Short title

This Act may be cited as the

Fair Pay Act of 2007

Findings

Congress finds the following: (1)Wage rate differentials exist between equivalent jobs segregated by sex, race, and national origin in Government employment and in industries engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce. (2)The existence of such wage rate differentials— (A)depresses wages and living standards for employees necessary for their health and efficiency; (B)prevents the maximum utilization of the available labor resources; (C)tends to cause labor disputes, thereby burdening, affecting, and obstructing commerce; (D)burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce; and (E)constitutes an unfair method of competition. (3)Discrimination in hiring and promotion has played a role in maintaining a segregated work force. (4)Many women and people of color work in occupations dominated by individuals of their same sex, race, and national origin. (5)A 2000 study conducted by the Census Bureau of 400 fields that employed 10,000 full-time, year-round workers found that women were able to earn at least as much as men in just 5 fields: hazardous material removal, telecommunications line installation and repair, meeting and convention planning, food preparation, and construction trade assistant work. (6)In 2004, an Institute for Women’s Policy Research analysis of data collected in the Current Population Survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics found that women were paid only 76 cents for every dollar that a man is paid. (7)Section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 206(d)) prohibits discrimination in compensation for equal work on the basis of sex. (8)Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq.) prohibits discrimination in compensation because of race, color, religion, national origin, and sex. In 1981, the Supreme Court, in its decision in County of Washington v. Gunther, held that title VII’s prohibition against discrimination in compensation also applies to jobs that do not constitute equal work as defined in section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 206(d)). Decisions of lower courts, however, have demonstrated that further clarification of existing legislation is necessary in order effectively to carry out the intent of Congress to implement the Supreme Court’s holding in its Gunther decision. (9)Artificial barriers to the elimination of discrimination in compensation based upon sex, race, and national origin continue to exist more than 3 decades after the passage of section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 206(d)) and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Elimination of such barriers would have positive effects, including— (A)providing a solution to problems in the economy created by discrimination through wage rate differentials; (B)substantially reducing the number of working women and people of color earning low wages, thereby reducing the dependence on public assistance; and (C)promoting stable families by enabling working family members to earn a fair rate of pay.

Equal pay for equivalent jobs

(a)

Amendment

Section 6 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 206) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(h) (1) (A)Except as provided in subparagraph (B), no employer having employees subject to any provision of this section shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex, race, or national origin by paying wages to employees in such establishment in a job that is dominated by employees of a particular sex, race, or national origin at a rate less than the rate at which the employer pays wages to employees in such establishment in another job that is dominated by employees of the opposite sex or of a different race or national origin, respectively, for work on equivalent jobs. (B)Nothing in subparagraph (A) shall prohibit the payment of different wage rates to employees where such payment is made pursuant to— (i)a seniority system; (ii)a merit system; (iii)a system that measures earnings by quantity or quality of production; or (iv)a differential based on a bona fide factor other than sex, race, or national origin, such as education, training, or experience, except that this clause shall apply only if— (I)the employer demonstrates that— (aa)such factor— (AA)is job-related with respect to the position in question; or (BB)furthers a legitimate business purpose, except that this item shall not apply if the employee demonstrates that an alternative employment practice exists that would serve the same business purpose without producing such differential and that the employer has refused to adopt such alternative practice; and (bb)such factor was actually applied and used reasonably in light of the asserted justification; and (II)upon the employer succeeding under subclause (I), the employee fails to demonstrate that the differential produced by the reliance of the employer on such factor is itself the result of discrimination on the basis of sex, race, or national origin by the employer. (C)The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall issue guidelines specifying criteria for determining whether a job is dominated by employees of a particular sex, race, or national origin. Such guidelines shall not include a list of such jobs. (D)An employer who is paying a wage rate differential in violation of subparagraph (A) shall not, in order to comply with the provisions of such subparagraph, reduce the wage rate of any employee. (2)No labor organization or its agents representing employees of an employer having employees subject to any provision of this section shall cause or attempt to cause such an employer to discriminate against an employee in violation of paragraph (1)(A). (3)For purposes of administration and enforcement of this subsection, any amounts owing to any employee that have been withheld in violation of paragraph (1)(A) shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation under this section or section 7. (4)In this subsection: (A)The term labor organization means any organization of any kind, or any agency or employee representation committee or plan, in which employees participate and that exists for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of employment, or conditions of work. (B)The term equivalent jobs means jobs that may be dissimilar, but whose requirements are equivalent, when viewed as a composite of skills, effort, responsibility, and working conditions.

