1.Short title; table of
contents
(a)This Act may be cited as the Syria Accountability and Liberation
Act
.
(b)The table of contents of this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
TITLE I—Strengthening United States sanctions against
Syria
Sec. 101. Declarations of policy.
Sec. 102. Codification of existing sanctions.
Sec. 103. Sanctions against certain persons.
Sec. 104. Sanctions against certain foreign
countries.
TITLE II—Sanctions targeting Syria’s energy sector
Sec. 201. Imposition of sanctions.
Sec. 202. Advisory opinions.
Sec. 203. Termination of sanctions.
Sec. 204. Duration of sanctions; Presidential
waiver.
Sec. 205. Exclusion of certain activities.
Sec. 206. Elimination of certain tax incentives for oil
companies investing in Syria.
TITLE III—Diplomatic efforts to isolate the Government of
Syria
Sec. 301. Sense of Congress relating to bilateral
efforts.
Sec. 302. Opposition to Syria’s membership and candidacy for
leadership posts in United Nations institutions.
Sec. 303. Actions at the United Nations General
Assembly.
Sec. 304. Actions at international financial
institutions.
Sec. 305. Actions at the International Atomic Energy
Agency.
Sec. 306. Establishment of United States and regional contact
groups.
Sec. 307. Report on assistance to, and commerce with,
Syria.
TITLE IV—Assistance to support democracy in Syria
Sec. 401. Declarations of policy.
Sec. 402. Assistance to support a transition to democracy in
Syria.
2.In this Act:
(1)Appropriate
congressional committeesThe term appropriate congressional
committees means—
(A)the
Committee on Foreign Relations of the
Senate;
(B)the
Committee on Appropriations of the
Senate;
(C)the
Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of
Representatives; and
(D)the
Committee on Appropriations of the House of
Representatives.
(2)The terms
develop and development, when used in conjunction
with petroleum resources, means the exploration for, or the extraction,
refining, or transportation by pipeline of, petroleum resources.
(3)The terms
goods and technology have the meanings given those
terms in section 16 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App.
2415).
(4)The term Government of Syria includes any
agency or instrumentality of the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic,
including any entity that is controlled by such government.
(5)
(A)The term investment means any of the
following activities if the activity is undertaken pursuant to an agreement, or
pursuant to the exercise of rights under such an agreement, which is entered
into with the Government of Syria or a nongovernmental entity in Syria on or
after the date of the enactment of this Act:
(i)The entry into a
contract that includes responsibility for the development of petroleum
resources located in Syria, or the entry into a contract providing for the
general supervision and guarantee of another person’s performance of such a
contract.
(ii)The purchase of a
share of ownership, including an equity interest, in that development.
(iii)The entry into a
contract providing for the participation in royalties, earnings, or profits in
that development, without regard to the form of the participation.
(B)The term investment does not
include the entry into, performance, or financing of a contract to sell or
purchase goods, services, or technology.
(C)Amendments or
modificationsFor purposes of
this paragraph, an amendment or other modification that is made, on or after
the date of the enactment of this Act, to an agreement or contract shall be
treated as the entry of an agreement or contract.
(6)The term person means—
(A)a natural person;
and
(B)a corporation,
business association, partnership, society, trust, any other nongovernmental
entity, organization, or group, and any governmental entity operating as a
business enterprise.
(7)The term
petroleum resources includes petroleum and natural gas
resources.
(8)The term United States assistance
means—
(A)any assistance
under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2251 et seq.), other than
urgent humanitarian assistance or medicine;
(B)sales and
assistance under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.);
(C)financing by the
Commodity Credit Corporation for export sales of agricultural commodities;
and
(D)financing under
the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.).
