[Congressional Bills 110th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 674 Introduced in Senate (IS)]







110th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                 S. 674

  To require accountability and enhanced congressional oversight for 
     personnel performing private security functions under Federal 
                   contracts, and for other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                           February 16, 2007

   Mr. Obama introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 
              referred to the Committee on Armed Services

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
  To require accountability and enhanced congressional oversight for 
     personnel performing private security functions under Federal 
                   contracts, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Transparency and 
Accountability in Military and Security Contracting Act of 2007''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Findings.
Sec. 3. Reports on Iraq and Afghanistan contracts.
Sec. 4. Department of Defense report on strategy for and 
                            appropriateness of activities of 
                            contractors under Department of Defense 
                            contracts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the 
                            global war on terror.
Sec. 5. Requirements related to personnel performing private security 
                            functions under Federal contracts during 
                            contingency operations.
Sec. 6. Improved coordination between the Armed Forces and contractors 
                            performing private security functions in 
                            contingency operations.
Sec. 7. Legal status of contract personnel.
Sec. 8. Federal Bureau of Investigation investigative unit for 
                            contingency operations.
Sec. 9. Definitions.
Sec. 10. Effective date.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    Congress makes the following findings:
            (1) United States Government agencies, including the 
        Department of Defense, the Department of State, the Department 
        of the Interior, the United States Agency for International 
        Development, and the intelligence community of the United 
        States Government, are increasingly relying on private 
        contractors to perform duties, including the provision of 
        security and other traditionally military and governmental 
        functions, in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other contingency 
        operations.
            (2) Estimates of the number of contract personnel in Iraq, 
        including private security contractors, vary widely. The United 
        States Central Command estimated the number to be 100,000 in 
        2006, and the Government Accountability Office concluded in 
        2005 that ``the Department of Defense (DOD) estimated at least 
        60 private security providers were working in Iraq with perhaps 
        as many as 25,000 employees. In March 2006, the Director of the 
        Private Security Company Association of Iraq estimated that 
        approximately 181 private security companies were working in 
        Iraq with just over 48,000 employees''.
            (3) The various functions carried out by these personnel 
        have entailed great danger to these personnel, but exact 
        numbers of casualties are unknown. Estimates suggest that some 
        770 contractors have died, and thousands more have been 
        wounded, in Iraq since 2003.
            (4) The multinational character of private security 
        contracting poses oversight and accountability challenges. In 
        addition to Iraqi and United States security contractors 
        working in Iraq, contractors also included citizens from 
        Australia, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Fiji, India, Nepal, New 
        Zealand, Nicaragua, Russia, Serbia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, 
        and the United Kingdom, among other countries.
            (5) In June 2006, the Government Accountability Office 
        reported that ``private security providers continue to enter 
        the battle space without coordinating with the U.S. military, 
        putting both the military and security providers at a greater 
        risk for injury''.
            (6) According to published accounts and government studies, 
        the assignments being given private security contractors are 
        often sensitive, including the protection of United States 
        military bases, interrogation of detainees, maintenance and 
        technical assistance to weapons systems, logistics and base 
        operations functions, escort of United States convoys, and 
        protection of key United States Government personnel.
            (7) A recent report by the Congressional Research Service 
        found that ``new [Department of Defense] contracts have 
        characteristics that make oversight difficult''.
            (8) Contractors are playing an expanded role in the 
        national security operations of the United States and the 
        manner in which the United States supports its troops in the 
        field, especially in contingency operations, and therefore 
        contracting practices and policies must be subject to improved 
        and transparent oversight and management.

SEC. 3. REPORTS ON IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN CONTRACTS.

