110 HR 2215 IH: To provide a reduction in the aggregate greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy consumed by vehicles and aircraft, and for other purposes.
U.S. House of Representatives
2007-05-08
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
1.The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:
<enum>VII</enum><header>Greenhouse gas emissions from vehicle and aircraft fuels</header>
<section id="H415BD09AD5494767892F1E74F918B18F"><enum>701.</enum><header>Purpose</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The purpose of this title is to provide a reduction in the aggregate greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy consumed by vehicles and aircraft.</text></section>
<section id="HBADB073F8951488183FC95BCC6B1AE54"><enum>702.</enum><header>Findings</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">The Congress finds that:</text>
<paragraph id="H1C48EE66F7864B71009DF1F0AA5E1827"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The United States consumes a quarter of the world’s oil and the oil used in transportation accounts for a third of the United States emissions of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HEBDBE807509B45DEA33EE7D7788B8F3"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">To avoid catastrophic global warming, the United States should take decisive action with other nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent by 2050.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H2ACDBCA73B224F96972800005D17BF12"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Transitioning our transportation sector to more efficient use of oil and low-carbon petroleum alternatives is essential to reducing global warming pollution.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HE9745D6758A64970999B8D07481C2D11"><enum>(4)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">It is necessary and feasible to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, enhance national security by reducing dependence on oil and promote economic well-being without sacrificing land, water and air quality, by enacting energy policies that motivate environmental performance.</text></paragraph></section>
<section id="HCA212CFD6148476084E774121CCE784" display-inline="no-display-inline"><enum>703.</enum><header>Definitions</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">For purposes of this title:</text>
<paragraph id="H40D9C0FE583D4AA996C8007C5B6B5BC6"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Administrator</header><text>The term <quote>Administrator</quote> means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H2F3F7F2CFC1C49A68CA4C890723B96AE"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Carbon dioxide equivalent</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">With respect to each greenhouse gas, the term <quote>carbon dioxide equivalent</quote> means the amount of the greenhouse gas resulting from that fuel that traps the same amount of heat as one metric ton of carbon dioxide, as determined by the Administrator.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HB7593B9784E048A9A8457F3256A479BB"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Greenhouse gas</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <quote>greenhouse gas</quote> means carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and any other anthropogenically-emitted gas that is determined by the Administrator, after notice and comment, to contribute to global warming to a non-negligible degree.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H64601EDA3BBB44F7BBE1ACBDD767485"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term ‘lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions’ means greenhouse gases emitted during the entire cycle of extraction, cultivation, production, manufacturing, feedstock extraction, marketing, and distribution for a fuel or other sources of energy, as well as those emitted during the use of such fuels and sources by vehicles and aircraft. The term includes changes in land use and land cover associated with each phase of such cycle.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HB78BA32FFBD846F3815C7525E6B442DF"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Vehicle</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <quote>vehicle</quote> means a motor vehicle as defined in section 216 and any other device used for the transportation of persons or goods (other than an aircraft).</text></paragraph> </section>
<section id="H4FEE3594005449BF8584B5C267E90010"><enum>704.</enum><header>Low carbon fuel performance standards</header>
<subsection id="H289D4A77E4C3474D009DD33DA4577818"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Vehicle fuel standard</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than January 1, 2010, the Administrator shall promulgate low carbon fuel performance standards for fuels and other sources of energy used to propel vehicles. Such standards shall begin to apply in the year 2015. </text></subsection>
<subsection id="HA0C5B85A0A4349DA9579E6259FC8E855"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Graduated reductions for vehicle fuel</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Administrator shall promulgate, by rule, a declining standard for each 5 calendar year period beginning in 2015. Each such standard shall represent a graduated percentage reduction in aggregate emissions of greenhouse gases per Btu in each 5-year period after 2014 through 2050 as provided in the following table. The reduction for each such period shall be measured from the baseline for vehicle fuel, as determined by the Administrator under subsection (f).</text>
<table align-to-level="section" blank-lines-before="1" frame="none" line-rules="no-gen" rule-weights="0.0.0.4.0.0" subformat="S6211" table-type="2-Entry:-2-text,-bold-hds">
