[Congressional Bills 103th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 825 Reported in Senate (RS)]

                                                       Calendar No. 678

103d CONGRESS

  2d Session

                                 S. 825

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 To amend title 28 of the United States Code to permit a foreign state 
  to be subject to the jurisdiction of Federal or State courts in any 
           case involving an act of international terrorism.

_______________________________________________________________________

           September 28 (legislative day, September 12), 1994

                       Reported with an amendment





                                                       Calendar No. 678
103d CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                 S. 825

 To amend title 28 of the United States Code to permit a foreign state 
  to be subject to the jurisdiction of Federal or State courts in any 
           case involving an act of international terrorism.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

               April 27 (legislative day, April 19), 1993

 Mr. Specter (for himself and Mr. Kohl) introduced the following bill; 
  which was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary

           September 28 (legislative day, September 12), 1994

                Reported by Mr. Biden, with an amendment
 [Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed 
                               in italic]

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
 To amend title 28 of the United States Code to permit a foreign state 
  to be subject to the jurisdiction of Federal or State courts in any 
           case involving an act of international terrorism.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

-S-E-C-T-I-O-N -1-. -I-N-A-P-P-L-I-C-A-B-I-L-I-T-Y -O-F -F-O-R-E-I-G-N 
              -S-O-V-E-R-E-I-G-N -I-M-M-U-N-I-T-Y -I-N -C-A-S-E-S 
              -I-N-V-O-L-V-I-N-G -A-C-T-S -O-F 
              -I-N-T-E-R-N-A-T-I-O-N-A-L -T-E-R-R-O-R-I-S-M-.