    (a) Reports Required.--Not later than 90 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of 
State, the Secretary of the Interior, the Administrator of the United 
States Agency for International Development, and the Director of 
National Intelligence shall each submit to Congress a report that 
contains the information, current as of the date of the enactment of 
this Act, as follows:
            (1) The number of persons performing work in Iraq and 
        Afghanistan under contracts (and subcontracts at any tier) 
        entered into by departments and agencies of the United States 
        Government, including the Department of Defense, the Department 
        of State, the Department of the Interior, the United States 
        Agency for International Development. and the elements of the 
        intelligence community, respectively.
            (2) The companies awarded such contracts and subcontracts.
            (3) The total cost of such contracts.
            (4) The total number of persons who have been killed or 
        wounded in performing work under such contracts.
            (5) A description of the military equipment and safety 
        equipment provided for the protection of contractors under such 
        contracts, and an assessment of the adequacy of such equipment.
            (6) The policies and procedures through which the 
        departments and agencies of the United States Government 
        instruct and inform contractors under such contracts of the 
        applicability of law to their activities under such contracts, 
        including the laws of the United States, Iraq, and Afghanistan, 
        and other applicable laws.
            (7) The policies and procedures through which the 
        departments and agencies of the United States Government 
        monitor contractors under such contracts on their adherence to 
        applicable law, including the laws of the United States, Iraq, 
        and Afghanistan.
            (8) The laws, if any, determined to have been broken in the 
        performance of such contracts, including laws of the United 
        States, Iraq, and Afghanistan, and other applicable laws.
            (9) A description of the disciplinary actions that have 
        been taken against persons performing work under such contracts 
        by the contractor concerned, the United States Government, or 
        the Government of Iraq or the Government of Afghanistan.
    (b) Elements of the Intelligence Community Defined.--In this 
section, the term ``elements of the intelligence community'' means the 
elements of the intelligence community specified in or designated under 
section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a(4)).

SEC. 4. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE REPORT ON STRATEGY FOR AND 
              APPROPRIATENESS OF ACTIVITIES OF CONTRACTORS UNDER 
              DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTS IN IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN, AND 
              THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR.

    (a) Report Required.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to 
Congress a report setting forth the strategy of the Department of 
Defense for the use of, and a description of the activities being 
carried out by, contractors and subcontractors in support of Department 
missions in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Global War on Terror, including 
its strategy for ensuring that such contracts do not--
            (1) have private companies and their employees performing 
        inherently governmental functions, emergency essential 
        activities, or mission critical activities;
            (2) place contractors in supervisory roles over United 
        States Government personnel; or
            (3) threaten the safety of contractor personnel or United 
        States Government personnel.
    (b) Emergency Essential Activities or Mission Critical Activities 
Defined.--In this section, the term ``emergency essential activities or 
mission critical activities'' means any activities as follows:
            (1) Activities for which continued performance is 
        considered essential to support combat systems and operational 
        activities.
            (2) Activities whose delay, absence, or failure of 
        performance would significantly affect the broader success or 
        failure of a military operation.

SEC. 5. REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO PERSONNEL PERFORMING PRIVATE SECURITY 
              FUNCTIONS UNDER FEDERAL CONTRACTS DURING CONTINGENCY 
              OPERATIONS.