(b)

Conforming amendment

Section 13(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 213(a)) is amended in the matter before paragraph (1) by striking section 6(d) and inserting sections 6(d) and 6(h).

Prohibited acts

Section 15(a) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 215(a)) is amended— (1)by striking the period at the end of paragraph (5) and inserting a semicolon; and (2)by adding after paragraph (5) the following new paragraphs:

(6)to discriminate against any individual because such individual has opposed any act or practice made unlawful by section 6(h) or because such individual made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing to enforce section 6(h); or (7)to discharge or in any other manner discriminate against, coerce, intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any employee or any other person because the employee inquired about, disclosed, compared, or otherwise discussed the employee’s wages or the wages of any other employee, or because the employee exercised, enjoyed, aided, or encouraged any other person to exercise or enjoy any right granted or protected by section 6(h).

Remedies

(a)

Enhanced penalties

Section 16(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 216(b)) is amended— (1)by inserting after the first sentence the following: Any employer who violates subsection (d) or (h) of section 6 shall additionally be liable for such compensatory or punitive damages as may be appropriate, except that the United States shall not be liable for punitive damages.; (2)in the sentence beginning An action to, by striking either of the preceding sentences and inserting any of the preceding sentences of this subsection; (3)in the sentence beginning No employees, by striking No employees and inserting Except with respect to class actions brought under subsection (f), no employee; (4)in the sentence beginning The court in, by striking in such action and inserting in any action brought to recover the liability prescribed in any of the preceding sentences of this subsection; and (5)by striking section 15(a)(3) each place it occurs and inserting paragraphs (3), (6), and (7) of section 15(a). (b)

Action by secretary

Section 16(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 216(c)) is amended— (1)in the first sentence— (A)by inserting or, in the case of a violation of subsection (d) or (h) of section 6, additional compensatory or punitive damages, before and the agreement; and (B)by inserting before the period the following: , or such compensatory or punitive damages, as appropriate; (2)in the second sentence, by inserting before the period the following: and, in the case of a violation of subsection (d) or (h) of section 6, additional compensatory or punitive damages; and (3)in the third sentence, by striking the first sentence and inserting the first or second sentence. (c)

Fees

Section 16 of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 216) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(f)In any action brought under this section for violation of section 6(h), the court shall, in addition to any other remedies awarded to the prevailing plaintiff or plaintiffs, allow expert fees as part of the costs. Any such action may be maintained as a class action as provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Records

(a)

Technical amendment

Section 11(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 211(c)) is amended by inserting (1) after (c). (b)

Records

Section 11(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (as amended by subsection (a)) is further amended by adding at the end the following:

(2) (A)Every employer subject to section 6(h) shall preserve records that document and support the method, system, calculations, and other bases used by the employer in establishing, adjusting, and determining the wage rates paid to the employees of the employer. Every employer subject to section 6(h) shall preserve such records for such periods of time, and shall make such reports from the records to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, as shall be prescribed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission by regulation or order as necessary or appropriate for the enforcement of the provisions of section 6(h) or any regulation promulgated pursuant to section 6(h).