<enum>I</enum><header>Strengthening
United States sanctions against Syria</header>
<section id="H29E8434193204517B728F1653F06EA5D"><enum>101.</enum><header>Declarations of
policy</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Congress makes the
following declarations of policy:</text>
<paragraph id="H11DFB141903D4AF9B21DF4EDB005F74"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The national security interests of the
United States and international peace are threatened by the actions of the
Government of Syria, including the government’s—</text>
<subparagraph id="id04E1B3CBBD8B495CA71C96C7ED895EBA"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">support for, and facilitation of, terrorist
activities, including inside of Iraq;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id5E3F15F6FDBF45A68146973F2381FEDF"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">development of long-range missiles and
weapons of mass destruction programs and capabilities;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id7DF7B1714AA3440DA9BE9F066608C4E2"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">continued interference with the internal
affairs of the Lebanese Republic in violation of multiple United Nations
Security Council resolutions and of its international obligations; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id350CC97D9508496B9D579D04760DDB9A"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">massive, systematic, and extraordinary
violations of human rights of the Syrian people.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H10F656A7D87E471BB44D2910C2FA6C65"><enum>(2)</enum><text>It is the policy
of the United States to deny the Government of Syria the ability to—</text>
<subparagraph id="H8383AC7FDF0D4B9A90B54FE0EE95CA6B"><enum>(A)</enum><text>finance, provide
safe-haven, or otherwise support terrorist organizations;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HDCFAE882857847F9AAFF919EAB11732B"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">develop chemical, biological, radiological,
or nuclear weapons and long-range ballistic missiles;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HC4D071FD6F484E73B15C2B3C83999FF9"><enum>(C)</enum><text>continue to
interfere in the affairs of the Government of Lebanon in contravention of
multiple United Nations Security Council Resolutions, and other pertinent
obligations; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H41A34A44E8B84EBCB972217626787973"><enum>(D)</enum><text>continue to
oppress the people of Syria.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HBFB5C544AABC41DF8F006D7BB5F5275"><enum>(3)</enum><text>The President
should advocate for, and should instruct the United States Permanent
Representative to the United Nations to propose and seek within the United
Nations Security Council, a mandatory international embargo against the
Government of Syria, pursuant to Article 41 of the Charter of the United
Nations.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H165447155BFE4B0F95ADB68E47FB00E0"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Any effort by a country that is a recipient
of United States assistance to facilitate, directly or indirectly, the
development of Syria’s chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons
capabilities, long-range ballistic missile development programs, or to help
make operational any nuclear facility in Syria will have a detrimental impact
on United States assistance to, or commercial and financial relations with,
such country.</text>
</paragraph></section><section commented="no" id="HD3481A3AC6CD41509219040024AC11A1"><enum>102.</enum><header>Codification of
existing sanctions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Restrictions against the Government of
Syria, and on persons by reason of their direction of, or contribution to,
activities of the Government of Syria, that were imposed pursuant to the
International Emergency Economic Powers Enhancement Act (Public Law 110–96),
the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003
(Public Law 108–175), the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act
(Public Law 106–178), or any similar provision of law, as in effect on the date
of the enactment of this Act, including the restrictions imposed under
Executive Order 12938 (as amended by Executive Order 13094), Executive Order
13338, Executive Order 13399, and any similar Executive Order, shall remain in
effect against the Government of Syria and may not be lifted pursuant to such
provisions of law until the President certifies to the appropriate
congressional committees that a government exists in Syria that—</text>
<paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="HC688BBBE00C44385B4F6797940F9D74"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">has ceased any and all support for
terrorism and has not provided such support during the preceding 5-year period,
including support for Palestinian terrorist groups, and has not been determined
by the Secretary of State, for the purposes of section 6(j) of the Export
Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)), section 620A of the
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2371), section 40 of the Arms Export
Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2780), or any other provision of law, to be a government
that has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism at any
time during such 5-year period;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="H4235DC93D75D470B93CBF51DC7FED8E7"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">has permanently dismantled Syria’s
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons programs and has taken
demonstrable steps to combat the proliferation of such weapons;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HFF40B0AEFF434014AE5D16474BDB282"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">respects the boundaries, sovereignty, and
right to exist of all neighboring countries; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="HDC85B08A56DC40EC8795E7A242E85640"><enum>(4)</enum><text>upholds and
defends the human rights and civil liberties of its people.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="HF52B745E182148BC92D61AEB97D93D2"><enum>103.</enum><header>Sanctions
against certain persons</header>
<subsection id="HF21010180B774BE8B0EFA9FF3F69A41"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Prohibition</header><text>The
sanctions described in subsection (c) shall be imposed upon any person who
transfers or retransfers goods or technology so as to contribute to the efforts
by the Government of Syria to—</text>
<paragraph id="idFDFBA65CDB0A4089B0146A938A5B23F2"><enum>(1)</enum><text>acquire or
develop destabilizing numbers or types of advanced conventional weapons;
or</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="id436FB6749A3D4A0C82A08D0E671F41B7"><enum>(2)</enum><text>acquire, develop,
produce, or stockpile biological, chemical, radiological, or nuclear weapons or
long-range ballistic missiles.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H802C65FBD37A47459BC1F1D1C0997DD7"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Persons against
whom sanctions are To be imposed</header><text>The sanctions described in
subsection (c) shall be imposed on—</text>
<paragraph id="H7FD9E5F1C24F444BAF90D107C0E6D319"><enum>(1)</enum><text>any person the
President determines has carried out the activities described in subsection
(a); and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HACF4A4325C5A48B4BEBE384FB71B747D"><enum>(2)</enum><text>any person the
President determines—</text>
<subparagraph id="H9D3FF594BECC45D9AA00183F4E2E10EB"><enum>(A)</enum><text>is a successor
entity to the person described in paragraph (1);</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HB3F0F61D6AF84E3492F1D7A675614C94"><enum>(B)</enum><text>is a parent or
subsidiary of the person referred to in paragraph (1), if that parent or
subsidiary engaged in the activities referred to in paragraph (1); or</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HCBE716B85ABC4A33981552EE9F666E52"><enum>(C)</enum><text>is an affiliate of
the person described in paragraph (1) if that affiliate—</text>
<clause id="idC31795C3D82E454EBBA050700C172CB0"><enum>(i)</enum><text>engaged in the
activities referred to in paragraph (1); and</text>
</clause><clause id="idE1E40B88155340839EFDA823C6C0B483"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>is
controlled in fact by the person described in paragraph (1).</text>
</clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H8D81B939155D4C23B0A2A45700BFB75F"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Sanctions</header><text>The