    (a) Accountability for Personnel Performing Private Security 
Functions Under Federal Contracts During Contingency Operations.--
            (1) Provision of certain information about personnel 
        performing private security functions.--Each covered contract 
        shall require the contractor to provide to the contracting 
        officer for the contract, not later than 5 days after the award 
        of the contract, the following information regarding private 
        security functions to be performed under the contract:
                    (A) The approximate number of persons to be used to 
                perform the private security functions.
                    (B) A description of the process used to hire such 
                persons, including the method by which and the extent 
                to which background checks regarding such persons are 
                conducted.
                    (C) A description of how such persons are trained 
                to carry out tasks specified under the contract 
                relating to such functions.
                    (D) A description of each category of activity 
                relating to such functions required by the contract.
            (2) Updates of information.--The information provided under 
        paragraph (1) shall be updated by the contractor during 
        contract performance as necessary.
            (3) Safeguarding information.--The head of each agency 
        awarding a covered contract shall take such actions as are 
        necessary to protect any information provided under paragraph 
        (1) that is a trade secret, or commercial or financial 
        information, from disclosure to persons outside the Government.
            (4) Accounting.--Each covered contract shall include the 
        following requirements:
                    (A) Upon award of the contract, the contractor 
                shall provide to the contracting officer cost estimates 
                of salary, benefits, insurance, materials, logistics, 
                travel, administrative costs, and other costs of 
                carrying out private security functions under the 
                contract.
                    (B) Before contract closeout (other than closeout 
                of a firm, fixed price contract), the contractor shall 
                provide to the contracting officer a report on the 
                actual costs of carrying out private security functions 
                under the contract, in the same categories as provided 
                under subparagraph (A).
            (5) Quarterly reports on staffing.--Each covered contract 
        shall require the contractor to submit to the contracting 
        officer on a quarterly basis a report on the number of 
        personnel performing private security functions under such 
        contract during the preceding 90 days and on the location or 
        locations in which such personnel performed such functions.
            (6) Oversight.--Before a covered contract is awarded, the 
        head of the agency awarding the contract shall ensure that 
        sufficient resources are available to enable contracting 
        officers of the agency to perform oversight of the performance 
        of private security functions under the contract, including 
        oversight inspections of facilities and operations.
            (7) Waiver authority.--
                    (A) Waiver.--The head of the agency awarding a 
                covered contract may waive a requirement of this 
                subsection with respect to a contract in an emergency 
                or exceptional situation, as determined by the head of 
                the agency. Any such waiver shall be limited to the 
                requirements that are impossible or impracticable to 
                implement because of the emergency or exceptional 
                situation.
                    (B) Report.--Commencing 180 days after the date of 
                the enactment of this Act, and continuing every 90 days 
                thereafter, each head of an agency who has, during the 
                preceding 90 days, waived a requirement under this 
                subsection with respect to a covered contract shall 
                submit to the committees of Congress referred to in 
                subparagraph (C) a report that--
                            (i) describes each such waiver by the head 
                        of the agency, including the contract involved 
                        and the emergency or exceptional situation that 
                        justified such waiver; and
                            (ii) contains a plan for bringing each such 
                        contract into compliance with the waived 
                        requirements as soon as possible or an 
                        explanation of why such waiver needs to be 
                        permanent.
                    (C) Committees of congress.--The committees of 
                Congress referred to in this subparagraph are the 
                following:
                            (i) The Committees on Appropriations, Armed 
                        Services, Oversight and Government Reform, and 
                        Foreign Affairs of the House of 
                        Representatives.
                            (ii) The Committees on Appropriations, 
                        Armed Services, Homeland Security and 
                        Governmental Affairs, and Foreign Relations of 
                        the Senate.
    (b) Reports Required.--
            (1) In general.--During a contingency operation, the head 
        of each agency with any covered contracts in effect shall 
        submit to Congress reports on such contracts in accordance with 
        this subsection.
            (2) Matters covered.--Each report required by paragraph (1) 
        shall include the following information:
                    (A) Total number of covered contracts awarded by 
                the agency with respect to the contingency operation.
                    (B) The total number of contracting officers 
                overseeing the covered contracts reported under 
                subparagraph (A).
                    (C) The most current information available under 
                subsection (a)(5) with respect to each covered 
                contract.
                    (D) The number of covered contracts awarded since 
                the last report.
                    (E) The total number of contract personnel working 
                on the covered contracts reported under subparagraph 
                (D).
                    (F) The total value of awards for covered contracts 
                reported under subparagraph (D).
                    (G) A detailed catalogue of activities performed 
                under covered contracts reported under subparagraph 
                (D).
            (3) Deadlines.--The head of an agency shall submit an 
        initial report as required by paragraph (1) within 90 days 
        after first awarding a covered contract, and shall issue 
        additional reports thereafter every 90 days.
            (4) Committees.--The report required by paragraph (1) shall 
        be submitted to the Committees on Appropriations and Armed 
        Services of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
            (5) Form.--The report required by paragraph (1) shall be 
        submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified 
        annex.

