[Congressional Bills 106th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 2909 Introduced in House (IH)]







106th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                H. R. 2909

    To provide for implementation by the United States of the Hague 
  Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of 
             Intercountry Adoption, and for other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                           September 22, 1999

  Mr. Gilman (for himself, Mr. Camp, Mr. Delahunt, Mr. Gejdenson, Mr. 
    Bliley, Mr. Oberstar, Mr. Smith of New Jersey, Mr. Pomeroy, Mr. 
     McGovern, Mr. Barrett of Wisconsin, Mr. English, Mr. Farr of 
  California, Mr. Horn, Mr. Forbes, Mr. Ramstad, Mrs. Mink of Hawaii, 
 Mrs. Johnson of Connecticut, Mr. Capuano, Mr. Frost, Mr. Porter, Mr. 
Barcia, Mr. Burton of Indiana, Mr. Underwood, Mr. Cooksey, Mr. Hastings 
   of Florida, Mr. Barrett of Nebraska, Mr. Smith of Texas, Ms. Ros-
    Lehtinen, Mr. Greenwood, Mr. Ackerman, Mr. Berman, Mr. Davis of 
    Florida, Mr. Stupak, Mr. Cardin, Ms. Eshoo, Mr. Lantos, and Mr. 
 Blumenauer) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
Committee on International Relations, and in addition to the Committees 
 on the Judiciary, and Education and the Workforce, for a period to be 
subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration 
  of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee 
                               concerned

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
    To provide for implementation by the United States of the Hague 
  Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of 
             Intercountry Adoption, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION. 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Intercountry 
Adoption Act of 1999''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Findings and purposes.
Sec. 3. Definitions.
                TITLE I--UNITED STATES CENTRAL AUTHORITY

Sec. 101. Designation of central authority.
Sec. 102. Responsibilities of the Secretary of State.
Sec. 103. Responsibilities of the Attorney General.
Sec. 104. Annual report on intercountry adoptions.
      TITLE II--PROVISIONS RELATING TO ACCREDITATION AND APPROVAL

Sec. 201. Role of Secretary of Health and Human Services.
Sec. 202. Accreditation or approval required in order to provide 
                            adoption services in cases subject to the 
                            Convention.
Sec. 203. Process for accreditation and approval; role of accrediting 
                            entities.
Sec. 204. Standards and procedures for providing accreditation or 
                            approval.
Sec. 205. Secretarial oversight of accreditation and approval.
Sec. 206. Limitations on authorization of appropriations.
  TITLE III--RECOGNITION OF CONVENTION ADOPTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

Sec. 301. Adoptions of children immigrating to the United States.
Sec. 302. Immigration and Nationality Act amendments relating to 
                            children adopted from Convention countries.
Sec. 303. Adoptions of children emigrating from the United States.
Sec. 304. Voiding of adoptions for cause.
                TITLE IV--ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT

Sec. 401. Records; privacy provisions.
Sec. 402. Documents of other Convention countries.
Sec. 403. Authorization of appropriations; collection of fees.
Sec. 404. Enforcement.
                      TITLE V--GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sec. 501. Recognition of Convention adoptions.
Sec. 502. Special rules for certain cases.
Sec. 503. Relationship to other laws.
Sec. 504. No private right of action.
Sec. 505. Effective dates; transition rule.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.

    (a) Findings.--The Congress recognizes--
            (1) the international character of the Convention on 
        Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of 
        Intercountry Adoption (done at The Hague on May 29, 1993),
            (2) the need for uniform interpretation and implementation 
        of the Convention in the United States and abroad,
and therefore finds that enactment of a Federal law governing adoptions 
and prospective adoptions subject to the Convention involving United 
States residents is essential.
    (b) Purposes.--The purposes of this Act are--
            (1) to provide for implementation by the United States of 
        the Convention;
            (2) to protect the rights of, and prevent abuses against, 
        children, birth families, and adoptive parents involved in 
        adoptions (or prospective adoptions) subject to the Convention, 
        and to ensure that such adoptions are in the children's best 
        interests; and
            (3) to improve the ability of the Federal Government to 
        assist United States citizens seeking to adopt children from 
        abroad and residents of other countries party to the Convention 
        seeking to adopt children from the United States.