sanctions described in this subsection are the following:</text>
<paragraph id="H383BA3BC3B5E409090ED55A3943C1679"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Procurement
sanction</header><text>The United States Government shall not procure, or enter
into any contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from the
sanctioned person.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HF8894BDC1BB947B7A4994BBFFF67F4C"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Export
sanction</header><text>The United States Government shall not issue any license
for any export by or to the sanctioned person.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H4F191127882A472F9D4670A59010D710"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Import
sanction</header><text>The President shall ban the importation of any article
that is a product of the sanctioned person.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H0F6EC3CC8725498B8E8608FE431100EA"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Sanctioned
person defined</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In this
section, the term <term>sanctioned person</term> means any person or entity
described in subsection (b).</text>
</subsection></section><section id="H7185D14D259642A980F6AF864FCA7212"><enum>104.</enum><header>Sanctions
against certain foreign countries</header>
<subsection id="H821F78B18F9B434F9FBAB100FD024B28"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Prohibition</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">If the President determines that the
government of any foreign country transfers or retransfers goods or technology,
or provides assistance, so as to contribute to the efforts by the Government of
Syria to acquire or develop destabilizing numbers and types of advanced
conventional weapons, or to acquire, develop, produce, or stockpile chemical,
biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons and long-range ballistic missiles,
the President shall impose—</text>
<paragraph id="id096CDF78838A47EA8656EE34E4BF2034"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">2 or more of the sanctions described in
subsection (b); and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="id4C0F26D6FA8E4202820655CB8103B2D7"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the sanctions described in subsection
(c).</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HD8C65287032547CC9509B30454B81BA"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Sanctions</header><text>The
sanctions described in this subsection are the following:</text>
<paragraph id="HAFB37458E6FB47E9985C26E1B2A7D796"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Suspension of
united states assistance</header><text>The United States Government shall
suspend United States assistance to the sanctioned country.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H6CBE4912CFF44A60981BE984D565AB5"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Export
sanction</header><text>The United States Government may not issue any license
for any export by or to the sanctioned country.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H7435FCF7C0F64FE09299545E24A6E536"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Import
sanction</header><text>The President shall ban the importation of any article
that is a product of the sanctioned country.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HAF730D65955D48979B09AA9DB00932C"><enum>(4)</enum><header>International
financial institution assistance</header><text>The Secretary of the Treasury
shall instruct the United States Executive Director at each international
financial institution (as defined in section 1701(c)(2) of the International
Financial Institutions Act) to oppose and vote against the extension by such
institution of any financial or technical assistance to the sanctioned
country.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H0E6188DD593F43C39882223D310053AA"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Suspension of
codevelopment or coproduction agreements</header><text>The United States
Government shall suspend compliance with its obligations under any memorandum
of understanding with the sanctioned country for the codevelopment or
coproduction of any item on the United States Munitions List (established under
section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/22/2778">22 U.S.C. 2778</external-xref>)), including any
obligation for implementation of the memorandum of understanding through the
sale to the sanctioned country of technical data or assistance or the licensing
for export to the sanctioned country of any component part.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HFE8183701A284B44A3BFCDE595D831F"><enum>(6)</enum><header>United states
munitions list</header><text>No item on the United States Munitions List
(established pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act) may be
exported to the sanctioned country.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HAFEA5212C4DC43B2BB7EA21D6553B7A7"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Suspension of
military and dual-use technical exchange agreements</header><text>The United
States Government shall suspend compliance with its obligations under any
technical exchange agreement involving military and dual-use technology between
the United States and the sanctioned country that does not directly contribute
to the security of the United States. No military or dual-use technology may be
exported from the United States to the sanctioned country pursuant to such
agreement during such period.</text>
</subsection></section><enum>II</enum><header>Sanctions
targeting Syria’s energy sector</header>
<section id="H70D2FF1F422342B49704EE3B08FE5DA7"><enum>201.</enum><header>Imposition of
sanctions</header>
<subsection id="H62FE5516E59B4365957F6F04C3BF117"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Imposition of
sanctions</header><text>Except as provided under subsection (e) and section
203, the President shall impose the sanctions specified in paragraphs (1) and
(2) of subsection (b) and 1 of the sanctions specified in paragraphs (3)
through (6) of subsection (b) if the President determines that a person has, on
or after the date of the enactment of this Act, made an investment, or
combination of investments within a 12-month period, of $5,000,000 or more that
contributed to the enhancement of the Government of Syria’s ability to develop
petroleum resources in Syria.</text>
</subsection><subsection id="H8D42EC43E1B0411488AED05FFD11D9C5"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Sanctions
specified</header><text>The sanctions specified in this subsection are as
follows:</text>
<paragraph id="H6CE4F925CB1D4A6AA05D1101CF80D48B"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Export-import
bank assistance for exports to sanctioned persons</header><text>The President
shall prohibit the Export-Import Bank of the United States from approving the
issuance of any guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or participation in
the extension of credit in connection with the export of any goods or services
to any sanctioned person.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HA40CEB2347D94147BE40098E37A9002B"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Loans from
united states financial institutions</header><text>The United States Government
shall prohibit any United States financial institution from making loans or
providing credits totaling more than $10,000,000 in any 12-month period to any
sanctioned person unless—</text>
<subparagraph id="id49B080CAB29242BB8005FEF4310064ED"><enum>(A)</enum><text>such person is
engaged in activities to relieve human suffering; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id8C637FE435F741B6BCD28B1D43627F83"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the loans or
credits are provided to carry out the activities described in subparagraph
(A).</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HFB58E0CB917744ED8E7F36677F5E0000"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Export
sanction</header><text>The President may prohibit the United States Government
from issuing any specific license or granting any other specific permission or
authority to export any goods or technology to a sanctioned person
under—</text>
<subparagraph id="HA84E4E5B50524FA2AA43FBB1E9FA2884"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50
App. 2401 et seq.);</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H186F4529D90542DFB6C397758400179C"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751
et seq.);</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA0168858F8574DF08C86FA18B6AC8FF0"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C.