<tgroup cols="2" grid-typeface="1.1" thead-tbody-ldg-size="1.10.12" ttitle-size="0"><colspec align="left" coldef="txt" colname="col1" colsep="0" colwidth="294" min-data-value="190" rowsep="0"/><colspec align="center" coldef="txt-no-spread" colname="col2" colsep="0" colwidth="147" min-data-value="95" rowsep="0"/>
<tbody>
<row><entry align="left" leader-modify="clr-ldr" rowsep="0" stub-definition="txt-clr" stub-hierarchy="1"><bold>5-year period</bold></entry><entry rowsep="0"><bold>Percent reduction</bold></entry> </row>
<row><entry align="left" colname="col1" leader-modify="force-ldr" rowsep="0" stub-definition="txt-ldr" stub-hierarchy="2">2015 through 2019</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2" leader-modify="clr-ldr" rowsep="0">3 percent</entry></row>
<row><entry align="left" colname="col1" leader-modify="force-ldr" rowsep="0" stub-definition="txt-ldr" stub-hierarchy="2">2020 through 2024</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2" leader-modify="clr-ldr" rowsep="0">6 percent</entry></row>
<row><entry align="left" colname="col1" leader-modify="force-ldr" rowsep="0" stub-definition="txt-ldr" stub-hierarchy="2">2025 through 2029</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2" leader-modify="clr-ldr" rowsep="0">9 percent</entry></row>
<row><entry align="left" colname="col1" leader-modify="force-ldr" rowsep="0" stub-definition="txt-ldr" stub-hierarchy="2">2030 through 2034</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2" leader-modify="clr-ldr" rowsep="0">12 percent</entry></row>
<row><entry align="left" colname="col1" leader-modify="force-ldr" rowsep="0" stub-definition="txt-ldr" stub-hierarchy="2">2035through 2039</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2" leader-modify="clr-ldr" rowsep="0">15 percent</entry></row>
<row><entry align="left" colname="col1" leader-modify="force-ldr" rowsep="0" stub-definition="txt-ldr" stub-hierarchy="2">2040 through 2044</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2" leader-modify="clr-ldr" rowsep="0">18 percent</entry></row>
<row><entry align="left" colname="col1" leader-modify="force-ldr" rowsep="0" stub-definition="txt-ldr" stub-hierarchy="2">2045 through 2049</entry><entry align="center" colname="col2" leader-modify="clr-ldr" rowsep="0">21 percent.</entry></row></tbody> </tgroup></table> </subsection>
<subsection id="HE1E7254140894A52B9990041B149FB86"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Additional reductions</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Each 5 years during the period 2015 through 2050 the Administrator shall review available control technology, safety considerations, and land and other resources available for production of fuels and other sources of energy used to propel vehicles. Following such review, the Administrator may, by rule, promulgate a more stringent standard than the standard otherwise applicable under subsection (b) which more stringent standard, based on such review, the Administrator determines to be requisite to protect the public health and welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects associated with greenhouse gas emissions.</text></subsection>
<subsection id="H6C03A8E8748645EE90FB13D3E0DBEC7D"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Standard for aircraft fuel</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than January 1, 2010, the Administrator shall promulgate a low carbon fuel performance standard for fuels and other sources of energy used by aircraft. The performance standard for such fuels and other sources of energy for aircraft for each year after 2015 shall be the baseline for that fuel, as determined by the Administrator under subsection (f). Such standard shall begin to apply in the year 2015 and continue to apply through the calendar year 2019. The standard shall remain in effect thereafter unless, for each 5 year period thereafter, beginning in 2020, the Administrator and the Secretary of Transportation determine that a more stringent standard is necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act. Such determination may be made only after a thorough review of available technology and safety considerations. Following such determination, the Administrator shall promulgate a rule establishing a more stringent standard. </text></subsection>
<subsection id="H33C18CC3E9904615A42EA29365A127FB"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Terms of standards</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Each standard under this section shall be expressed in carbon dioxide, or carbon dioxide equivalent, emissions per Btu of energy from the aggregate of all fuels and other sources of energy used by vehicles or by aircraft.</text></subsection>
<subsection id="HFE9A17295B094E32BA709027C08685FB"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Baseline</header>
<paragraph id="H74C84DD322BF4D38A321C32AADA0057"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Vehicle fuel</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The baseline for vehicle fuel for purposes of the standards under this section shall be the aggregate greenhouse gas emissions per Btu from all such fuel and other sources of energy used by vehicles in calendar year 2007, as determined by the Administrator.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HC9ED196F6D624D9EA26B4978579B5D41"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Aircraft fuel</header><text>For fuel used by aircraft, the baseline for purposes of the standard under this section shall be the aggregate greenhouse gas emissions per Btu from all such fuel and other sources of energy used by aircraft in calendar year 2007, as determined by the Administrator.</text></paragraph></subsection> </section>
<section id="HB9384873FDFF4E29AFC78C8BDC548E75"><enum>705.</enum><header>EPA regulations; calculation of emissions per Btu</header>