SEC. 6. IMPROVED COORDINATION BETWEEN THE ARMED FORCES AND CONTRACTORS 
              PERFORMING PRIVATE SECURITY FUNCTIONS IN CONTINGENCY 
              OPERATIONS.

    (a) Rules of Engagement.--
            (1) Requirement to issue.--Not later than 15 days after the 
        date on which a contingency operation is initiated, the 
        Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall issue rules of 
        engagement regarding the circumstances under which force may be 
        used by contract personnel performing private security 
        functions within the area covered by the contingency operation 
        and the types of force authorized. Each covered contract shall 
        require contract personnel to adhere to the rules of engagement 
        issued under this subsection.
            (2) Notification.--The commander of the combatant command 
        whose area of responsibility includes the theater of operations 
        of a contingency operation shall communicate the rules of 
        engagement for the contingency operation to contract personnel 
        in accordance with subsection (c).
            (3) Exceptions and special rules.--As appropriate, the 
        Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may provide exceptions or 
        special rules in the rules of engagement for specific 
        contractors.
    (b) Hiring, Training, and Equipment Standards Relating to Private 
Security Contractors.--
            (1) Regulations.--Not later than 30 days after the date on 
        which a contingency operation is initiated, the head of each 
        agency awarding a covered contract shall prescribe in 
        regulations minimum standards (appropriate for the agency) for 
        contract personnel performing private security functions within 
        the area covered by the contingency operation, including 
        minimum training and certification standards. The standards may 
        vary based on the duties of personnel, but must address 
        criminal records, security clearance requirements, and other 
        issues that the head of the agency determines may lead to 
        security or performance concerns.
            (2) Guidance for equipment.--The head of each agency 
        awarding a covered contract shall issue guidance (appropriate 
        for the agency) on equipment used for private security 
        functions under covered contracts with the agency, including 
        appropriate uniforms and levels of body armor and equipment 
        armor, and a recommended list of re-armorers and weapons and 
        armor manufacturers for complying with such guidelines.
            (3) Consultation with secretary of defense.--The head of 
        each agency shall consult with the Secretary of Defense in 
        developing regulations and guidance under this subsection.
    (c) Improved Coordination and Communication Between the Armed 
Forces and Contractors Performing Private Security Functions.--
            (1) Designation of theater security contract coordinating 
        officer.--For each contingency operation in which contract 
        personnel performing private security functions are active, the 
        Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall designate a member 
        of the Armed Forces or civilian employee of the Department to 
        act as the coordinating officer on security contracts in the 
        theater of operations of such contingency operation. The 
        individual so designated shall be known as the ``Theater 
        Security Contract Coordinating Officer'' for the theater of 
        operations of such contingency operation.
            (2) Responsibilities of theater security contract 
        coordinating officer.--The Theater Security Contract 
        Coordinating Officer for a theater of operations of a 
        contingency operation shall, for such theater of operations--
                    (A) establish regulations providing for reliable 
                lines of communications between contract personnel 
                performing private security functions and the Armed 
                Forces;
                    (B) maintain a current database on the contract 
                personnel performing such functions, including their 
                employing contractors, nationalities, backgrounds, and 
                training, and the nature of their activities;
                    (C) communicate the rules of engagement established 
                under subsection (a) to contractors and contract 
                personnel performing such functions;
                    (D) take any actions authorized by the Chairman of 
                the Joint Chiefs of Staff for purposes of this 
                subsection to ensure the compliance of contractors in 
                the theater of operations with the requirements of 
                paragraph (3);
                    (E) communicate other critical information, 
                including guidance on Department of Defense 
                responsibilities for force protection of contract 
                personnel and guidance on equipment, to contractors and 
                contract personnel; and
                    (F) as appropriate, communicate up-to-date 
                information about the security environment that may be 
                relevant to contract personnel.
            (3) Requirements for contractors relating to theater 
        security contract coordinating officer.--Each contractor in a 
        theater of operations of a contingency operation shall be 
        required to--
                    (A) register with the Theater Security Contract 
                Coordinating Officer for the theater of operations and 
                keep the Officer currently informed on the number, 
                nationality, background, and training of the contract 
                personnel assigned to perform private security 
                functions under a covered contract;
                    (B) report any incidents in which contract 
                personnel performing such functions use force or are 
                attacked by hostile forces;
                    (C) report to the Theater Security Contract 
                Coordinating Officer any casualties suffered by covered 
                contract personnel;
                    (D) communicate to the Theater Security Contract 
                Coordinating Officer, in accordance with the 
                regulations issued under paragraph (2)(A), tactical 
                information, such as information on the movement of 
                contractor personnel performing such functions into and 
                out of a battle space; and
                    (E) communicate to the Theater Security Contract 
                Coordinating Officer relevant information, including 
                intelligence, reports of hostile activity, or 
                information relevant to military planning.