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

    As used in this Act:
            (1) Accredited agency.--The term ``accredited agency'' 
        means an agency accredited under title II to provide adoption 
        services in the United States in cases subject to the 
        Convention.
            (2) Accrediting entity.--The term ``accrediting entity'' 
        means an entity designated under section 203(a) to accredit 
        agencies and approve persons under title II.
            (3) Adoption service.--The term ``adoption service'' 
        means--
                    (A) identifying a child for adoption and arranging 
                an adoption;
                    (B) securing necessary consent to termination of 
                parental rights and to adoption;
                    (C) performing a background study on a child or a 
                home study on a prospective adoptive parent, and 
                reporting on such a study;
                    (D) making determinations of the best interests of 
                a child and the appropriateness of adoptive placement 
                for the child;
                    (E) providing professional counseling services for 
                a child, a birth parent, or a prospective adoptive 
                parent with respect to adoption;
                    (F) post-placement monitoring of a case until final 
                adoption;
                    (G) where made necessary by disruption before final 
                adoption, assuming custody and providing child care or 
                any other social service pending an alternative 
                placement; and
                    (H) post-adoption services, other than activities 
                relating to identifying or locating birth parents or 
                siblings.
        The term ``providing'', with respect to an adoption service, 
        includes facilitating the provision of the service.
            (4) Agency.--The term ``agency'' means any person other 
        than an individual.
            (5) Approved person.--The term ``approved person'' means a 
        person approved under title II to provide adoption services in 
        the United States in cases subject to the Convention.
            (6) Attorney general.--The term ``Attorney General'' means 
        the Attorney General, acting through the Commissioner of 
        Immigration and Naturalization.
            (7) Central authority.--The term ``central authority'' 
        means the entity designated as such by any Convention country 
        under Article 6.1 of the Convention, or if no such designation 
        has been made, the entity having responsibility for the 
        discharge of the obligations of that country under the 
        Convention.
            (8) Central authority function.--The term ``central 
        authority function'' means any duty required to be carried out 
        by a central authority under the Convention.
            (9) Convention.--The term ``Convention'' means the 
        Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in 
        Respect of Intercountry Adoption, done at The Hague on May 29, 
        1993.
            (10) Convention adoption.--The term ``Convention adoption'' 
        means an adoption of a child resident in a foreign country 
        party to the Convention by a United States citizen, or an 
        adoption of a child resident in the United States by an 
        individual residing in another Convention country.
            (11) Convention adoption record.--The term ``Convention 
        adoption record'' means any item, collection, or grouping of 
        information contained in an electronic or physical document, an 
        electronic collection of data, a photograph, an audio or video 
        tape, or any other information storage medium of any type 
        whatever that contains information about a specific past, 
        current, or prospective Convention adoption (regardless of 
        whether the adoption was made final).
            (12) Convention country.--The term ``Convention country'' 
        means a country party to the Convention.
            (13) Other convention country.--The term ``other Convention 
        country'' means a Convention country other than the United 
        States.
            (14) Person.--The term ``person'' shall have the meaning 
        provided in section 1 of title 1, United States Code, and shall 
        include any agency of government.
            (15) State.--The term ``State'' means the 50 States, the 
        District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the 
        Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the 
        Virgin Islands.

                TITLE I--UNITED STATES CENTRAL AUTHORITY

SEC. 101. DESIGNATION OF CENTRAL AUTHORITY.

    (a) In General.--For purposes of the Convention and this Act--
            (1) the Department of State shall serve as the central 
        authority of the United States; and
            (2) the Secretary of State shall serve as the head of the 
        central authority of the United States.
    (b) Performance of Central Authority Functions.--Except as 
otherwise provided in this Act, the Secretary of State shall be 
responsible for the performance of all central authority functions for 
the United States under the Convention and this Act.
    (c) Authority To Issue Regulations.--Except as otherwise provided 
in this Act, the Secretary of State may prescribe such regulations as 
may be necessary to carry out central authority functions on behalf of 
the United States.

SEC. 102. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE.

    (a) Liaison Responsibilities.--The Secretary of State shall have 
responsibility for--
            (1) liaison with the central authorities of other 
        Convention countries; and
            (2) the coordination of activities under the Convention by 
        persons subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
    (b) Information Exchange.--The Secretary of State shall be 
responsible for--
            (1) providing the central authorities of other Convention 
        countries with information concerning--
                    (A) agencies accredited and persons approved under 
                title II, accredited agencies and approved persons 
                whose accreditation or approval has been suspended or 
                canceled, and accredited agencies and approved persons 
                who have been temporarily or permanently debarred from 
                accreditation or approval;
                    (B) Federal and State laws relevant to implementing 
                the Convention; and
                    (C) any other matters necessary and appropriate for 
                implementation of the Convention;
            (2) providing Federal agencies, State courts, and 
        accredited agencies and approved persons with an identification 
        of Convention countries and persons authorized to perform 
        functions under the Convention in each such country; and
            (3) facilitating the transmittal of other appropriate 
        information to, and among, central authorities, Federal and 
        State agencies (including State courts), and accredited 
        agencies and approved persons.
    (c) Additional Responsibilities.--The Secretary of State--
            (1) shall monitor individual Convention adoption cases 
        involving United States citizens;
            (2) may facilitate interactions between such citizens and 
        officials of other Convention countries on matters relating to 
        the Convention in any case in which an accredited agency or 
        approved person is unwilling or unable to provide such 
        facilitation; and
            (3) may provide any other appropriate assistance in other 
        cases, or take other appropriate actions necessary to implement 
        the Convention.
    (d) Establishment of Registry.--The Secretary of State and the 
Attorney General shall jointly establish a case registry of--
            (1) all adoptions involving immigration into the United 
        States, regardless of whether the adoption occurs under the 
        Convention; and
            (2) all adoptions involving emigration of the child from 
        the United States to any other Convention country.
Such registry shall permit tracking of pending cases and retrieval of 
information on both pending and closed cases.
    (e) Methods of Performing Responsibilities.--The Secretary of State 
may--
            (1) authorize public or private entities to perform 
        appropriate central authority functions for which the Secretary 
        is responsible, pursuant to regulations or under agreements 
        published in the Federal Register; and
            (2) carry out central authority functions through grants 
        to, or contracts with, any individual or public or private 
        entity, except as may be otherwise specifically provided for in 
        this Act.

SEC. 103. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL.

    In addition to such other responsibilities as are specifically 
conferred upon the Attorney General by this Act, the central authority 
functions specified in Article 14 of the Convention (relating to the 
filing of applications by prospective adoptive parents to the central 
authority of their country of residence) shall be performed by the 
Attorney General.