2011 et seq.); or</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HE9BE4585FBEC4D49B2D4CF4EC888F121"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">any other provision of law that requires
the prior review and approval of the United States Government as a condition
for the export or reexport of goods or services.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H29390C9F20534D3BB38F27C5833E45A1"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Prohibitions on
financial institutions</header>
<subparagraph id="id3EA727D8E7444741A9A9C58EF7FD920C"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In
general</header><text>A financial institution that is a sanctioned
person—</text>
<clause id="H5279C9BDB7CF4567AC283808DF55CC44"><enum>(i)</enum><text>may
not be designated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or
the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as a primary dealer in United States
Government debt instruments or permitted to continue in any such designation;
and</text>
</clause><clause id="idA0EAA7FC937444738E814172CD7E901E"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>may not serve as
an agent of the United States Government or serve as repository for United
States Government funds.</text>
</clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id14101FDB3FC440AF9FC98971BCA5F227"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Treatment</header><text>For
purposes of this title—</text>
<clause id="id352DAA19D52346ECAD55FEC31AE2CFA7"><enum>(i)</enum><text>a
sanction imposed under clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A) shall be treated
as 1 sanction; and</text>
</clause><clause id="id0E847AC2E30A4F3A944757199004E841"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>sanctions
imposed under clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (A) shall be treated as 2
sanctions.</text>
</clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HC8BE235967754D7E80372339B4D8BF9D"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Procurement
sanction</header><text>The United States Government may not procure, or enter
into any contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from a
sanctioned person.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H5A539CBFE0DF424893D149DCADD83676"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Additional
sanctions</header><text>The President may impose sanctions, as appropriate, to
restrict imports with respect to a sanctioned person, in accordance with the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H0E33383A2BBD4C22988B678C690874D"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Persons against
which the sanctions are To be imposed</header><text>The sanctions described in
subsection (b) shall be imposed on—</text>
<paragraph id="H19C4DDC9D94F4AA59D00A94ED2411DF5"><enum>(1)</enum><text>any person the
President determines has carried out the activities described in subsection
(a); and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H1280F88CADF64B1BB27CFCACFB27F5C3"><enum>(2)</enum><text>any person the
President determines—</text>
<subparagraph id="HE7218B850DF14EC200E8DDAB4D342C3"><enum>(A)</enum><text>is a successor
entity to the person described in paragraph (1);</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H0BFA553EF3F04D22B3DCA02B4D912F2C"><enum>(B)</enum><text>is a parent or
subsidiary of the person described in paragraph (1) if that parent or
subsidiary engaged in the activities referred to in paragraph (1); or</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H7BCFAC6DE77342EA955C4B8640CDF0B8"><enum>(C)</enum><text>is an affiliate of
the person described in paragraph (1), if that affiliate—</text>
<clause id="id94A94F43140F4ED1B20A2F8ED4648FCB"><enum>(i)</enum><text>engaged in the
activities referred to in paragraph (1); and</text>
</clause><clause id="id73F6A614D2F04AD0B35BE70D9E66BD01"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>is
controlled in fact by the person described in paragraph (1).</text>
</clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HEA90DBE705E4496191D880ADCEFDC959"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Publication in
Federal Register</header><text>The President shall annually publish in the
Federal Register—</text>
<paragraph id="id55EFEA845EF44662A27A2816B2E95500"><enum>(1)</enum><text>a current list of
sanctioned persons;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="idC682848585A94221956035DA9E6B2794"><enum>(2)</enum><text>the persons or
entities who have been removed from, or added to, the list of sanctioned
persons since the list was last published in the Federal Register; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph commented="no" id="id7A80AFBF5DFC4995859F0BE3CDD3D227"><enum>(3)</enum><text>a list of all the
projects that have been publicly tendered in the oil and gas sector in
Syria.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H0807C1641D554B14A3E1921DC163345"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Exceptions</header><text>The
President is not required to apply or maintain the sanctions described in
subsection (b)—</text>
<paragraph id="HE43EA6AFE5E2479AB7FB004271CB8149"><enum>(1)</enum><text>to the procurement
of defense articles or defense services—</text>
<subparagraph id="H2B778090A2A54751BEAB23A479A877BC"><enum>(A)</enum><text>under contracts or
subcontracts existing on the date of the enactment of this Act, including the
exercise of options for production quantities to satisfy requirements essential
to the national security of the United States; or</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA7FDCC4250524C3AABD6307511DEA1B"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">if the President determines and certifies
in writing to the appropriate congressional committees that—</text>
<clause id="id23CF8385230B4B07B53597BA1B94DAFB"><enum>(i)</enum><subclause commented="no" display-inline="yes-display-inline" id="id1DE4ED00A08D4A6A956E89E6C649FE1C"><enum>(I)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the person to which the sanctions would
otherwise be applied is a sole source supplier of the defense articles or
services;</text>
</subclause><subclause id="id7476364D6E124304A9D38F448606CC5C" indent="up1"><enum>(II)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the
defense articles or services are essential; and</text>
</subclause><subclause id="id73EEEC2477FD44138D1A918A014BFDBB" indent="up1"><enum>(III)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">alternative sources are not readily or
reasonably available; or</text>
</subclause></clause><clause id="HEB140B4EBDF841578878B01CD0547370"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>such articles or
services are essential to the national security of the United States under
defense coproduction agreements;</text>
</clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HF1137F0915AC4FA4BAFD24852741CAA8"><enum>(2)</enum><text>to the procurement
of eligible products (as defined in section 308(4) of the Trade Agreements Act
of 1979 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/19/2518">19 U.S.C.