<subsection id="HDC07FB0CB1B847D19DF184AA1F62FB40"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Regulations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">After consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Commerce, and a review of all compliance methods, the Administrator, after notice and opportunity for comment, shall promulgate, not later than January 1, 2010, and may periodically revise thereafter, regulations requiring compliance with the annual performance standards established under section 703. </text></subsection>
<subsection id="H8FCDD4B69782484A869100E1161762DC"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Calculations of greenhouse emission rate per Btu</header>
<paragraph id="H5458DEE1A7494C8C9145FCEDCECE7F1"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Individual calculations under standard methodology</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The regulations under this section shall provide standard, transparent and public methods for each producer, importer, or blender of a fuel or other source of energy used, directly or indirectly, as a fuel for vehicles or aircraft to calculate the greenhouse gases emitted per Btu of such fuel or other source of energy when so used.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H2431891D94C846DEB947D386A5A2CAD1"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Lifecycle greenhouse gas emission calculation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The regulations under this section shall include appropriate methods for estimating the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of each fuel and other energy source. For purposes of such regulations, the Administrator shall develop methods to quantify the direct and indirect emissions resulting from biofuel production.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HA869E7D3002348EB9E4C30BA93905E41"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Special adjustment for electricity and hydrogen</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In making the calculation under this subsection, the Administrator shall adjust the Btus of energy delivered from the use of electricity and hydrogen used as a fuel or source of energy for vehicles and aircraft. Such adjustment shall reflect the greenhouse gas reductions on a per mile basis in order to reflect the inherent energy efficiency of an average battery electric, plug in hybrid electric vehicle, or hydrogen fuel cell vehicle.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H704E128486024DC28699139D3E5BD749"><enum>(4)</enum><header>NAS report</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Administrator shall, not less than 90 days after the enactment of this Act, enter into a contract with the National Academy of Sciences to assess and recommend methods to calculate the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and use of fuels and other sources of energy used as a fuel for vehicles and aircraft. </text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H73544DD1700D497EB8494680EF0708C"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In developing regulations under this section, the Administrator shall consult with State agencies and other government entities within and outside the United States having programs for control of greenhouse gas emissions from vehicle fuels and shall promulgate such regulations after consideration of the report under paragraph (4).</text></paragraph></subsection></section>
<section id="H6D814339751A4ACF9FDA88C5305428F0"><enum>706.</enum><header>Compliance with standard</header>
<subsection id="HD84D73A4E2724BED9D38FEA26B3418E6"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Requirement To meet standard</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The regulations under this title shall provide that each producer, importer or blender of a fuel or other source of energy used for transportation by vehicles or aircraft shall be required to generate or obtain in each calendar year after 2009 credits equal to the excess, if any, of paragraph (1) over paragraph (2) multiplied by paragraph (3). No producer, importer, or blender shall be required to obtain credits if the fuel or other source of energy meets the aggregate performance standard under section 703 for the calendar year concerned.</text>
<paragraph id="H2557A46CE86344B9BF5300003999721B"><enum>(1) </enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The greenhouse gases (expressed as carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide equivalent) emitted per Btu of fuel or other energy produced, imported, or blended by such producer, importer, or blender in the calendar year concerned.</text> </paragraph>
<paragraph id="HFF78C687A6BA4A4DA53BE24903ED9076"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The aggregate performance standard for all such producers, importer, or blenders established under section 703 for the calendar year concerned.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H1ADC1C81B3EE45A184B9A63F64DCEA00"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The total number of Btus used in vehicles and aircraft that is provided by the fuel or other energy produced, imported, or blended by such producer, importer or blender in the year concerned.</text> </paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="H4DFDED5E233D402BA6495EB80050BC57"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Generation, trading, and banking of credits</header>
<paragraph id="H6F90C9D30348495AB2DDA1001DEA00DD"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Credit generation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">For each calendar year after the calendar year 2014, each producer, importer or blender of each fuel or other source of energy used, for transportation by vehicles or aircraft shall be credited with greenhouse gas emission credits equal to the excess, if any, of paragraph (2) of subsection (a) over paragraph (1) of subsection (a) multiplied by paragraph (3) of subsection (a). </text> </paragraph>