SEC. 104. ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERCOUNTRY ADOPTIONS.

    (a) Reports Required.--Beginning one year after the date of 
enactment of this Act, and each year thereafter, the Secretary of 
State, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, 
the Attorney General, and other appropriate agencies, shall submit a 
report to the Congress describing the activities of the central 
authority of the United States under this Act during the preceding 
year.
    (b) Report Elements.--Each report under subsection (a) shall set 
forth with respect to the year concerned, the following:
            (1) The number of intercountry adoptions involving 
        immigration to the United States, regardless of whether the 
        adoption occurred under the Convention, including the country 
        from which each child emigrated, the State to which each child 
        immigrated, and the country in which the adoption was 
        finalized.
            (2) The number of intercountry adoptions involving 
        emigration from the United States, regardless of whether the 
        adoption occurred under the Convention, including the country 
        to which each child immigrated and the State from which each 
        child emigrated.
            (3) The number of Convention adoptions that were disrupted, 
        including the country from which the child emigrated, the age 
        of the child, the date of the adoption, the reasons for the 
        disruption, and the resolution of the disruption.
            (4) The current list of agencies accredited and persons 
        approved under this Act to provide adoption-related services.
            (5) The names of the accredited agencies and approved 
        persons temporarily or permanently debarred from accreditation 
        or approval under this Act, and the reasons for the debarment.
            (6) The range of adoption fees charged in connection with 
        Convention adoptions involving immigration to or emigration 
        from the United States by all entities, including accredited 
        agencies and approved persons, set forth by country.
            (7) The number of Convention adoptions involving 
        immigration to the United States that were vacated for cause or 
        in which proceedings to vacate for cause are pending.

      TITLE II--PROVISIONS RELATING TO ACCREDITATION AND APPROVAL

SEC. 201. ROLE OF SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES.

    The Secretary of Health and Human Services (in this title referred 
to as the ``Secretary''), in coordination with the Secretary of State, 
shall carry out the functions prescribed by the Convention with respect 
to the accreditation of agencies and the approval of persons to provide 
adoption services in the United States in cases subject to the 
Convention.

SEC. 202. ACCREDITATION OR APPROVAL REQUIRED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE 
              ADOPTION SERVICES IN CASES SUBJECT TO THE CONVENTION.

    (a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), a person 
shall not offer or provide an adoption service in the United States in 
a case subject to the Convention unless the person is accredited or 
approved under this title, or is providing the service through or under 
the supervision and responsibility of a person so accredited or 
approved.
    (b) Exceptions.--Subsection (a) shall not apply to the following:
            (1) Background studies and home studies.--The performance 
        of a background study on a child or a home study on a 
        prospective adoptive parent, or any report on any such study, 
        by a social work professional or organization who is not 
        providing any other adoption service in any case subject to the 
        Convention.
            (2) Child welfare services.--The provision of a child 
        welfare service by a person who is not providing any other kind 
        of adoption service in the case.
            (3) Legal services.--The provision of legal services by a 
        person who is not providing any other adoption service in the 
        case.
            (4) Prospective adoptive parents acting on own behalf.--The 
        conduct of a prospective adoptive parent on his or her own 
        behalf in the case, to the extent not prohibited by the law of 
        the State in which the prospective adoptive parent resides.

SEC. 203. PROCESS FOR ACCREDITATION AND APPROVAL; ROLE OF ACCREDITING 
              ENTITIES.

    (a) Designation of Accrediting Entities.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary, with the concurrence of the 
        Secretary of State, shall enter into agreements with one or 
        more qualified entities under which such entities will perform 
        the duties described in subsection (b) in accordance with the 
        Convention, this title, and the regulations prescribed under 
        section 204, and upon entry into each such agreement shall 
        designate the qualified entity as an accrediting entity.
            (2) Qualified entity.--In paragraph (1), the term 
        ``qualified entity'' means a nonprofit private entity that has 
        experience and expertise in developing and administering 
        standards for entities providing child welfare services and 
        that meets such other criteria as the Secretary may by 
        regulation establish.
    (b) Duties of Accrediting Entities.--The duties described in this 
subsection are the following:
            (1) Accreditation and approval.--Accreditation of agencies, 
        and approval of persons, to provide adoption services in the 
        United States in cases subject to the Convention.
            (2) Oversight.--Ongoing monitoring of the compliance of 
        accredited agencies and approved persons with applicable 
        requirements, including review of complaints against such 
        agencies and persons in accordance with procedures established 
        by the accrediting entity and approved by the Secretary.
            (3) Enforcement.--Taking of adverse actions (including 
        requiring corrective action, imposing sanctions, and refusing 
        to renew, suspending, or canceling accreditation or approval) 
        for noncompliance with applicable requirements, and notifying 
        the agency or person against whom adverse actions are taken of 
        the deficiencies necessitating the adverse action.
            (4) Data, records, and reports.--Collection of data, 
        maintenance of records, and reporting to the Secretary, the 
        United States central authority, State courts, and other 
        entities (including on persons and agencies granted or denied 
        approval or accreditation), to the extent and in the manner 
        that the Secretary requires.
    (c) Remedies for Adverse Action by Accrediting Entity.--
            (1) Correction of deficiency.--An agency or person who is 
        the subject of an adverse action by an accrediting entity may 
        re-apply for accreditation or approval (or petition for 
        termination of the adverse action) on demonstrating to the 
        satisfaction of the accrediting entity that the deficiencies 
        necessitating the adverse action have been corrected.
            (2) No other administrative review.--An adverse action by 
        an accrediting agency shall not be subject to administrative 
        review sought by the agency or person against whom the adverse 
        action has been taken.
            (3) Judicial review.--An agency or person who is the 
        subject of an adverse action by an accrediting agency may 
        petition the United States district court in the judicial 
        district in which the agency is located or the person resides 
        to set aside the adverse action. The court may set aside the 
        adverse action only upon clear and convincing proof that the 
        decision to take the adverse action was not based on 
        substantial evidence of deficiencies or that the accrediting 
        entity abused its discretion in taking the adverse action.
    (d) Fees.--
            (1) Authority to assess.--An accrediting entity may assess 
        fees against agencies and persons seeking or maintaining 
        accreditation or approval under this title, in amounts approved 
        by the Secretary.
            (2) Fee amounts.--The Secretary may approve fees to be 
        assessed under paragraph (1) by an accrediting entity if the 
        Secretary estimates that the aggregate of the amounts to be 
        collected from the fees will not exceed the sum of--
                    (A) the total amount of all direct or indirect 
                costs of the accrediting entity for accreditation or 
                approval and ongoing oversight (which shall be 
                estimated on the basis of the number of cases subject 
                to the Convention handled by the agencies and persons 
                accredited or approved by the accrediting entity and 
                other relevant factors); and
                    (B) an amount determined by the Secretary to be the 
                amount necessary to cover all direct and indirect costs 
                of Federal oversight of the accrediting entity under 
                section 205.
            (3) Collection; payment to the treasury.--The accrediting 
        entity shall collect the fees assessed under paragraph (1), and 
from the amounts collected remit to the Secretary the amount determined 
under paragraph (2)(B). The Secretary shall deposit in the Treasury of 
the United States all amounts remitted under the preceding sentence.