2518(4)</external-xref>)) of any foreign country or instrumentality designated
under section 301(b)(1) of that Act (19 U.S.C. 2511(b)(1));</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H4A3665BE3C6C475E88D7D1EF5785D62"><enum>(3)</enum><text>to
products, technology, or services provided under contracts entered into before
the date on which the President publishes in the Federal Register the name of
the person with respect to whom the sanctions are to be imposed;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H886F611E839F4BA5B5EBACFAA7BD76AA"><enum>(4)</enum><text>to spare parts or
component parts, but not finished products, which are essential to United
States products or production; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H88BDBB2612134A349389CDBE0EE0091"><enum>(5)</enum><text>to
medicines, medical supplies, or other humanitarian items.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H80C46CC7D81744609B91D333C291E4F"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Sanctioned person
defined</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In this section, the
term <term>sanctioned person</term> means any person or entity described in
subsection (c).</text>
</subsection><subsection commented="no" id="HA0693484C8724C90B8FF95ECEB23FECB"><enum>(g)</enum><header>Determinations
not reviewable</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">A
determination to impose sanctions under this section may not be subject to
judicial review in any court.</text>
</subsection></section><section id="H5254BE0463FB45FD87C5A09760EB6E1D"><enum>202.</enum><header>Advisory
opinions</header>
<subsection id="idA84CF074718A4920B7D846EED146FC6E"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Issuance</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Upon the request of any person, the
Secretary of State may issue an advisory opinion to advise that person whether
a proposed activity by that person would subject that person to sanctions under
section 201.</text>
</subsection><subsection id="id7AE68B85F29640B798024052F47F9ABD"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Safe
harbor</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Any person who relies
in good faith on an advisory opinion issued under subsection (a) that states
that a proposed activity would not subject the person to sanctions under
section 201, and any person who thereafter engages in such activity, shall not
be subject to such sanctions on account of such activity.</text>
</subsection></section><section id="H299EB2BC55DE425EA4C7E82907C3A1B0"><enum>203.</enum><header>Termination of
sanctions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The requirement to
impose sanctions under section 201 shall no longer have force or effect with
respect to the Government of Syria if the President determines and certifies to
the appropriate congressional committees that the Government of Syria—</text>
<paragraph id="H3AABE38FB28E4E79ACD2D16B99B49187"><enum>(1)</enum><text>has ceased its
efforts to design, develop, manufacture, or acquire—</text>
<subparagraph id="HE81833343D6043AE0055A2E3BC8C4244"><enum>(A)</enum><text>a nuclear
explosive device or related materials and technology;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HAF8809993B734F8689620034D030B830"><enum>(B)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">chemical, biological, and radiological
weapons; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA893FE58223C4A32987250EB07F76C8E"><enum>(C)</enum><text>ballistic missiles
and ballistic missile launch technology;</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HC1554C02073F48B283F86BD8F4FA2814"><enum>(2)</enum><text>is no longer a
government that has repeatedly provided support for acts of international
terrorism, as determined by the Secretary of State under section 6(j) of the
Export Administration Act of 1979, section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act
of 1961, section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, or any other provision of
law;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H3A606F3D92644723B11D7F017B1868BD"><enum>(3)</enum><text>is in compliance
with all of its international commitments, including pertinent United Nations
Security Council resolutions;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H4F6F70D09DB041638136816100F401BC"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">respects the territorial integrity,
sovereignty, and right to exist of neighboring countries; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H5A204B1179BF4B5784C7AFB1BFCF2376"><enum>(5)</enum><text>poses no threat to
United States security, United States interests, or United States allies in the
region.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="H7F89AECBDD69433F8EF3ACC31BDFF2E5"><enum>204.</enum><header>Duration of
sanctions; Presidential waiver</header>
<subsection id="H9B427EDBFD254AB4B805262B81B49EC1"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Duration of
sanctions</header><text>Sanctions imposed under section 201 shall remain in
effect—</text>
<paragraph id="HFDA2316B850644B7A5D4DF379567ECC"><enum>(1)</enum><text>for a period of not
less than 2 years from the date on which it is imposed; or</text>
</paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H4A2393B63701422C995D5400D071FD51"><enum>(2)</enum><text>for the longer
of—</text>
<subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1FB62166E28F4870A2D00B0054A4DF5E"><enum>(A)</enum><text>a period of not
less than 1 year; or</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4D62DC3F092E4C0BAA735DFECB91C6BE"><enum>(B)</enum><text>until such time
as the President determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional
committees that—</text>
<clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id40287E1790A74D0183783905914A413F"><enum>(i)</enum><text>the person whose
activities were the basis for imposing the sanction is no longer engaging in
such activities; and</text>
</clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5361A6CD600E4E2A9190C7491BB86F14"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>the President
has received reliable assurances that such person will not engage in such
activities in the future.</text>
</clause></subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H2E614E81CB324EAD8F6071A67D2046B4"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Delay of