<paragraph id="H79E380EA6D334D99B02C5C8BFB7F4834"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Trading</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The regulations under this section shall allow purchase, sale, and trading of such allowance producers, importers and blenders, and other persons. Credits generated this section may be held and traded by any person. Credits under this section do not constitute a property right, and nothing in any provision of law shall be construed to limit the authority of the United States to terminate or limit any such credit.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H43FFEE86A43141D98719D31887442833"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Banking</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Credits generated under this section may be used in the year in which they are generated and in the following calendar year.</text></paragraph> </subsection>
<subsection id="HC9AC44ACF6DB4F75AB00FFC2E855C709"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Monitoring</header><text>The Administrator shall promulgate rules to ensure that greenhouse gas emissions and the use of credits generated under this section are accurately tracked, reported, and verified.</text></subsection>
<subsection id="H9DFCA3D0D9F44773BA2E4FE3A48FF48E"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Enforcement</header>
<paragraph id="H6EE0142129FD4AD89590203479004163"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">If any fuel or other source of energy used, directly or indirectly, by vehicles exceeds in any calendar year the standard established under this section and the producer, importer or blender thereof has not acquired credits to offset such excess, the producer, importer or blender shall pay a civil penalty in an amount determined under paragraph (2).</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H72AD4ACADD29478E958F2E09FE59AF2E"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Amount of civil penalty</header><text>The amount of the civil penalty under this subsection shall be twice the market price for the credits that would be necessary for such producer, blender, or importer to meet the standard for the fuel or energy source concerned. The Administrator shall establish the method of determining such market price.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H059357C2370C4A120055F4D600143C33"><enum>(3)</enum><header>No demand required</header><text>A civil penalty under this subsection shall be due and payable to the Administrator without demand.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H8C2E33F791934235BFC32D12E112897"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Civil action</header><text>The Administrator may bring a civil action in the appropriate United States district court to recover the amount of any civil penalty due and payable under this subsection.</text></paragraph></subsection></section>
<section id="HECF281716ABB489F83BECC93C40E100"><enum>707.</enum><header>Certification and labeling of low-carbon transportation fuels</header>
<subsection id="H2885F8B550EE4B32A9BEF1CC005CC5CB"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Identification</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than January 1, 2009, the Administrator shall identify and label low-carbon transportation fuels based on the following criteria.</text>
<paragraph id="HCA766E7BBE2F426BB7F9B76792B72500"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The fuel is responsible for at least 20 percent lower lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions per Btu delivered compared to the 2007 baseline. </text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HA24688518130439780F1F4ADADC2D025"><enum>(2)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The fuel is likely to have fewer adverse impacts on wildlife habitat, biodiversity, water quality or air quality over the lifecycle of the fuel, than conventional transportation fuels.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HD09F9F9971754ED98706D93DF9D343B"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline"> The fuel achieves reduction in petroleum content over its lifecycle.</text></paragraph><continuation-text continuation-text-level="subsection">In the case of electric energy and hydrogen used, directly or indirectly, as a fuel or source of energy for vehicles, the Administrator shall apply the special adjustment factor referred to in section 705(b)(3) in identifying low-carbon transportation fuels.</continuation-text></subsection>
<subsection id="HEA00C42E76AE431CB4B9388B187FF434"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Certification</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than January 1, 2009, the Administrator shall establish a low-carbon fuel certification process to certify fuels that the Administrator has identified as low-carbon fuels, make that certification information available to consumers. Under regulations promulgated by the Administrator any person manufacturing, importing, or distributing low-carbon fuels may provide labeling for such fuels in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Administrator and promote public awareness of those fuels.</text></subsection> </section>
<section id="HFA394458813C4AE5A6044E8CBA01C9A4"><enum>708.</enum><header>Fuel safeguards</header>
<subsection id="H8F623E7EB2334314BD69316FFDC952FD"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definitions</header><text>As used in this section:</text>