    -(-a-) -D-e-f-i-n-i-t-i-o-n-.----S-e-c-t-i-o-n -1-6-0-3 -o-f 
-t-i-t-l-e -2-8-, -U-n-i-t-e-d -S-t-a-t-e-s -C-o-d-e-, -i-s 
-a-m-e-n-d-e-d -b-y -a-d-d-i-n-g -a-t -t-h-e -e-n-d -t-h-e 
-f-o-l-l-o-w-i-n-g-:
            -`-`-(-f-) -T-h-e -t-e-r-m -`-a-c-t -o-f 
        -i-n-t-e-r-n-a-t-i-o-n-a-l -t-e-r-r-o-r-i-s-m-' -m-e-a-n-s -a-n 
        -a-c-t---
                    -`-`-(-1-) -w-h-i-c-h -i-s -v-i-o-l-e-n-t -o-r 
                -d-a-n-g-e-r-o-u-s -t-o -h-u-m-a-n -l-i-f-e -a-n-d 
                -t-h-a-t -i-s -a -v-i-o-l-a-t-i-o-n -o-f -t-h-e 
                -c-r-i-m-i-n-a-l -l-a-w-s -o-f -t-h-e -U-n-i-t-e-d 
                -S-t-a-t-e-s -o-r -o-f -a-n-y -S-t-a-t-e -o-r -t-h-a-t 
                -w-o-u-l-d -b-e -a -c-r-i-m-i-n-a-l -v-i-o-l-a-t-i-o-n 
                -i-f -c-o-m-m-i-t-t-e-d -w-i-t-h-i-n -t-h-e 
                -j-u-r-i-s-d-i-c-t-i-o-n -o-f -t-h-e -U-n-i-t-e-d 
                -S-t-a-t-e-s -o-r -a-n-y -S-t-a-t-e-; -a-n-d
                    -`-`-(-2-) -w-h-i-c-h -a-p-p-e-a-r-s -t-o -b-e 
                -i-n-t-e-n-d-e-d---
                            -`-`-(-A-) -t-o -i-n-t-i-m-i-d-a-t-e -o-r 
                        -c-o-e-r-c-e -a -c-i-v-i-l-i-a-n 
                        -p-o-p-u-l-a-t-i-o-n-;
                            -`-`-(-B-) -t-o -i-n-f-l-u-e-n-c-e -t-h-e 
                        -p-o-l-i-c-y -o-f -a -g-o-v-e-r-n-m-e-n-t -b-y 
                        -i-n-t-i-m-i-d-a-t-i-o-n -o-r 
                        -c-o-e-r-c-i-o-n-; -o-r
                            -`-`-(-C-) -t-o -a-f-f-e-c-t -t-h-e 
                        -c-o-n-d-u-c-t -o-f -a -g-o-v-e-r-n-m-e-n-t 
                        -b-y -a-s-s-a-s-s-i-n-a-t-i-o-n -o-r 
                        -k-i-d-n-a-p-p-i-n-g-.
            -`-`-(-g-) -T-h-e -t-e-r-m -`-p-e-r-m-a-n-e-n-t 
        -r-e-s-i-d-e-n-t -a-l-i-e-n-' -m-e-a-n-s -a-n -a-l-i-e-n -w-h-o 
        -h-a-s -b-e-e-n -l-a-w-f-u-l-l-y -a-d-m-i-t-t-e-d -t-o -t-h-e 
        -U-n-i-t-e-d -S-t-a-t-e-s -f-o-r -p-e-r-m-a-n-e-n-t 
        -r-e-s-i-d-e-n-c-e-.-'-'-.
    -(-b-) -A-d-d-i-t-i-o-n-a-l -E-x-c-e-p-t-i-o-n -t-o -F-o-r-e-i-g-n 
-S-t-a-t-e -I-m-m-u-n-i-t-y-.----S-e-c-t-i-o-n -1-6-0-5-(-a-) -o-f 
-t-i-t-l-e -2-8-, -U-n-i-t-e-d -S-t-a-t-e-s -C-o-d-e-, -i-s 
-a-m-e-n-d-e-d---
            -(-1-) -b-y -s-t-r-i-k-i-n-g -`-`-o-r-'-' -a-t -t-h-e 
        -e-n-d -o-f -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h -(-5-)-;
            -(-2-) -b-y -s-t-r-i-k-i-n-g -t-h-e -p-e-r-i-o-d -a-t 
        -t-h-e -e-n-d -o-f -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h -(-6-) -a-n-d 
        -i-n-s-e-r-t-i-n-g -`-`-; -o-r-'-'-; -a-n-d
            -(-3-) -b-y -a-d-d-i-n-g -a-t -t-h-e -e-n-d -t-h-e 
        -f-o-l-l-o-w-i-n-g -n-e-w -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h-:
            -`-`-(-7-) -i-n -w-h-i-c-h -t-h-e -a-c-t-i-o-n -i-s 
        -b-a-s-e-d -u-p-o-n -a-n -a-c-t -o-f -i-n-t-e-r-n-a-t-i-o-n-a-l 
        -t-e-r-r-o-r-i-s-m---
                    -`-`-(-A-) -w-i-t-h-i-n -t-h-e -U-n-i-t-e-d 
                -S-t-a-t-e-s-, -o-r
                    -`-`-(-B-) -o-u-t-s-i-d-e -t-h-e -U-n-i-t-e-d 
                -S-t-a-t-e-s -i-f -m-o-n-e-y -d-a-m-a-g-e-s -a-r-e 
                -s-o-u-g-h-t -a-g-a-i-n-s-t -a -f-o-r-e-i-g-n 
                -s-t-a-t-e -f-o-r -p-e-r-s-o-n-a-l -i-n-j-u-r-y -o-r 
                -d-e-a-t-h -t-o -a -U-n-i-t-e-d -S-t-a-t-e-s 
                -c-i-t-i-z-e-n -o-r -p-e-r-m-a-n-e-n-t -r-e-s-i-d-e-n-t 
                -a-l-i-e-n-,
        -w-h-i-c-h -a-c-t -o-c-c-u-r-r-e-d -n-o-t -m-o-r-e -t-h-a-n -6 
        -y-e-a-r-s -p-r-e-v-i-o-u-s-l-y -a-n-d -w-h-i-c-h -w-a-s 