SEC. 204. STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES FOR PROVIDING ACCREDITATION OR 
              APPROVAL.

    (a) In General.--
            (1) Promulgation of regulations.--The Secretary, with the 
        concurrence of the Secretary of State, shall, by regulation, 
        prescribe the standards and procedures to be used by 
        accrediting entities for the accreditation of agencies and the 
        approval of persons to provide adoption services in the United 
        States in cases subject to the Convention.
            (2) Consideration of views.--In developing such 
        regulations, the Secretary shall consider the views of 
        individuals and entities with interest and expertise in 
        international adoptions and family social services, including 
        public and private entities with experience in licensing and 
        accrediting adoption agencies.
            (3) Applicability of notice and comment rules.--Subsections 
        (b), (c), and (d) of section 553 of title 5, United States 
        Code, shall apply in the development and issuance of 
        regulations under this section.
    (b) Minimum Requirements.--
            (1) Accreditation.--The standards prescribed under 
        subsection (a) shall include the requirement that accreditation 
        of an agency may not be provided or continued under this title 
        unless the agency meets the following requirements:
                    (A) Capacity to provide adoption services.--The 
                agency has, directly or through arrangements with other 
                persons, a sufficient number of appropriately trained 
                and qualified personnel, sufficient financial 
                resources, appropriate organizational structure, and 
                appropriate procedures to enable the agency to provide, 
                in accordance with this Act, all adoption services in 
                cases subject to the Convention.
                    (B) Use of social service professionals.--The 
                agency has established procedures designed to ensure 
                that social service functions requiring the application 
                of clinical skills and judgment are performed only by 
                professionals with appropriate qualifications and 
                credentials.
                    (C) Records, reports, and information matters.--The 
                agency is capable of--
                            (i) maintaining such records and making 
                        such reports as may be required by the 
                        Secretary, the United States central authority, 
                        and the accrediting entity that accredits the 
                        agency;
                            (ii) cooperating with reviews, inspections, 
                        and audits;
                            (iii) safeguarding sensitive individual 
                        information; and
                            (iv) complying with other requirements 
                        concerning information management necessary to 
                        ensure compliance with the Convention, this 
                        Act, and any other applicable law.
                    (D) Liability insurance.--The agency agrees to have 
                in force adequate liability insurance for professional 
                negligence and any other insurance that the Secretary 
                considers appropriate, unless the agency is a State, 
                local, or tribal government entity.
                    (E) Compliance with applicable rules.--The agency 
                has established adequate measures to comply (and to 
                ensure compliance of their agents and clients) with the 
                Convention, this Act, and any other applicable law.
                    (F) Nonprofit organization with state license to 
                provide adoption services.--The agency is a private 
                nonprofit organization licensed to provide adoption 
                services in at least one State, unless the agency is a 
                State, local, or tribal government entity.
            (2) Approval.--The standards prescribed under subsection 
        (a) shall include the requirement that a person shall not be 
        approved under this title unless the person is a private for-
        profit entity that meets the requirements of subparagraphs (A) 
        through (E) of paragraph (1) of this subsection.
            (3) Renewal of accreditation or approval.--The standards 
        prescribed under subsection (a) shall provide that the 
        accreditation of an agency or approval of a person under this 
        title shall be for a period of not less than 3 years and not 
        more than 5 years, and may be renewed on a showing that the 
        agency or person meets the requirements applicable to original 
        accreditation or approval under this title.

SEC. 205. SECRETARIAL OVERSIGHT OF ACCREDITATION AND APPROVAL.

