer has occurred, would raise substantial moral, 
                legal, and practical issues, so that it will be nearly 
                impossible to prevent attempts at ``reproductive 
                cloning'' once cloned human embryos are available in 
                the laboratory;
            (9) the scientifically and medically useful practices of 
        cloning of DNA fragments, known as molecular cloning, the 
        duplication of somatic cells (or stem cells) in tissue culture, 
        known as cell cloning, and whole-organism or embryo cloning of 
        nonhuman animals are appropriate uses of medical technology;
            (10) in the preamble to the 1998 Additional Protocol on the 
        Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings the Council of Europe 
        agreed that ``the instrumentalisation of human beings through 
        the deliberate creation of genetically identical human beings 
        is contrary to human dignity and thus constitutes a misuse of 
        biology and medicine'';
            (11) collaborative efforts to perform human cloning are 
        conducted in ways that affect interstate and even international 
        commerce, and the legal status of cloning will have a great 
        impact on how biotechnology companies direct their resources 
        for research and development;
            (12) at least 23 countries have banned all human cloning, 
        including Canada, France, and Germany;
            (13) the United Nations has passed a declaration calling 
        for all human cloning to be banned by member nations; and
            (14) attempts to create cloned human embryos for 
        development of embryonic stem cell lines have been 
        unsuccessful, including the exploitation of over a hundred 
        women in South Korea to provide over 2,000 human eggs without 
        the production of a single stem cell line.

SEC. 3. PROHIBITION ON HUMAN CLONING.

    (a) In General.--Title 18, United States Code, is amended by 
inserting after chapter 15 the following:

                      ``CHAPTER 16--HUMAN CLONING

``Sec.
``301. Definitions.
``302. Prohibition on human cloning.
``Sec. 301. Definitions
    ``In this chapter:
            ``(1) Human cloning.--The term `human cloning' means human 
        asexual reproduction, accomplished by introducing the nuclear 
        material of a human somatic cell into a fertilized or 
        unfertilized oocyte whose nucleus has been removed or 
        inactivated to produce a living organism (at any stage of 
        development) with a human or predominantly human genetic 
        constitution.
            ``(2) Somatic cell.--The term `somatic cell' means a 
        diploid cell (having a complete set of chromosomes) obtained or 
        derived from a living or deceased human body at any stage of 
        development.
``Sec. 302. Prohibition on human cloning
    ``(a) In General.--It shall be unlawful for any person or entity, 
public or private, in or affecting interstate commerce--
            ``(1) to perform or attempt to perform human cloning;
            ``(2) to participate in an attempt to perform human 
        cloning; or
            ``(3) to ship or receive the product of human cloning for 
        any purpose.
    ``(b) Importation.--It shall be unlawful for any person or entity, 
public or private, to import the product of human cloning for any 
purpose.
    ``(c) Penalties.--
            ``(1) In general.--Any person or entity that is convicted 
        of violating any provision of this section shall be fined under 
        this section or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
            ``(2) Civil penalty.--Any person or entity that is 
        convicted of violating any provision of this section shall be 
        subject to, in the case of a violation that involves the 
        derivation of a pecuniary gain, a civil penalty of not less 
        than $1,000,000 and not more than an amount equal to the amount 
        of the gross gain multiplied by 2, if that amount is greater 
        than $1,000,000.
    ``(d) Scientific Research.--Nothing in this section shall restrict 
areas of scientific research not specifically prohibited by this 
section, including research in the use of nuclear transfer or other 
cloning techniques to produce molecules, DNA, cells other than human 
embryos, tissues, organs, plants, or animals other than humans.''.
    (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of chapters for part I of title 
18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating 
to chapter 15 the following:

``16. Human Cloning.........................................     301''.
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