<paragraph id="H40B5DE1B819B43028EFF8FA6B3D9A42E"><enum>(1)</enum><text>The term <quote>Community Fire Safety Zone</quote> means the immediate vicinity of buildings and other areas regularly occupied by people, or of infrastructure, at risk of wildfire.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HACC4632B401C4B7BB98BFDD9B1E9B434"><enum>(2)</enum><text>The term <quote>Ecosystem conversion</quote> means altering the native habitat to such an extent that it no longer supports most characteristic native species and ecological processes.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HA78D7FE4278C4959A95E02F1129D92A4"><enum>(3)</enum><text>The term <quote>native habitat</quote> means dynamic groupings of native plant and animal communities that occur together on the landscape or in the water and are tied together by similar ecological processes, underlying environmental features such as geology, or environmental gradients such as elevation, but does not include land that is currently in agricultural production.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HD0467831389E482CA0FDDF40A0BCE0BE"><enum>(4)</enum><header>National interest lands</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term <quote>National interest lands</quote> means areas designated as national wildlife refuges, national forests, or national grasslands, areas managed by the National Park Service (including national parks and monuments), and lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H871FE081A3214E3BA45EF929E7CF44D"><enum>(5)</enum><text>The term <quote>Community Fire Safety Zone</quote> means the immediate vicinity of buildings and other areas regularly occupied by people, or of infrastructure, at risk of wildfire.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HBD00B3C953884F4DA27BE19526E65C36"><enum>(6)</enum><text>The term <quote>Sensitive Lands</quote> means old growth forests; roadless areas on national forests, wilderness study areas; native grasslands; intact, rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems; and any area containing significant concentrations of biodiversity values including endemism, endangered species, high species richness, and refugia.</text></paragraph></subsection>
<subsection id="H82886594C553408791F0CAEF2C6B98E8"><enum>(b)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Under regulations of the Administrator, no transportation fuel sold in interstate commerce after January 1, 2010 may be derived all or in part from biomass from the following sources:</text>
<paragraph id="H5E309054A7234C809C1358A2004D79BD"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Lands where the Administrator determines that ecosystem conversion has occurred after the date of the enactment of this Act.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H7660166542DB4B09B41D693CCEB07794"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Sensitive Lands.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HD6860F1EBA344F9DB936625EF7E356FB"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program established under subchapter B of chapter 1 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/16/3831">16 U.S.C. 3831 et seq.</external-xref>) or the wetlands reserves program established under subchapter C of chapter 1 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/16/3837">16 U.S.C. 3837 et seq.</external-xref>), unless the biomass is produced in a manner consistent with all applicable guidelines and terms, and conditions under the program.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H2FEEC79630BA4F098388146881B5F72C"><enum>(4)</enum><text>National interest lands with the exception of either of the following:</text>
<subparagraph id="H09F7BF2DDBC940CEA58BCA10A4288BBE"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Harvest residue, mill waste, or pre-commercial thinnings, from lands assigned to timber production.</text></subparagraph>
<subparagraph id="H2452E18B370E43A69D01D212FF3547C8"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Biomass obtained from a Community Fire Safety Zone.</text></subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H9B589D14525B4870AEABB21D537DCDBB"><enum>(5)</enum><text>Recyclable postconsumer waste paper, painted, treated, or pressurized wood, wood contaminated with plastic or metals.</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HDA0583E2283D495D98BA5B6E2CBF4596"><enum>(6)</enum><text>Municipal solid waste (as defined in the Solid Waste Disposal Act).</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="H5BBF848007334F1DAA2E702D1EA11D9F"><enum>(7)</enum><text>Materials produced, harvested, acquired, transported, or processed pursuant to an exemption from otherwise applicable environmental laws or rules.</text></paragraph></subsection></section>
<section id="HCE4EF315F8A54ACD84AF1EE09D57D400"><enum>709.</enum><header>Air quality impacts</header>
<subsection id="HF38F0948DB944E8A911CBA0906BF2893"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The Administrator shall ensure, under regulation, that no transportation fuel sold or introduced in interstate commerce after January 1, 2010 shall result in—</text>
<paragraph id="H16B8450547474F259BA60095BBE2C1B"><enum>(1)</enum><text>average per gallon vehicle emissions (measure on a mass basis) of air pollutants in excess of the quantity of those emissions attributable to gasoline sold or introduced into commerce in the United States during calendar year 2007; or</text></paragraph>
<paragraph id="HD8409E9D67A54FDD873BA0B56C138935"><enum>(2)</enum><text>a violation of any motor vehicle emission or fuel content limitation under any other provision of this Act.</text></paragraph></subsection></section>
<section id="HBA4FA88A94D1467CAB7CE4A93D7AACB"><enum>710.</enum><header>Research and development funding</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy such sums as may be necessary carry out a cooperative program of research and development relating to lower carbon alternatives for aircraft jet fuel and fuel for other vehicles. The program shall provide for matching Federal grants to private entities carrying out such research and development. </text></section>
<section id="HC0E3C2B4A51C414E8EB5DD006608264D"><enum>711.</enum><header>State laws</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Nothing in this title shall be interpreted to preempt or limit State actions to address climate change.</text></section>.