(c)

Small business exemptions

Section 11(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (as amended by subsections (a) and (b)) is further amended by adding at the end the following:

(B) (i)Every employer subject to section 6(h) that has 25 or more employees on any date during the first or second year after the effective date of this paragraph, or 15 or more employees on any date during any subsequent year after such second year, shall, in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under subparagraph (F), prepare and submit to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission for the year involved a report signed by the president, treasurer, or corresponding principal officer, of the employer that includes information that discloses the wage rates paid to employees of the employer in each classification, position, or job title, or to employees in other wage groups employed by the employer, including information with respect to the sex, race, and national origin of employees at each wage rate in each classification, position, job title, or other wage group.

(d)

Protection of confidentiality

Section 11(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (as amended by subsections (a) through (c)) is further amended by adding at the end the following:

(ii)The rules and regulations promulgated by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under subparagraph (F), relating to the form of such a report, shall include requirements to protect the confidentiality of employees, including a requirement that the report shall not contain the name of any individual employee.

(e)

Use; inspections; examinations; regulations

Section 11(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (as amended by subsections (a) through (d)) is further amended by adding at the end the following:

(C)The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may publish any information and data that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission obtains pursuant to the provisions of subparagraph (B). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may use the information and data for statistical and research purposes, and compile and publish such studies, analyses, reports, and surveys based on the information and data as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may consider appropriate. (D)In order to carry out the purposes of this Act, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall by regulation make reasonable provision for the inspection and examination by any person of the information and data contained in any report submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission pursuant to subparagraph (B). (E)The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall by regulation provide for the furnishing of copies of reports submitted to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission pursuant to subparagraph (B) to any person upon payment of a charge based upon the cost of the service. (F)The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall issue rules and regulations prescribing the form and content of reports required to be submitted under subparagraph (B) and such other reasonable rules and regulations as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may find necessary to prevent the circumvention or evasion of such reporting requirements. In exercising the authority of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission under subparagraph (B), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may prescribe by general rule simplified reports for employers for whom the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission finds that because of the size of the employers a detailed report would be unduly burdensome.

Research, education, and technical assistance program; report to Congress

Section 4(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 204(d)) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(4)The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall conduct studies and provide information and technical assistance to employers, labor organizations, and the general public concerning effective means available to implement the provisions of section 6(h) prohibiting wage rate discrimination between employees performing work in equivalent jobs on the basis of sex, race, or national origin. Such studies, information, and technical assistance shall be based on and include reference to the objectives of such section to eliminate such discrimination. In order to achieve the objectives of such section, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall carry on a continuing program of research, education, and technical assistance including— (A)conducting and promoting research with the intent of developing means to expeditiously correct the wage rate differentials described in section 6(h); (B)publishing and otherwise making available to employers, labor organizations, professional associations, educational institutions, the various media of communication, and the general public the findings of studies and other materials for promoting compliance with section 6(h); (C)sponsoring and assisting State and community informational and educational programs; and (D)providing technical assistance to employers, labor organizations, professional associations, and other interested persons on means of achieving and maintaining compliance with the provisions of section 6(h). (5)The report submitted biennially by the Secretary to Congress under paragraph (1) shall include a separate evaluation and appraisal regarding the implementation of section 6(h).

Conforming amendments

(a)

Congressional employees

(1)

Application

Section 203(a)(1) of the Congressional Accountability Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1313(a)(1)) is amended— (A)by striking subsections (a)(1) and (d) of section 6 and inserting subsections (a)(1), (d), and (h) of section 6; and (B)by striking 206 (a)(1) and (d) and inserting 206(a)(1), (d), and (h). (2)

Remedies

Section 203(b) of such Act (2 U.S.C. 1313(b)) is amended by inserting before the period the following: or, in an appropriate case, under section 16(f) of such Act (29 U.S.C. 216(f)). (b)

Executive branch employees

(1)

Application

Section 413(a)(1) of title 3, United States Code, is amended by striking subsections (a)(1) and (d) of section 6 and inserting subsections (a)(1), (d), and (h) of section 6. (2)

Remedies

Section 413(b) of such title is amended by inserting before the period the following: or, in an appropriate case, under section 16(f) of such Act.

Effective date

The amendments made by this Act shall take effect 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act.