[Congressional Bills 105th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 1293 Introduced in House (IH)]







105th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                H. R. 1293

To enhance international security by using the resources and expertise 
 of the international financial institutions and the United Nations to 
         redirect world military spending to human development.


_______________________________________________________________________


                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                             April 10, 1997

 Mr. Kennedy of Massachusetts (for himself, Mr. Dellums, Mr. Miller of 
California, Ms. McKinney, and Ms. Furse) introduced the following bill; 
which was referred to the Committee on International Relations, and in 
  addition to the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, for a 
 period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for 
consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the 
                          committee concerned

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
To enhance international security by using the resources and expertise 
 of the international financial institutions and the United Nations to 
         redirect world military spending to human development.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Demilitarization Act of 1997''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    The Congress finds the following:
            (1) The world's governments spend $840,000,000,000 each 
        year to support military forces of more than 23,000,000 
        soldiers.
            (2) This expenditure for achieving security has itself 
        become a serious threat to security, absorbing 11 percent of 
        all government expenditures at a time when citizens in both 
        developed and developing countries face sharp cuts in 
        programs--such as health, education, research, and job 
        training--that provide the human building blocks for our common 
        future.
            (3) The United States and other developed nations bear 
        significant responsibility for excessive military expenditures, 
        accounting for 77 percent of world military spending and for 94 
        percent of arms transfers to developing nations, with the 
        United States being the world's leader in both categories.
            (4) The United States and other developed nations jointly 
        have a controlling vote in the International Monetary Fund, the 
        International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and 
        other international financial institutions that have subsidized 
        excessive military spending in numerous countries by exempting 
        the military portions of a country's budget from audit and 
        assessment.
            (5) Developing nations also bear significant responsibility 
        for excessive military expenditures, spending $191,000,000,000 
        each year, or 4 times all receipts of foreign aid from all 
        sources.
            (6) In the developing world, where more than 900,000,000 
        people cannot read or write, military spending is nearly as 
        high as spending on education.
            (7) In the developing world, where 1,000,000,000 people 
        never see a health professional and where more than 2,000,000 
        children die each year of preventable infectious diseases, 
        military spending is higher than spending on health.
            (8) The lack of transparency, to both a country's citizens 
        and to international financial institutions, of the military 
        budget and of military ownership or other forms of involvement 
        in the civilian economy provides refuge for corruption and 
        undercuts the international financial institutions' efforts to 
        promote ``good governance''.
            (9) Ownership of businesses and investment funds and other 
        types of financial interests of armed forces in the civilian 
        sector of the economy in countries as diverse as Chile, China, 
        Ecuador, Guatemala, and Indonesia distorts prices and reduces 
        competition, and also increases the political power of armed 
        forces, thereby posing a threat to the transition to economic 
        and political freedom in the developing world that is a primary 
        goal of United States foreign policy.
            (10) Top-ranking United States and international officials, 
        including the Secretary of the Treasury, the President of the 
        World Bank, and the Managing Director of the International 
        Monetary Fund, have publicly recognized the urgent need to 
        reduce world military spending, and pledged to make policy 
        changes in their institutions to promote reductions.
            (11) Congress and the President have also made the 
        reduction of world military spending a goal of United States 
        foreign policy, and provided for the use of the financial 
        resources and technical capabilities of the international 
        financial institutions to achieve that goal, by enacting--
                    (A) section 60 of the Bretton Woods Agreements Act, 
                which requires the United States Executive Director at 
                the International Monetary Fund to report on methods to 
                promote reductions in military spending;
                    (B) the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and 
                Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1993, which, in 
its statement of managers, urges United States executive directors at 
all the international financial institutions to use the United States 
voice and vote to promote reductions in military spending;
                    (C) section 570 of the Foreign Operations, Export 
                Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 
                1994, which requires the State Department to report on 
                countries' efforts to reduce military spending, 
                including regional force reduction talks; and
                    (D) section 1502 of the International Financial 
                Institutions Act, which requires United States 
                executive directors at the international financial 
                institutions to take into account, when deciding on 
                loan proposals, the proposed recipient's commitment to 
                providing accurate military spending data and ending 
                military involvement in the civilian economy.
                    (E) section 576 of the Foreign Operations, Export 
                Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 
                1997, which states that beginning three years after the 
                date of enactment of this Act, the United States 
                Executive Director of each international financial 
                institution must use the voice and vote of the United 
                States to oppose any loan or other utilization of the 
                funds of their respective institutions, other than to 
                address basic human needs, for the government of any 
                country which the Secretary of the Treasury 
                determines--
                            (i) does not have in place a functioning 
                        system for a civilian audit of all receipts and 
                        expenditures that fund activities of the armed 
                        forces and security forces;
                            (ii) has not provided a summary of a 
                        current audit to the institution.
            (12) Despite these high-level statements and requirements 
        in law, no significant progress has been made in establishing 
        either a mechanism for regional talks on mutual military 
        reductions or mechanisms within the international financial 
        institutions for--
                    (A) verifying through accepted auditing procedures 
                the accuracy of reported military budgets;
                    (B) receiving and assessing the justification for 
                various expenditures within military budgets as well as 
                the overall trends and amounts of such expenditures; 
                and
                    (C) ending military ownership and financial 
                interests in the civilian economy.
            (13) Dr. Oscar Arias, former President of Costa Rica and 
        1987 Nobel Peace Laureate, has joined with over 80 citizens' 
        groups around the world to propose a practical plan to achieve 
        the goals of these high-level statements and requirements in 
        law, The Year 2000 Campaign to Redirect World Military Spending 
        to Human Development, which contains the following 6 proposals:
                    (A) The Security Council and General Assembly of 
                the United Nations call on all nations to commit to 
                meeting with their neighbors to identify and implement 
                confidence-building measures and mutual reductions in 
                military threats that will reduce the likelihood of 
                future conflicts. These nations will seek to achieve 
                substantial reductions in military forces and 
                expenditures by the year 2000.
                    (B) Special envoys be appointed by the United 
                Nations Secretary-General to organize these 
                demilitarization talks in various regions of the world.
                    (C) Every nation meet with its regional envoy to 
                present plans for regional security at reduced force 
                levels. These nations will also participate in 
                negotiations guided by the envoy in order to identify 
                military capacities and implement mutual force 
                reductions. Such negotiations will reduce the threat 
                that nations pose to each other due to the size, 
                proximity, and technological sophistication of their 
                armed forces.
                    (D) With savings from reduced military spending, 
                all nations, in cooperation with grassroots 
                organizations, implement economic reforms related to 
                demilitarization, such as the conversion of military to 
                non-military production, landmine clearance, community 
                reconstruction, and the reintegration of demobilized 
                soldiers.
                    (E) In support of the steps taken toward 
                demilitarization by developing countries, 
                industrialized nations condition their bilateral and 
                multilateral aid to promote demilitarization. They will 
                exchange debt forgiveness for military conversion 
                efforts, provide special funding for programs to assist 
                the demilitarization process, promote full transparency 
                and reductions in military budgets, and bring about the 
                end of military involvement in the civilian economy.
                    (F) All arms-exporting nations agree to a Code of 
                Conduct on arms transfers that would bar exports to 
                nondemocratic governments, countries engaged in armed 
                aggression in violation of international law, countries 
                that do not fully participate in the United Nations 
                Register of conventional arms, and governments 
                permitting gross violations of internationally 
                recognized human rights.
            (14) Citizens around the world are signing The Arias Peace 
        Pledge and communicating to their governments their support for 
        the proposals of The Year 2000 Campaign to Redirect World 
        Military Spending to Human Development.
            (15) The United Nations is expected to consider crucial 
        components of this 6-point plan.