SEC. 7. LEGAL STATUS OF CONTRACT PERSONNEL.

    (a) Clarification of Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act.--
            (1) Inclusion of contractors.--Subsection (a) of section 
        3261 of title 18, United States Code, is amended--
                    (A) by striking ``or'' at the end of paragraph (1);
                    (B) by striking the comma at the end of paragraph 
                (2) and inserting ``; or''; and
                    (C) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:
            ``(3) while employed under a contract (or subcontract at 
        any tier) awarded by any department or agency of the United 
        States Government, where the work under such contract is 
        carried out in a region outside the United States in which the 
        Armed Forces are conducting a contingency operation,''.
            (2) Definition.--Section 3267 of title 18, United States 
        Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
            ``(5) The term `contingency operation' has the meaning 
        given that term in section 101(a)(13) of title 10.''.
    (b) Sense of Congress on Investigation and Prosecution of Abuses by 
Private Security Contractors and Others.--It is the sense of Congress 
that--
            (1) if there is probable cause to believe that an 
        individual assigned to perform private security functions under 
        a covered contract, any other contractor personnel, or any 
        contractor has violated section 3261(a) of title 18, United 
        States Code, except in situations in which the individual is 
        prosecuted under chapter 47 of title 10, United States Code 
        (the Uniform Code of Military Justice), or under other law, the 
        Department of Defense should use the authority provided in 
        section 3262 of title 18, United States Code, to arrest and 
        detain such individual. personnel, or contractor and transfer 
        such individual, personnel, or contractor to civilian 
        authorities for prosecution; and
            (2) the Secretary of Defense should issue guidance, as soon 
        as possible after the date of the enactment of this Act, on how 
        the amendment made by section 552 of the John Warner National 
        Defense Authorization Act of 2007 (Public Law 109-364; 120 
        Stat. 2217) to section 802(a)(10) of title 10, United States 
        Code (article 2(a)(10) of the Uniform Code of Military 
        Justice), will be implemented.
    (c) Department of Justice Inspector General Report.--
            (1) Report required.--Not later than 30 days after the date 
        of the enactment of this Act, the Inspector General of the 
        Department of Justice shall submit to Congress a report.
            (2) Content of report.--The report shall include--
                    (A) a description of the status of Department of 
                Justice investigations of abuses alleged to have been 
                committed by contract personnel performing private 
                security functions, other contract personnel, or 
                contractors under covered contracts, which shall 
                include--
                            (i) the number of complaints received by 
                        the Department of Justice;
                            (ii) the number of investigations into 
                        complaints opened by the Department of Justice;
                            (iii) the number of criminal cases opened 
                        by the Department of Justice; and
                            (iv) the number and result of criminal 
                        cases closed by the Department of Justice; and
                    (B) findings and recommendations about the capacity 
                and effectiveness of the Department of Justice in 
                prosecuting misconduct by such contract personnel.
            (3) Form.--The report shall be submitted in unclassified 
        form, but may include a classified annex.

SEC. 8. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATIVE UNIT FOR 
              CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS.