Sanctions</header>
<paragraph id="H465FFB3D67234850BD323674235041B1"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Consultations</header><text>If
the President determines that a sanction under section 201 should be imposed
with respect to a foreign person, the President should immediately initiate
consultations with the government with primary jurisdiction over the foreign
person with respect to the imposition of sanctions under such section.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HC511817DA6084A2CAACE433F63E0B89D"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Actions by
government of jurisdiction</header>
<subparagraph id="idC5017B9D637448AC91F2536F4910F1EB"><enum>(A)</enum><header>Consultations</header><text>The
President may delay the imposition of sanctions against a foreign person under
section 201 for up to 90 days to consult with the government with primary
jurisdiction over the foreign person.</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id3836AF45F88345F5B20B48D63D94B58A"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Effect of
consultation</header><text>At the conclusion of the consultations under
subparagraph (A), the President shall immediately impose sanctions against the
foreign person under section 201 unless the President determines and certifies
to the appropriate congressional committees that the foreign government has
taken specific and effective actions, including the imposition of appropriate
penalties, to terminate the involvement of the foreign person in the activities
that resulted in the determination by the President to impose such sanctions
against the foreign person.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H3E9FB23BA251498796120096C31F481E"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Presidential
Waiver</header><text>The President may, on a case by case basis, waive for a
single period not to exceed 6 months the application of a sanction imposed
under section 201 with respect to a foreign person if the President certifies
to the appropriate congressional committees at least 30 days before such waiver
is to take effect that—</text>
<paragraph id="HC7CB92885A8D4E9980FBA55123D5E53D"><enum>(1)</enum><text>such waiver is
vital to the national security of the United States; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H19B76C7FCC494392B9170714665CD9AD"><enum>(2)</enum><text>the government of
the country of which the foreign person is a national has undertaken
substantial measures to—</text>
<subparagraph id="id9BC884B556A542F4955011109643A5FA"><enum>(A)</enum><text>prevent the
acquisition and development of weapons of mass destruction by the Government of
Syria; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id03A1C8C427FF4D4396F241211FD58E46"><enum>(B)</enum><text>deny the
Government of Syria the resources and capability to engage in the
state-sponsorship of terrorism.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph></subsection></section><section commented="no" id="HDDF6EF86C0604E83B3918800F3825918"><enum>205.</enum><header>Exclusion of
certain activities</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Nothing in
this title may be construed to apply to any activities subject to the reporting
requirements of title V of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 413 et
seq.).</text>
</section><section id="IDfa001bf13de74a098b7a70c28e495943"><enum>206.</enum><header>Elimination of
certain tax incentives for oil companies investing in Syria</header>
<subsection id="ID21398d264985436c8dfa3a42030ef73e"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In
general</header><text>Section 167(h) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986
(relating to amortization of geological and geophysical expenditures) is
amended by adding at the end the following:</text>
<quoted-block display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id798809C04A704C1BB71359423C09D9D5" style="OLC">
<paragraph id="ID224b7d3e2f694c688c5b00200ec377ec"><enum>(6)</enum><header>Denial when
Syria sanctions in effect</header>
<subparagraph id="ID93b8577569fe431982efd547347ab1e2"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In
general</header><text>If sanctions are imposed under the Syria Accountability
and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003 or the
<short-title>Syria Accountability and Liberation
Act</short-title> on any member of an expanded affiliated group the common
parent of which is a foreign corporation, paragraph (1) shall not apply to any
expense paid or incurred by any such member in any period during which the
sanctions are in effect.</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="ID2615c3b2650140cba5f0f1a0a30be823"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Expanded
affiliated group</header><text>In this paragraph, the term <term>expanded
affiliated group</term> has the meaning given the term <quote>affiliated
group</quote> under section 1504(a), except that—</text>
<clause id="ID07cfe365a03043498d67e6a63627d584"><enum>(i)</enum><text>the phrase
<quote>more than 50 percent</quote> shall be substituted for <quote>at least 80
percent</quote> each place it appears; and</text>
</clause><clause id="ID7d097ea0aa5b4a83876d6d9abb5babdb"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>paragraphs (2),
(3), and (4) of section 1504(b) shall not
apply.</text>
</clause></subparagraph></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</subsection><subsection id="ID0463e4efc01047e399ed19d2833c980d"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Effective
date</header><text>The amendment made by subsection (a) shall apply to expenses
paid or incurred on or after January 1, 2007.</text>
</subsection></section><enum>III</enum><header>Diplomatic
efforts to isolate the Government of Syria</header>
<section id="HA08683169A8F4C7F862F574205AA021D"><enum>301.</enum><header>Sense of
Congress relating to bilateral efforts</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">It is the sense of Congress that the
Secretary of State should ensure that United States diplomatic personnel who
are stationed abroad—</text>
<paragraph id="id7AF1ED934036466EAC67F43F790E8C00"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">understand and, in their contacts with
foreign officials, are communicating the reasons for United States policy and