    (a) Oversight of Accrediting Entities.--The Secretary shall monitor 
the performance by each accrediting entity of its duties under section 
203 and its compliance with requirements of the Convention, this Act, 
other applicable laws, and applicable regulations prescribed under this 
Act, and shall suspend or cancel the designation of the entity as an 
accrediting entity if the Secretary finds the entity to be 
substantially out of compliance with the Convention, this Act, other 
applicable laws, or such regulations.
    (b) Suspension or Cancellation of Accreditation or Approval.--
            (1) Secretary's authority.--The Secretary shall suspend or 
        cancel the accreditation or approval granted by an accrediting 
        entity to an agency or person pursuant to section 203 when the 
        Secretary finds that--
                    (A) the agency or person is substantially out of 
                compliance with applicable requirements; and
                    (B) the accrediting entity has failed or refused, 
                after consultation with the Secretary, to take 
                appropriate corrective action.
            (2) Correction of deficiency.--At any time when the 
        Secretary is satisfied that the deficiencies on the basis of 
        which an adverse action is taken under paragraph (1) have been 
        corrected, the Secretary shall--
                    (A) notify the accrediting entity that the 
                decifiencies have been corrected; and
                    (B)(i) in the case of a suspension, terminate the 
                suspension; or
                    (ii) in the case of a cancellation, notify the 
                agency or person that the agency or person may re-apply 
                to the accrediting entity for accreditation or 
                approval.
    (c) Debarment.--
            (1) Secretary's authority.--On the initiative of the 
        Secretary, or on request of an accrediting entity, the 
        Secretary may temporarily or permanently debar an agency from 
        accreditation or a person from approval under this title, but 
        only if--
                    (A) there is substantial evidence that the agency 
                or person is out of compliance with applicable 
                requirements; and
                    (B) there has been a pattern of serious, willful, 
                or grossly negligent failures to comply or other 
                aggravating circumstances indicating that continued 
                accreditation or approval would not be in the best 
                interests of the children and families concerned.
            (2) Period of debarment.--The Secretary's debarment order 
        shall state whether the debarment is temporary or permanent. If 
        the debarment is temporary, the Secretary shall specify a date, 
        not earlier than 3 years after the date of the order, on or 
        after which the agency or person may apply to the Secretary for 
        withdrawal of the debarment.
            (3) Effect of debarment.--An accrediting entity may take 
        into account the circumstances of the debarment of an agency or 
        person that has been debarred pursuant to this paragraph in 
        considering any subsequent application of the agency or person, 
        or of any other entity in which the agency or person has an 
        ownership or control interest, for accreditation or approval 
        under this title.
    (d) Judicial Review.--
            (1) In general.--A person (other than a prospective 
        adoptive parent), an agency, or an accrediting entity adversely 
        affected by a final determination of the Secretary under this 
        title with respect to the designation of an accrediting entity, 
        or the accreditation of an agency or approval of a person, may 
        bring an action for review of the determination in the United 
        States District Court for the District of Columbia, or in the 
        United States district court in the judicial district in which 
        the person resides or the agency or accrediting entity is 
        located.
            (2) Standard of review.--The court may set aside a 
        determination referred to in paragraph (1) only if there is 
        clear and convincing evidence that the determination was an 
        abuse of discretion.

SEC. 206. LIMITATIONS ON AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

    For activities of the Secretary under this title, there are 
authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary, for the third fiscal 
year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act and for each 
succeeding fiscal year, an amount not to exceed the aggregate of the 
amounts remitted to the Treasury under section 203(d)(3).

  TITLE III--RECOGNITION OF CONVENTION ADOPTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

SEC. 301. ADOPTIONS OF CHILDREN IMMIGRATING TO THE UNITED STATES.

    (a) Legal Effect of Adoptions Finalized in the United States.--
            (1) Issuance of certificates by the secretary of state.--
        Pursuant to Article 23 of the Convention, the Secretary of 
        State shall, with respect to each Convention adoption, issue a 
        certificate to the adoptive citizen parent domiciled in the 
        United States that the adoption has been granted or, in the 
        case of a prospective adoptive citizen parent, that legal 
        custody of the child has been granted to the citizen parent for 
        purposes of emigration and adoption, pursuant to the Convention 
        and this Act, if the Secretary--
                    (A) receives appropriate notification from the 
                central authority of such child's country of origin; 
                and
                    (B) has verified that the requirements of this Act 
                have been met with respect to the adoption.
            (2) Legal effect of certificates.--If appended to an 
        original adoption decree, the certificate described in 
        paragraph (1) shall be treated by Federal and State agencies, 
        courts, and other public and private persons and entities as 
        conclusive evidence of the facts certified therein, except as 
        provided in section 304, and shall constitute the certification 
        required by section 204(d)(2) of the Immigration and 
        Nationality Act, as amended by this Act.
    (b) Legal Effect of Convention Adoption Finalized in Another 
Convention Country.--A final adoption in another Convention country, 
certified by the Secretary of State pursuant to subsection (a) of this 
section or section 303(c), shall be recognized as a final valid 
adoption for purposes of all Federal, State, and local laws of the 
United States.
    (c) Condition on Finalization of Convention Adoption by State 
Court.--In the case of a child who has entered the United States from 
another Convention country for the purpose of adoption, a State court 
may not issue an order declaring the adoption final unless the 
Secretary of State has issued the certificate provided for in 
subsection (a) with respect to the adoption.

SEC. 302. IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT AMENDMENTS RELATING TO 
              CHILDREN ADOPTED FROM CONVENTION COUNTRIES.