    (a) Establishment of Theater Investigative Unit.--For each theater 
of operations established in connection with a contingency operation in 
which contract personnel are carrying out work under a covered 
contract, the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall establish a Theater 
Investigative Unit, which shall be responsible for investigating 
allegations of criminal misconduct under section 3261 of title 18, 
United States Code, by contract personnel.
    (b) Responsibilities of Theater Investigative Unit.--The Theater 
Investigative Unit established for a theater of operations shall--
            (1) investigate reports that raise reasonable suspicion of 
        criminal misconduct by contract personnel;
            (2) investigate reports of fatalities resulting from the 
        use of force by contract personnel; and
            (3) upon conclusion of an investigation of alleged criminal 
        misconduct, refer the case to the Attorney General of the 
        United States for further action, as appropriate in the 
        discretion of the Attorney General.
    (c) Responsibilities of Federal Bureau of Investigation.--
            (1) Resources.--The Federal Bureau of Investigation shall 
        ensure that each Theater Investigative Unit has adequate 
        resources and personnel to carry out its responsibilities.
            (2) Notification.--The Federal Bureau of Investigation 
        shall notify Congress whenever a Theater Investigative Unit is 
        established or terminated under this section.
    (d) Responsibilities of Other Federal Agencies.--An agency 
operating in a theater of operations in which a Theater Investigative 
Unit is established shall cooperate with and support the activities of 
the Theater Investigative Unit. Any investigation carried out by the 
Inspector General of an agency shall be coordinated with the activities 
of the unit as appropriate.

SEC. 9. DEFINITIONS.

    In sections 5 through 8 of this Act:
            (1) Covered contract.--The term ``covered contract'' 
        means--
                    (A) a prime contract awarded by an agency, if the 
                work to be performed under the contract includes 
                private security functions;
                    (B) a subcontract at any tier under any prime 
                contract awarded by an agency, if the work to be 
                performed under the subcontract includes private 
                security functions; or
                    (C) a task order issued under a task or delivery 
                order contract entered into by an agency, if the work 
                to be performed under the task order includes private 
                security functions.
            (2) Private security functions.--The term ``private 
        security functions'', with respect to activities carried out 
        under a covered contract in a theater in which the United 
        States is engaged in a contingency operation, means any 
        activity as follows:
                    (A) Any activity for which personnel are allowed to 
                carry weapons in the performance of the contract.
                    (B) The performance of--
                            (i) military logistics for operations;
                            (ii) maintenance or arming of weapons 
                        systems;
                            (iii) interrogation of prisoners;
                            (iv) convoy security;
                            (v) guarding vital facilities and 
                        personnel;
                            (vi) tactical security work; or
                            (vii) local force training.
                    (C) Any other activity in support of the 
                contingency operation, as determined by the Theater 
                Security Contract Coordinating Officer for the theater 
                of operations of the contingency operation as 
                designated under section 6(c)(1).
            (3) Agency.--The term ``agency'' has the meaning given the 
        term ``Executive agency'' in section 105 of title 5, United 
        States Code.
            (4) Contingency operation.--The term ``contingency 
        operation'' has the meaning given the term section 101(13) of 
        title 10, United States Code.
            (5) Contractor.--The term ``contractor'' means an entity 
        performing a covered contract (including a subcontract at any 
        tier).
            (6) Contract personnel.--The term ``contract personnel'' 
        means persons assigned by a contractor (including a 
        subcontractor at any tier) to perform work under a covered 
        contract.

SEC. 10. EFFECTIVE DATE.

    (a) Applicability.--The provisions of this Act shall apply to the 
following:
            (1) All covered contracts and all covered contract 
        personnel in which the work under the contract is carried out 
        in a theater in which the United States is currently conducting 
        contingency operations.
            (2) In the event that the United States begins new 
        contingency operations, all covered contracts and all covered 
        contract personnel in which the work under the contract is 
        carried out in a theater in which the United States is 
        conducting such contingency operations.
    (b) Immediate Effectiveness.--The provisions of this Act shall 
enter into effect immediately upon the enactment of this Act.
    (c) Implementation.--With respect to covered contracts and covered 
contract personnel discussed in subsection (a)(1), the United States 
Government shall have 90 days following the enactment of this Act to 
ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act.
                                 <all>