SEC. 3. PURPOSE.

    The purpose of this Act is to enhance international security by 
using the resources and expertise of the international financial 
institutions and the United Nations to redirect world military spending 
to human development.

SEC. 4. SPECIAL ENVOYS FOR MUTUAL DISARMAMENT.

    The President shall instruct the United States Ambassador to the 
United Nations to support in the Security Council, the General 
Assembly, and other United Nations bodies, resolutions and other 
efforts to--
            (1) appoint special envoys for conflict prevention to 
        organize and conduct, in cooperation with appropriate 
        multilateral institutions, mutual disarmament talks in every 
        region of the world in which all nations would participate, and 
        to report to international financial institutions on the degree 
        of cooperation of governments with these talks;
            (2) commit each member state to agree to meet with its 
        regional special envoy within 3 months of appointment to 
        deliver and discuss its proposal for regional (and, where 
        appropriate, international) confidence-building measures, 
        including mutual reductions in the size, proximity, and 
        technological sophistication of its and other nations' armed 
        forces, that would lead to significant cuts in threat levels 
        and military spending; and
            (3) commit each member state to agree to continue meeting 
        with the special envoy and such regional bodies and states as 
        the special envoy shall suggest to complete negotiations on 
        such confidence-building measures, with the goal of making 
        significant cuts in military spending by the year 2000.

SEC. 5. ALTERNATIVE SECURITY PLAN.

    Within 3 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 
President shall prepare and deliver to the Congress and to the 
Secretary General of the United Nations a report as described in 
section 4(2) that would detail the changes in other nations' forces and 
United States forces that would permit by the year 2000 a dramatic 
reduction in United States military spending.

SEC. 6. SENSE OF THE CONGRESS.

    It is the sense of the Congress that--
            (1) the United States should not provide economic 
        assistance, military assistance, or approve arms transfers or 
        related training, to any foreign government at any time during 
        which the United States is opposing loans to that foreign 
        government at international financial institutions pursuant to 
        section 576 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and 
        Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1997.
            (2) the President should designate the United States Agency 
        for International Development to be the lead agency for the 
        determinations made pursuant to section 576 (also section 
        15027); and
            (3) the President should report annually to the Congress on 
        the progress made by international financial institutions in 
        integrating military spending issues such as those raised in 
        this Act into the loan review process of such international 
        financial institutions.
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