    (a) Definition of Child.--Section 101(b)(1) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(1)) is amended--
            (1) by striking ``or'' at the end of subparagraph (E);
            (2) by striking the period at the end of subparagraph (F) 
        and inserting ``; or''; and
            (3) by adding after subparagraph (F) the following new 
        subparagraph:
            ``(G) a child, under the age of sixteen at the time a 
        petition is filed on the child's behalf to accord a 
        classification as an immediate relative under section 201(b), 
        who has been adopted in a foreign state that is a party to the 
        Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in 
        Respect of Intercountry Adoption done at The Hague on May 29, 
        1993, or who is emigrating from such a foreign state to be 
        adopted in the United States, by a United States citizen and 
        spouse jointly, or by an unmarried United States citizen at 
        least twenty-five years of age--
                    ``(i) if--
                            ``(I) the Attorney General is satisfied 
                        that proper care will be furnished the child if 
                        admitted to the United States;
                            ``(II) the child's natural parents (or 
                        parent, in the case of a child who has one sole 
                        or surviving parent because of the death or 
                        disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, 
                        the other parent), or other persons or 
                        institutions that retain legal custody of the 
                        child, have freely given their written 
                        irrevocable consent to the termination of their 
                        legal relationship with the child, and to the 
                        child's emigration and adoption;
                            ``(III) the child is not the grandchild, 
                        niece, nephew, brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or 
                        first cousin of one or both of the adopting 
                        parents, unless--
                                    ``(aa) the child has no living 
                                parents because of the death or 
                                disappearance of, abandonment or 
                                desertion by, separation from, or loss 
                                of, both parents; or
                                    ``(bb) the sole or surviving parent 
                                is incapable of providing the proper 
                                care for the child and has in writing 
                                irrevocably released the child for 
                                emigration and adoption; and
                            ``(IV) in the case of a child who has not 
                        been adopted--
                                    ``(aa) the competent authority of 
                                the foreign state has approved the 
                                child's emigration to the United States 
                                for the purpose of adoption by the 
                                prospective adoptive parent or parents; 
                                and
                                    ``(bb) the prospective adoptive 
                                parent or parents has or have complied 
                                with any pre-adoption requirements of 
                                the child's proposed residence; and
                    ``(ii) except that no natural parent or prior 
                adoptive parent of any such child shall thereafter, by 
                virtue of such parentage, be accorded any right, 
                privilege, or status under this Act.''.
    (b) Approval of Petitions.--Section 204(d) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1154(d)) is amended--
            (1) by striking ``(d)'' and inserting ``(d)(1)'';
            (2) by striking ``section 101(b)(1)(F)'' and inserting 
        ``subparagraph (F) or (G) of section 101(b)(1)''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
    ``(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) no 
petition may be approved on behalf of a child defined in section 
101(b)(1)(G) unless the Secretary of State has certified that the 
central authority of the child's country of origin has notified the 
United States central authority under the convention referred to in 
such section 101(b)(1)(G) that a United States citizen habitually 
resident in the United States has effected final adoption of the child, 
or has been granted custody of the child for the purpose of emigration 
and adoption, in accordance with such convention and the Intercountry 
Adoption Act of 1999.''.
    (c) Definition of Parent.--Section 101(b)(2) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(2)) is amended by inserting ``and 
paragraph (1)(G)(i)'' after ``second proviso therein)''.

SEC. 303. ADOPTIONS OF CHILDREN EMIGRATING FROM THE UNITED STATES.

    (a) Duties of Accredited Agency or Approved Person.--In the case of 
a Convention adoption involving the emigration of a child residing in 
the United States to a foreign country, the accredited agency or 
approved person providing adoption services, or the prospective 
adoptive parent or parents acting on their own behalf (if permitted by 
the laws of such other Convention country in which they reside and the 
laws of the State in which the child resides), shall do the following:
            (1) Ensure that, in accordance with the Convention--
                    (A) a background study on the child is completed;
                    (B) a determination is made that the child cannot 
                expeditiously be placed for adoption in the United 
                States; and
                    (C) a determination is made that placement with the 
                prospective adoptive parent or parents is in the best 
                interests of the child.
            (2) Furnish to the State court with jurisdiction over the 
        case--
                    (A) documentation of the matters described in 
                paragraph (1);
                    (B) the background report (home study) on the 
                prospective adoptive parent or parents prepared in 
                accordance with the laws of the receiving country; and
                    (C) a declaration by the Central Authority (or 
                other competent authority) of such other Convention 
                country--
                            (i) that the child will be permitted to 
                        enter and reside permanently, or on the same 
                        basis as the adopting parent, in the receiving 
                        country; and
                            (ii) that the Central Authority (or other 
                        competent authority) of such other Convention 
                        country consents to the adoption, if such 
                        consent is necessary under the laws of such 
                        country for the adoption to become final.
            (3) Furnish to the United States central authority--
                    (A) official copies of State court orders 
                certifying the final adoption or grant of custody for 
                the purpose of adoption;
                    (B) the information and documents described in 
                paragraph (2), to the extent required by the United 
                States central authority; and
                    (C) any other information concerning the case 
                required by the United States central authority to 
                perform the functions specified in subsection (c) or 
                otherwise to carry out the duties of the United States 
                central authority under the Convention.
    (b) Conditions on State Court Orders.--A State court shall not 
enter an order declaring an adoption to be final or granting custody 
for the purpose of adoption in a case described in subsection (a) 
unless the court--
            (1) has received and verified to the extent the court may 
        find necessary--
                    (A) the material described in subsection (a)(2); 
                and
                    (B) satisfactory evidence that the requirements of 
                articles 4 and 15 through 21 of the Convention have 
                been met; and
            (2) has determined that the adoptive placement is in the 
        child's best interests.
    (c) Duties of the Secretary of State.--In a case described in 
subsection (a), the Secretary of State, on receipt and verification as 
necessary of the material and information described in subsection 
(a)(3), shall issue, as applicable, an official certification that the 
child has been adopted or a declaration that custody for purposes of 
adoption has been granted, in accordance with the Convention and this 
Act.