        -c-o-m-m-i-t-t-e-d -o-r -a-i-d-e-d -o-r -a-b-e-t-t-e-d -b-y -a 
        -f-o-r-e-i-g-n -s-t-a-t-e -t-h-a-t -w-a-s -d-e-s-i-g-n-a-t-e-d 
        -b-y -t-h-e -S-e-c-r-e-t-a-r-y -o-f -S-t-a-t-e -a-s -a 
        -s-t-a-t-e -r-e-p-e-a-t-e-d-l-y -p-r-o-v-i-d-i-n-g 
        -s-u-p-p-o-r-t -f-o-r -a-c-t-s -o-f -i-n-t-e-r-n-a-t-i-o-n-a-l 
        -t-e-r-r-o-r-i-s-m -u-n-d-e-r -s-e-c-t-i-o-n -4-0-(-d-) -o-f 
        -t-h-e -A-r-m-s -E-x-p-o-r-t -C-o-n-t-r-o-l -A-c-t-.-'-'-.
    -(-c-) -P-r-o-p-e-r-t-y -S-u-b-j-e-c-t -t-o -E-x-e-c-u-t-i-o-n 
-U-p-o-n -a -J-u-d-g-m-e-n-t-.----S-e-c-t-i-o-n -1-6-1-0-(-a-) -o-f 
-t-i-t-l-e -2-8-, -U-n-i-t-e-d -S-t-a-t-e-s -C-o-d-e-, -i-s 
-a-m-e-n-d-e-d---
            -(-1-) -b-y -s-t-r-i-k-i-n-g -`-`-o-r-'-' -a-t -t-h-e 
        -e-n-d -o-f -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h -(-5-)-;
            -(-2-) -b-y -s-t-r-i-k-i-n-g -t-h-e -p-e-r-i-o-d -a-t 
        -t-h-e -e-n-d -o-f -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h -(-6-) -a-n-d 
        -i-n-s-e-r-t-i-n-g -`-`-; -o-r-'-'-; -a-n-d
            -(-3-) -b-y -a-d-d-i-n-g -a-t -t-h-e -e-n-d -t-h-e 
        -f-o-l-l-o-w-i-n-g -n-e-w -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h-:
            -`-`-(-7-) -t-h-e -e-x-e-c-u-t-i-o-n -r-e-l-a-t-e-s -t-o -a 
        -j-u-d-g-m-e-n-t -e-n-t-e-r-e-d -i-n -a -c-a-s-e -b-a-s-e-d 
        -u-p-o-n -a-n -a-c-t -o-f -i-n-t-e-r-n-a-t-i-o-n-a-l 
        -t-e-r-r-o-r-i-s-m---
                    -`-`-(-A-) -w-i-t-h-i-n -t-h-e -U-n-i-t-e-d 
                -S-t-a-t-e-s-, -o-r
                    -`-`-(-B-) -o-u-t-s-i-d-e -t-h-e -U-n-i-t-e-d 
                -S-t-a-t-e-s -i-f -m-o-n-e-y -d-a-m-a-g-e-s -a-r-e 
                -s-o-u-g-h-t -a-g-a-i-n-s-t -a -f-o-r-e-i-g-n 
                -s-t-a-t-e -f-o-r -p-e-r-s-o-n-a-l -i-n-j-u-r-y -o-r 
                -d-e-a-t-h -t-o -a -U-n-i-t-e-d -S-t-a-t-e-s 
                -c-i-t-i-z-e-n -o-r -p-e-r-m-a-n-e-n-t -r-e-s-i-d-e-n-t 
                -a-l-i-e-n-,
        -w-h-i-c-h -a-c-t -o-c-c-u-r-r-e-d -n-o-t -m-o-r-e -t-h-a-n -6 
        -y-e-a-r-s -p-r-e-v-i-o-u-s-l-y -a-n-d -w-h-i-c-h -w-a-s 
        -c-o-m-m-i-t-t-e-d -o-r -a-i-d-e-d -o-r -a-b-e-t-t-e-d -b-y -a 
        -f-o-r-e-i-g-n -s-t-a-t-e -t-h-a-t -w-a-s -d-e-s-i-g-n-a-t-e-d 
        -b-y -t-h-e -S-e-c-r-e-t-a-r-y -o-f -S-t-a-t-e -a-s -a 
        -s-t-a-t-e -r-e-p-e-a-t-e-d-l-y -p-r-o-v-i-d-i-n-g 
        -s-u-p-p-o-r-t -f-o-r -a-c-t-s -o-f -i-n-t-e-r-n-a-t-i-o-n-a-l 
        -t-e-r-r-o-r-i-s-m -u-n-d-e-r -s-e-c-t-i-o-n -4-0-(-d-) -o-f 
        -t-h-e -A-r-m-s -E-x-p-o-r-t -C-o-n-t-r-o-l -A-c-t-.-'-'-.
    -(-d-) -A-t-t-a-c-h-m-e-n-t -o-f -P-r-o-p-e-r-t-y -P-r-i-o-r -t-o 
-E-n-t-r-y -o-f -J-u-d-g-m-e-n-t-.----S-e-c-t-i-o-n -1-6-1-0-(-d-) -o-f 
-t-i-t-l-e -2-8-, -U-n-i-t-e-d -S-t-a-t-e-s -C-o-d-e-, -i-s 
-a-m-e-n-d-e-d---
            -(-1-) -b-y -r-e-d-e-s-i-g-n-a-t-i-n-g -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h 
        -(-1-) -a-s -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h -(-1-)-(-A-)-;
            -(-2-) -b-y -s-t-r-i-k-i-n-g -`-`-a-n-d-'-' -a-t -t-h-e 
        -e-n-d -o-f -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h -(-1-)-(-A-) -a-n-d 
        -i-n-s-e-r-t-i-n-g -`-`-o-r-'-'-; -a-n-d
            -(-3-) -b-y -i-n-s-e-r-t-i-n-g -a-f-t-e-r 
        -p-a-r-a-g-r-a-p-h -(-1-)-(-A-) -t-h-e -f-o-l-l-o-w-i-n-g-:
            -`-`-(-B-) -t-h-e -f-o-r-e-i-g-n -s-t-a-t-e -i-s -n-o-t 
        -i-m-m-u-n-e -f-r-o-m -j-u-r-i-s-d-i-c-t-i-o-n -b-y 
        -v-i-r-t-u-e -o-f -t-h-e -o-p-e-r-a-t-i-o-n -o-f -s-e-c-t-i-o-n 
        -1-6-0-5-(-7-)-; -a-n-d-'-'-.