sanctions against the Government of Syria; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="idFB66C11699C04C6C9A384D763E757EDA"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">are urging foreign governments to cooperate
more effectively with the Government of the United States in compelling the
Government of Syria to cease policies and activities that threaten global peace
and security.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="H08554A693C02464DA1C5BD491BE5385F"><enum>302.</enum><header>Opposition to
Syria’s membership and candidacy for leadership posts in United Nations
institutions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The President
shall direct the United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations
to continue to use the voice and vote of the United States to oppose Syria’s
membership and candidacy for leadership posts in such institutions, and engage
in diplomatic efforts to secure multilateral support for such efforts.</text>
</section><section id="H63A0F405996748F687D6ACD6EACC6995"><enum>303.</enum><header>Actions at the
United Nations General Assembly</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The President shall take the necessary steps
to secure support for the adoption of a resolution at the United Nations
General Assembly that—</text>
<paragraph id="id669509DD0E334D01BCDF8B6AA0083F07"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">holds the Government of Syria accountable
for its systematic violations of human rights of Syrian and Lebanese citizens;
and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="id59EA7DABAA924299A2B8658C62FE88C9"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">calls for the appointment of a United
Nations Special Rapporteur to investigate such human rights violations.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="H60C389F3108247D6B5C7447BF6D2AF37"><enum>304.</enum><header>Actions at
international financial institutions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The President shall instruct the United
States Executive Director at each international financial institution (as
defined in section 1701(c)(2) of the International Financial Institutions Act)
to use the voice and vote of the United States to oppose—</text>
<paragraph id="idBDC7C01E74D94B35A5CAE51CF62A7C6C"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">any loan or other assistance to Syria;
and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="id9B1717D616A348088882138BB77EAF7C"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Syria’s membership in the
institution.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="H4E9A632B958D4B31BBACE468005B34B9"><enum>305.</enum><header>Actions at the
International Atomic Energy Agency</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The President shall instruct the United
States Permanent Representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency
(referred to in this section as the <quote>IAEA</quote>) to—</text>
<paragraph id="HF3D36ED090474DC9B7AAB18410C9973E"><enum>(1)</enum><text>seek the adoption
of a resolution calling on Syria to—</text>
<subparagraph id="id4F2299EEEB764EF49AB327BA33C53C82"><enum>(A)</enum><text>declare all
nuclear-related facilities;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="idCCB810E24CD841A0A637D8A64D747A0C"><enum>(B)</enum><text>immediately and
unconditionally suspend any activity which could be used to develop
nuclear-weapons capability; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id1B114108D57C4FA9B9226E93708F9223"><enum>(C)</enum><text>provide IAEA
inspectors with full access to its nuclear-related facilities;</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HBDD0DED034CD4F88B7D3EB198E551F1B"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">block the allocation of funds for IAEA
development, environmental, or nuclear-related assistance or activity to the
Government of Syria or any agency or instrumentality of such government until
the conditions described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 102 have been
met; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HE5827F20B4574AC6B70540DBC61CE6E"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">block membership of the Government of Syria
on the Board of Governors of the IAEA.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="H4D9F5574983347A2828E1FBD143D39D6"><enum>306.</enum><header>Establishment
of United States and regional contact groups</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The President shall seek to establish
contact groups with relevant countries in the Middle East to provide forums in
which United States officials who are responsible for counter-proliferation
efforts are able to meet, at least twice each year, with their counterpart from
such countries to—</text>
<paragraph id="H0C370A3E5F234E5DAE7257B4EB53285"><enum>(1)</enum><text>discuss the global
threats presented by Syrian nuclear proliferation and sponsorship of
international terrorism; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H8B2C51927BC3470EAC6E00E50947EFB7"><enum>(2)</enum><text>develop strategies
to effectively address such threats.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="HDB14E91BAE9D4DCCB56018008D00AEF4"><enum>307.</enum><header>Report on
assistance to, and commerce with, Syria</header>
<subsection id="HDDC97ED1CAFE4529A8F36DC18B2DF214"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Report</header><text>Not
later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually
thereafter, the President shall submit a report to the appropriate
congressional committees that describes the assistance to, and commerce with,
Syria by other foreign countries during the preceding 12-month period.</text>
</subsection><subsection id="H0F49F77F34A84C18921780D5E3851100"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Contents</header><text>Each
report submitted under subsection (a) shall, for the period covered by the
report and to the extent available—</text>
<paragraph id="HDECB91A9285E45C1BD97E17459918D60"><enum>(1)</enum><text>describe all
bilateral assistance provided to Syria by other foreign countries, including
humanitarian assistance;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HBEC4B6F200164E708990357C19881B03"><enum>(2)</enum><text>describe Syria’s
commerce with foreign countries, including an identification of Syria’s trading