SEC. 304. VOIDING OF ADOPTIONS FOR CAUSE.

    (a) Voiding of Adoption by State Court.--A State court may not 
vacate a final adoption decree entered pursuant to the Convention 
unless--
            (1) the decree was granted by a State court;
            (2) the court finds clear and convincing evidence that--
                    (A) the consent of a birth parent or, in the 
                absence of such consent, the consent of a biological 
                relative if required by the law of the State in which 
                the decree was granted, to termination of parental 
                rights or to the adoption was not obtained, or was 
                obtained as a result of fraud, duress, or inducement by 
                compensation; or
                    (B) consent of an adoptive parent to the adoption 
                was obtained by fraud which the adoptive parent did not 
                and could not reasonably have been expected to 
                discover;
            (3) voiding the adoption is in the best interests of the 
        child, taking into consideration the wishes of the child as 
        appropriate given the age of the child; and
            (4) the adoptive parents are afforded an opportunity to be 
        heard in the proceeding.
    (b) Recognition of Proceeding of Another Convention Country To 
Vacate Convention Adoption.--A decision by the competent authorities of 
another Convention country to vacate an adoption decree originally 
issued in the country pursuant to the Convention shall be recognized as 
valid and given full effect in the United States upon receipt by the 
Secretary of State of notification from such authorities that the 
conditions provided in paragraphs (2) through (4) of subsection (a) 
were satisfied by the proceeding to vacate the decree.
    (c) Voiding of Adoption Not Voiding Child's Naturalization.--The 
vacating of an adoption decree in a case subject to the Convention 
shall not be construed to void or prohibit the naturalization of the 
child as a citizen of the United States. Nothing in this provision 
shall be construed to limit the Attorney General's authority under 
title III of the Immigration and Nationality Act to revoke the 
naturalization of such a child, or to limit the Attorney General's 
discretion to consider a finding of fact by a State court that is 
relevant to such a determination.

                TITLE IV--ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT

SEC. 401. RECORDS PRIVACY PROVISIONS.

    (a) Regulations Regarding Convention Adoption Records 
Preservation.--
            (1) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State, in 
        consultation with the Attorney General, shall issue regulations 
        that establish procedures and requirements in accordance with 
        the Convention and this section for the preservation of 
        Convention adoption records.
            (2) Notice and comment requirement.--Section 553 of title 
        5, United States Code, shall apply to regulations issued under 
        this section without regard to subsection (a) of that section.
    (b) Prohibition on Disclosure of and Provision of Access to 
Identifying Information.--
            (1) Prohibition.--Identifying information in any Convention 
        adoption record shall not be disclosed by any person, and 
        access to such information shall not be provided by any person, 
        except as otherwise authorized by this subsection or the law of 
        the State in which the adoptive parents resided at the time of 
        the adoption.
            (2) Exception for administration of the convention.--
        Identifying information in a Convention adoption record may be 
        disclosed, and access to such information may be provided, 
        among the Attorney General, central authorities, accredited 
        agencies, and approved persons, to the extent necessary to 
        administer the Convention or this Act.
    (c) Relationship to Other Laws.--Sections 552 and 552a of title 5, 
United States Code, popularly known, respectively, as the Freedom of 
Information Act and the Privacy Act, shall not apply to the disclosure 
of, or the provision of access to, identifying information in 
Convention adoption records.
    (d) Identifying Information Defined.--
            (1) Definition.--In this section, the term ``identifying 
        information''--
                    (A) except as provided in subparagraph (B), means 
                any information contained in a Convention adoption 
                record; and
                    (B) does not include information relating to the 
                health, social, or genetic background of any individual 
                if there is no reasonable basis to believe that such 
                information could be used to identify the adopted child 
                or any birth parent or other birth relative of an 
                adopted child.
            (2) Regulations.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Health and Human 
        Services, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the 
        Attorney General, shall issue regulations prescribing the 
        information referred to in paragraph (1)(B).

SEC. 402. DOCUMENTS OF OTHER CONVENTION COUNTRIES.

    Documents originating in any other Convention country and related 
to a Convention adoption case shall require no authentication in order 
to be admissible in any Federal, State, or local court in the United 
States, unless a specific and supported claim is made that the 
documents are false, have been altered, or are otherwise unreliable.

SEC. 403. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS; COLLECTION OF FEES.

    (a) Authorization of Appropriations.--
            (1) In general.--There are authorized to be appropriated 
        such sums as may be necessary to agencies of the Federal 
        Government implementing the Convention and the provisions of 
        this Act.
            (2) Availability of funds.--Amounts appropriated pursuant 
        to paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until 
        expended.
    (b) Assessment of Fees.--
            (1) The Secretary of State may charge a fee prescribed by 
        regulation to cover the costs of new or enhanced services that 
        will be undertaken by the Department of State to meet the 
        requirements of this Act.
            (2) Fees collected under paragraph (1) shall be retained 
        and deposited as an offsetting collection to any Department of 
        State appropriation to recover the costs of providing such 
        services.
            (3) Fees authorized under this section shall be available 
        for obligation only to the extent and in the amount provided in 
        advance in appropriations Acts.