SECTION 1. EXCEPTION TO FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY FOR CERTAIN CASES 
              INVOLVING TORTURE, EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING, AIRCRAFT 
              SABOTAGE, HOSTAGE TAKING, OR GENOCIDE IN A FOREIGN STATE.

    Section 1605(a) of title 28, United States Code, is amended--
            (1) by striking ``or'' at the end of paragraph (5);
            (2) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (6) and 
        inserting in lieu thereof ``; or''; and
            (3) by adding at the end thereof the following new 
        paragraph:
            ``(7) not otherwise encompassed in paragraph (2), in which 
        money damages are sought against a foreign state for personal 
        injury or death of a United States citizen and caused by the 
        torture or extrajudicial killing of that citizen, or by an act 
        of aircraft sabotage, hostage taking, or genocide committed 
        against that citizen, by such foreign state or by any official, 
        employee, or agent of such foreign state while acting within 
        the scope of his or her office, employment, or agency, except 
        that--
                    ``(A) an action under this paragraph shall not be 
                maintained unless the individual whose injury or death 
                gave rise to the action was a United States citizen at 
                the time the conduct causing such injury or death 
                occurred;
                    ``(B) the court shall decline to hear a claim under 
                this paragraph if the claimant has not exhausted 
                adequate and available remedies in the place in which 
                the conduct giving rise to the claim occurred and has 
                not afforded the foreign state an opportunity to 
                arbitrate the claim before an international tribunal in 
                accordance with international standards; and
                    ``(C) an action under this paragraph shall not be 
                maintained unless--
                            ``(i) the action is brought within 10 years 
                        after the cause of action accrues; or
                            ``(ii) the cause of action is based on an 
                        act of genocide occurring more than 10 years 
                        before the date of the enactment of this 
                        paragraph and the action is brought within 18 
                        months after such date.
For purposes of paragraph (7), the terms `torture' and `extrajudicial 
killing' have the meanings given those terms in section 3 of the 
Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991, the term `hostage taking' has 
the meaning given it in Article 1 of the International Convention 
Against the Taking of Hostages, the term `aircraft sabotage' has the 
meaning given it in Article 1 of the Convention for the Suppression of 
Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, and the term `act 
of genocide' means conduct that would be a violation of section 1091 of 
title 18 if committed in the United States.''.

SEC. 2. EXCEPTION TO IMMUNITY FROM ATTACHMENT.

    (a) Foreign State.--Section 1610(a) of title 28, United States 
Code, is amended--
            (1) by striking the period at the end of paragraph (6) and 
        inserting in lieu thereof ``, or''; and
            (2) by adding at the end thereof the following new 
        paragraph:
            ``(7) the judgment relates to a claim for which the foreign 
        state is not immune by virtue of section 1605(a)(7), regardless 
        of whether the property is or was involved in the act upon 
        which the claim is based.''.
    (b) Agency or Instrumentality.--Section 1610(b)(2) of such title is 
amended--
            (1) by striking ``or (5)'' and inserting in lieu thereof 
        ``(5), or (7)''; and
            (2) by striking ``used for the activity'' and inserting in 
        lieu thereof ``involved in the act''.

SEC. 3. APPLICABILITY.

    The amendments made by this Act shall apply to any cause of action 
arising before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act.