partners and the extent of such trade;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HB4E7DFF70F9443049439F13283A98BEE"><enum>(3)</enum><text>describe the joint
ventures completed, or under consideration, by foreign nationals and business
firms involving facilities in Syria, including—</text>
<subparagraph id="id77C2527BD43F4E7BB0EB3AE766ECE2F1"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the location of
the facilities involved;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id0484056C1A454FC08911FB4831312176"><enum>(B)</enum><text>a description of
the terms of agreement of the joint ventures; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="id150C2C8FDEBB4FA2B0688388091DFE93"><enum>(C)</enum><text>the names of the
parties that are involved;</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H1D1A116816B44BC888F5FB7FB8B22421"><enum>(4)</enum><text>report the amount
of debt of the Government of Syria that is owed to each foreign country,
including—</text>
<subparagraph id="H15BA8C691E2A4123830441757F04447D"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the amount of debt
exchanged, forgiven, or reduced under the terms of each investment or operation
in Syria involving foreign nationals; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H9D75A44B72344E08ACB3A712CC2445E0"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the amount of debt
owed to the foreign country that has been exchanged, forgiven, or reduced in
return for a grant by the Government of Syria of an equity interest in a
property, investment, or operation of the Syrian Government or of a Syrian
national;</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H76C9C2092C83448B9E7E6C31DDD7CB04"><enum>(5)</enum><text>describe the steps
taken to assure that raw materials and semifinished or finished goods produced
by facilities in Syria involving foreign nationals do not enter the United
States market, either directly or through third countries or parties;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HD1B757EB29F542ECAB38001E13511D6C"><enum>(6)</enum><text>identify the
countries and entities that provide, or have provided, arms or military
supplies from Syria or that otherwise have entered into agreements with Syria
that could have a military application; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="id04822289378247DF9C14D076D26221C1"><enum>(7)</enum><text>contain, for the
countries and entities identified under paragraph (6)—</text>
<subparagraph id="H73AB2F64D07C49ABBE6591C3D2281E3C"><enum>(A)</enum><text>a description of
the military supplies, equipment, or other material sold, bartered, or
exchanged between Syria and such countries or entities;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H69B8146D21DD47ABBFFC4E2168F9D246"><enum>(B)</enum><text>a listing of the
goods, services, credits, or other consideration received by Syria in exchange
for military supplies, equipment, or material; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H237C0F8687A1476BBAA94116EC7FB24D"><enum>(C)</enum><text>the terms or
conditions of any agreement described in paragraph (6).</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HC30D34C635B1467CB5B8C57E6EC653A5"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Form</header><text>The
report submitted under subsection (a) shall be in unclassified form and may
include a classified annex.</text>
</subsection></section><enum>IV</enum><header>Assistance to
support democracy in Syria </header>
<section id="H7005B73996764584B63841692B336965"><enum>401.</enum><header>Declarations of
policy</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">It shall be the policy
of the United States to support independent human rights and pro-democracy
forces in Syria to promote the emergence of a democratic government in Syria
that will—</text>
<paragraph id="H30BB5C3398A843D4AF1F8F9E35BB6400"><enum>(1)</enum><text>denounce and
combat terrorism;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H89A1C9F7D7614E2A9918CBFDA1D6804E"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">dismantle its chemical, biological,
radiological, and nuclear weapons programs and commit to combating the
proliferation of such weapons;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HDB6775F8A3D140E587F23DB2D1B429E7"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">respect the boundaries, sovereignty, and
right to exist of its neighbors and live in peace and security with all the
countries in the region; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HB3BDC2CE87844A50BC31B84E952B84B5"><enum>(4)</enum><text>uphold and defend
the human rights and civil liberties of its citizens.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="H1E3BCC41737F4D8389E0D28231F7EA00"><enum>402.</enum><header>Assistance to
support a transition to democracy in Syria</header>
<subsection id="H56DE5598C1154FE58200E4E92EFFB6FB"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Authorization</header><text>Notwithstanding
any other provision of law, the President is authorized to provide assistance
and other support for individuals and independent nongovernmental organizations
to support a transition to a freely elected, internationally recognized
democratic government in Syria.</text>
</subsection><subsection id="HC6F13034224C42B3BD4BD61FCA5F918"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Activities
supported</header><text>Assistance provided pursuant to subsection (a) shall,
to the maximum extent practicable, be used to carry out—</text>
<paragraph id="HAC15105B1E3F48699DE08E4CEFB5401E"><enum>(1)</enum><text>democracy-building
and civil society efforts in Syria, including the provision of assistance to
organizations certified by the President to be independent democratic
organizations, victims of political repression and their families, and
prisoners of conscience and their families; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H4CD35FF378C94FCAAB8DBDE52FCD7509"><enum>(2)</enum><text>radio and
television broadcasting to Syria to support democracy-building and civil
society efforts in Syria.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HB4DCD917B26A4F369D00007F368D8272"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Authorization of
appropriations</header><text>There are authorized to be appropriated to the
President, for fiscal year 2008 and for each subsequent fiscal year, such sums
as may be necessary to carry out this section.</text>
</subsection></section>