[Congressional Bills 110th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.J. Res. 68 Introduced in House (IH)]







110th CONGRESS
  1st Session
H. J. RES. 68

    To acknowledge a long history of official depredations and ill-
  conceived policies by the United States Government regarding Indian 
  tribes and offer an apology to all Native Peoples on behalf of the 
                             United States.


_______________________________________________________________________


                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                           December 11, 2007

Mr. Boren (for himself, Mr. Cole of Oklahoma, Mr. Shuler, Mr. Baca, Mr. 
  Kennedy, Mr. Grijalva, Mr. Rothman, Ms. McCollum of Minnesota, Mr. 
  Wamp, Ms. Herseth Sandlin, Mr. Gonzalez, Mr. Hare, Mrs. Myrick, Mr. 
   Rangel, Mr. Cardoza, Mr. English of Pennsylvania, Mr. Honda, Mrs. 
Capps, and Ms. Solis) introduced the following joint resolution; which 
           was referred to the Committee on Natural Resources

_______________________________________________________________________

                            JOINT RESOLUTION


 
    To acknowledge a long history of official depredations and ill-
  conceived policies by the United States Government regarding Indian 
  tribes and offer an apology to all Native Peoples on behalf of the 
                             United States.

Whereas the ancestors of today's Native Peoples inhabited the land of the 
        present-day United States since time immemorial and for thousands of 
        years before the arrival of peoples of European descent;
Whereas the Native Peoples have for millennia honored, protected, and stewarded 
        this land we cherish;
Whereas the Native Peoples are spiritual peoples with a deep and abiding belief 
        in the Creator, and for millennia their peoples have maintained a 
        powerful spiritual connection to this land, as is evidenced by their 
        customs and legends;
Whereas the arrival of Europeans in North America opened a new chapter in the 
        histories of the Native Peoples;
Whereas, while establishment of permanent European settlements in North America 
        did stir conflict with nearby Indian tribes, peaceful and mutually 
        beneficial interactions also took place;
Whereas the foundational English settlements in Jamestown, Virginia, and 
        Plymouth, Massachusetts, owed their survival in large measure to the 
        compassion and aid of the Native Peoples in their vicinities;
Whereas in the infancy of the United States, the founders of the Republic 
        expressed their desire for a just relationship with the Indian tribes, 
        as evidenced by the Northwest Ordinance enacted by Congress in 1787, 
        which begins with the phrase, ``The utmost good faith shall always be 
        observed toward the Indians'';
Whereas Indian tribes provided great assistance to the fledgling Republic as it 
        strengthened and grew, including invaluable help to Meriwether Lewis and 
        William Clark on their epic journey from St. Louis, Missouri, to the 
        Pacific Coast;
Whereas Native Peoples and non-Native settlers engaged in numerous armed 
        conflicts;
Whereas the United States Government violated many of the treaties ratified by 
        Congress and other diplomatic agreements with Indian tribes;
Whereas this Nation should address the broken treaties and many of the more ill-
        conceived Federal policies that followed, such as extermination, 
        termination, forced removal and relocation, the outlawing of traditional 
        religions, and the destruction of sacred places;
Whereas the United States forced Indian tribes and their citizens to move away 
        from their traditional homelands and onto federally established and 
        controlled reservations, in accordance with such Acts as the Indian 
        Removal Act of 1830;
Whereas many Native Peoples suffered and perished--

    (1) during the execution of the official United States Government 
policy of forced removal, including the infamous Trail of Tears and Long 
Walk;

    (2) during bloody armed confrontations and massacres, such as the Sand 
Creek Massacre in 1864 and the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890; and

    (3) on numerous Indian reservations;

Whereas the United States Government condemned the traditions, beliefs, and 
        customs of the Native Peoples and endeavored to assimilate them by such 
        policies as the redistribution of land under the General Allotment Act 
        of 1887 and the forcible removal of Native children from their families 
        to faraway boarding schools where their Native practices and languages 
        were degraded and forbidden;
Whereas officials of the United States Government and private United States 
        citizens harmed Native Peoples by the unlawful acquisition of recognized 
        tribal land and the theft of tribal resources and assets from recognized 
        tribal land;
Whereas the policies of the United States Government toward Indian tribes and 
        the breaking of covenants with Indian tribes have contributed to the 
        severe social ills and economic troubles in many Native communities 
        today;
Whereas, despite the wrongs committed against Native Peoples by the United 
        States, the Native Peoples have remained committed to the protection of 
        this great land, as evidenced by the fact that, on a per capita basis, 
        more Native people have served in the United States Armed Forces and 
        placed themselves in harm's way in defense of the United States in every 
        major military conflict than any other ethnic group;
Whereas Indian tribes have actively influenced the public life of the United 
        States by continued cooperation with Congress and the Department of the 
        Interior, through the involvement of Native individuals in official 
        United States Government positions, and by leadership of their own 
        sovereign Indian tribes;
Whereas Indian tribes are resilient and determined to preserve, develop, and 
        transmit to future generations their unique cultural identities;
Whereas the National Museum of the American Indian was established within the 
        Smithsonian Institution as a living memorial to the Native Peoples and 
        their traditions; and
Whereas Native Peoples are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
        rights, and that among those are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
        happiness: Now, therefore, be it
    Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND POLICY.

    The United States, acting through Congress--
    (1) recognizes the special legal and political relationship the 
Indian tribes have with the United States and the solemn covenant with 
the land we share;
    (2) commends and honors the Native Peoples for the thousands of 
years that they have stewarded and protected this land;
    (3) recognizes that there have been years of official depredations, 
ill-conceived policies, and the breaking of covenants by the United 
States Government regarding Indian tribes;
    (4) apologizes on behalf of the people of the United States to all 
Native Peoples for the many instances of violence, maltreatment, and 
neglect inflicted on Native Peoples by citizens of the United States;
    (5) expresses its regret for the ramifications of former wrongs and 
its commitment to build on the positive relationships of the past and 
present to move toward a brighter future where all the people of this 
land live reconciled as brothers and sisters, and harmoniously steward 
and protect this land together;
    (6) urges the President to acknowledge the wrongs of the United 
States against Indian tribes in the history of the United States in 
order to bring healing to this land by providing a proper foundation 
for reconciliation between the United States and Indian tribes; and
    (7) commends the State governments that have begun reconciliation 
efforts with recognized Indian tribes located in their boundaries and 
encourages all State governments similarly to work toward reconciling 
relationships with Indian tribes within their boundaries.

SEC. 2. DISCLAIMER.

    Nothing in this Joint Resolution--
            (1) authorizes or supports any claim against the United 
        States; or
            (2) serves as a settlement of any claim against the United 
        States.
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