SEC. 404. ENFORCEMENT.

    (a) Civil Penalties.--Any person who--
            (1) violates section 202;
            (2) violates section 401 or any regulation issued under 
        section 401; or
            (3) makes a false or fraudulent statement or 
        misrepresentation of material fact, or offers, gives, solicits, 
        or accepts inducement by way of compensation intended to 
        influence or affect--
                    (A) a decision by an accrediting entity with 
                respect to the accreditation of an agency or approval 
                of a person under title II;
                    (B) the relinquishment of parental rights or 
                parental consent relating to the adoption of a child in 
                a case subject to the Convention; or
                    (C) a decision or action of any entity performing a 
                central authority function,
shall be subject, in addition to any other penalty that may be 
prescribed by law, to a civil money penalty of not more than $25,000 
for a first violation, and not more than $50,000 for each succeeding 
violation.
    (b) Enforcement.--
            (1) Coordination with attorney general.--The Secretary of 
        Health and Human Services, with respect to violations of 
        subsection (a) involving the Department of Health and Human 
        Services, an accrediting entity, an agency that has applied for 
        or received accreditation under title II, or a person who has 
        applied for or received approval under title II, and the 
        Secretary of State, with respect to violations of paragraphs 
        (2) and (3) of subsection (a) involving the Department of 
        State, may impose a civil money penalty under subsection (a) 
        pursuant to this subsection and such procedures as may be 
        agreed upon by such Secretaries and the Attorney General.
            (2) Notice and hearing.--A penalty shall not be imposed 
        under subsection (a) until the person charged has been given 
        written notice of, and an opportunity to respond to the charge.
            (3) Factors considered in imposing penalty.--In determining 
        the amount of a penalty to be imposed under subsection (a), the 
        gravity of the violation, the degree of culpability of the 
        violator, and any history of prior violations by the violator 
        shall be considered.
    (c) Criminal Penalties.--Whoever knowingly and willfully violates 
paragraph (2) or (3) of subsection (a) shall be subject to a fine of 
not more than $50,000, imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or both.

                      TITLE V--GENERAL PROVISIONS

SEC. 501. RECOGNITION OF CONVENTION ADOPTIONS.

    Subject to Article 24 of the Convention, adoptions concluded 
between two other Convention countries that meet the requirements of 
Article 23 of the Convention and that became final before the date of 
entry into force of the Convention for the United States shall be 
recognized thereafter in the United States and given full effect. Such 
recognition shall include the specific effects described in Article 26 
of the Convention.

SEC. 502. SPECIAL RULES FOR CERTAIN CASES.

    (a) Authority to Establish Alternative Procedures for Adoption of 
Children by Relatives.--To the extent consistent with the Convention, 
the Secretary of State may establish by regulation alternative 
procedures for the adoption of children by individuals related to them 
by blood or marriage, in cases subject to the Convention.
    (b) Waiver Authority.--
            (1) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of 
        this Act, to the extent consistent with the Convention, the 
        Secretary of State may, on a case-by-case basis, waive 
        applicable requirements of, and penalties for noncompliance 
        with, the provisions of this Act or regulations issued under 
        this Act, in the interests of justice or to prevent grave 
        physical harm to the child.
            (2) Nondelegation.--The authority provided by paragraph (1) 
        may not be delegated.

SEC. 503. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LAWS.

    (a) Preemption of Inconsistent State Law.--The Convention and this 
Act shall not be construed to preempt any provision of the law of any 
State or political subdivision thereof, or prevent a State or political 
subdivision thereof from enacting any provision of law with respect to 
the subject matter of the Convention or this Act, except to the extent 
that such provision of State law is inconsistent with the Convention or 
this Act, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency.
    (b) Applicability of the Indian Child Welfare Act.--The Convention 
and this Act shall not be construed to affect the application of the 
Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.).

SEC. 504. NO PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION.

    The Convention and this Act shall not be construed to create a 
private right of action to seek administrative or judicial relief, 
except to the extent expressly provided in this Act.

SEC. 505. EFFECTIVE DATES; TRANSITION RULE.

    (a) Effective Dates.--
            (1) Provisions effective upon enactment.--Sections 2, 101 
        through 104, 201, 203 through 206, and 403 shall take effect on 
        the date of the enactment of this Act.
            (2) Provisions effective upon the entry into force of the 
        convention.--Subject to subsection (b), the Convention and the 
        provisions of this Act not specified in paragraph (1) of this 
        subsection shall take effect upon the entry into force of the 
        Convention for the United States pursuant to Article 46(2)(a) 
        of the Convention, and shall govern Convention adoptions made 
        final thereafter.
    (b) Transition Rule.--The Convention and this Act shall not apply--
            (1) in the case of a child immigrating to the United 
        States, if the application for advance processing of an orphan 
        petition or petition to classify an orphan as an immediate 
        relative for the child is filed before the effective date 
        described in subsection (a)(2); or
            (2) in the case of a child emigrating from the United 
        States, if the prospective adoptive parents of the child 
        initiated the adoption process in their country of residence 
        with the filing of an appropriate application before the 
        effective date described in subsection (a)(2).
                                 <all>