[Congressional Bills 103th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 676 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

103d CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                 S. 676

To amend certain education laws to provide for service-learning and to 
 strengthen the skills of teachers and improve instruction in service-
                   learning, and for other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

               March 30, (legislative day, March 3), 1993

    Mr. Wofford (for himself, Mr. Durenberger, Mr. Kennedy, and Mr. 
  Wellstone) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 
         referred to the Committee on Labor and Human Resources

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
To amend certain education laws to provide for service-learning and to 
 strengthen the skills of teachers and improve instruction in service-
                   learning, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Service-learning Act of 1993''.

SEC. 2. PURPOSE.

    It is the purpose of this Act--
            (1) to improve teaching and learning in primary, middle and 
        secondary schools;
            (2) to involve students in activities that promote and 
        demonstrate good citizenship, community service and personal 
        responsibility;
            (3) to invigorate education by encouraging and supporting 
        service-learning in schools; and
            (4) to mobilize America's youth as partners in the effort 
        to solve the critical problems that face our Nation.

 TITLE I--AMENDMENTS TO THE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT OF 
                                  1965

SEC. 101. DEFINITION.

    Section 1471 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 
(20 U.S.C. 2891) is amended by adding at the end the following new 
paragraph:
            ``(24) The term `service-learning' means a method of 
        teaching and learning--
                    ``(A) under which students learn and develop 
                through active participation in thoughtfully organized 
                service experiences that meet actual community needs 
                and that are coordinated in collaboration with the 
                school and community;
                    ``(B) that integrates community service into a 
                student's academic curriculum and provides a structured 
                time for student reflection about what the student 
                learned as a result of the service activity;
                    ``(C) that provides students with opportunities to 
                use newly acquired skills and knowledge in real life 
                situations in their own communities;
                    ``(D) that enhances what is taught in school by 
                extending student learning beyond the classroom and 
                into the community and helps foster the development of 
                a sense of caring for others; and
                    ``(E) that provides teachers with an alternative 
                method of measuring a student's acquisition of academic 
                and other skills.''.

SEC. 102. AMENDMENTS TO TITLE I.

    (a) Local Targeted Assistance Programs.--Paragraph (6) of section 
1531(b) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 
U.S.C. 2941(b)(5)) (hereafter in this section referred to as the 
``Act'') is amended--
            (1) by striking ``and'' before ``participation''; and
            (2) by inserting ``, and service-learning'' before the 
        semicolon.
    (b) National Programs and Activities.--
            (1) Authorization of appropriations.--Subsection (b) of 
        section 1561 of the Act (20 U.S.C. 2961(b)) is amended--
                    (A) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                    (B) in paragraph (5), by striking the period and 
                inserting ``; and''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following new 
                paragraph:
            ``(6) not less than $20,000,000 for the service-learning 
        program under section 1567.''.
            (2) Service-learning program.--Part B of chapter 2 of title 
        I of the Act (20 U.S.C. 2961 et seq.) is amended by adding at 
        the end the following new section:

``SEC. 1567. SERVICE-LEARNING PROGRAMS.

    ``The Secretary shall carry out a program of grants and contracts 
to encourage State and local educational agencies and other public and 
private agencies, organizations, and institutions, to infuse service-
learning into the academic curriculum as a strategy for improving the 
teaching and learning environment in classrooms, schools and 
communities.''.
    (c) National Diffusion Network Activities.--Section 1562(b) of the 
Act (20 U.S.C. 2962(b)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' after the 
        semicolon;
            (2) in paragraph (5), by striking the period and inserting 
        ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(6) coordinate with the Commission on National and 
        Community Service in identifying and disseminating information 
        regarding innovative service-learning programs.''.
    (d) Law Related Education Programs.--Paragraph (7) of section 
1565(c) of the Act (20 U.S.C. 2965(c)) is amended to read as follows:
            ``(7) internships or experiential based community service 
        for youth that are related to basic concepts of the law and the 
        legal system.''.
    (e) Blue Ribbon Schools Program.--The second sentence of section 
1566(b)(1) of the Act (20 U.S.C. 2966(b)(1)) is amended--
            (1) by striking ``or'' before ``outstanding''; and
            (2) by inserting ``, or outstanding service-learning 
        models'' before the period.

SEC. 103. CRITICAL SKILLS IMPROVEMENT.

    (a) Elementary and Secondary Education Programs.--Paragraph (1) of 
section 2006(b) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 
(hereafter in this section referred to as the ``Act'') (20 U.S.C. 
2986(b)(1)) is amended--
            (1) by amending subparagraph (D) to read as follows:
                    ``(D) integrating higher-order problem solving and 
                analytical skills using applied learning and hands-on 
                methods, such as service-learning;'';
            (2) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period and 
        inserting ``; or''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:
                    ``(F) providing funds to teachers or schools served 
                by the local educational agency to enable such teachers 
                or schools to undertake projects to improve their 
                teaching ability in mathematics and science using 
                applied learning and hands-on methods, such as service-
                learning.''.
    (b) Higher Education Programs.--Section 2007(b)(2) of the Act (20 
U.S.C. 2987(b)(2)) is amended--
            (1) in subparagraph (B), by striking ``and'' after the 
        semicolon;
            (2) in subparagraph (C), by striking the period and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:
                    ``(D) retraining and training for elementary, 
                middle, and secondary teachers in methods that utilize 
                experiential-based learning strategies, such as 
                service-learning.''.

SEC. 104. MAGNET SCHOOLS ASSISTANCE.

    The matter following paragraph (3) of section 3006 of the 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 3025(3)) is 
amended--
            (1) by striking ``or'' after ``music''; and
            (2) by inserting ``, or to increasing community involvement 
        through experiential or service-learning'' before the period.

SEC. 105. SECRETARY'S FUND FOR INNOVATION IN EDUCATION.

    (a) Program Authority.--Paragraph (2) of section 4601(a) of the 
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (hereafter in this 
section referred to as the ``Act'') (20 U.S.C. 3151(a)(2)) is amended--
            (1) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``and'' after the 
        semicolon;
            (2) in subparagraph (D), by striking the period and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:
                    ``(E) establish and strengthen experiential-based 
                education, such as service-learning, in accordance with 
                section 4610.''.
    (b) Service-Learning Program.--Part F of title IV of the Elementary 
and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 3151 et seq.) is 
amended--
            (1) by redesignating section 4610 (20 U.S.C. 3157) as 
        section 4611; and
            (2) by adding after section 4609 (20 U.S.C. 3156b) the 
        following new section:

``SEC. 4610. SERVICE-LEARNING PROGRAM.

    ``The Secretary is authorized to develop materials, provide 
assistance, and make grants, for the purpose of strengthening and 
expanding service-learning in public and private elementary and 
secondary schools by infusing service-learning into core academic 
curricula.''.

SEC. 106. DRUG EDUCATION.

    (a) Findings.--Section 5102 of the Drug-Free Schools and 
Communities Act of 1986 (hereafter in this section referred to as the 
``Act'') (20 U.S.C. 3172) is amended by adding at the end the following 
new paragraph:
            ``(7) Comprehensive school- and community-wide strategies 
        which address factors in the individual, family, school, peer 
        group, and community that place youth at high risk for using 
        alcohol and other drugs are among the most promising and 
        effective prevention and early interventions strategies.''.
    (b) State Programs.--Section 5122(a) of the Act (20 U.S.C. 3192(a)) 
is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (7)(C), by striking ``and'' after the 
        semicolon;
            (2) in paragraph (8)(F), by striking the period and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(9) drug abuse prevention programs which use service-
        learning as the primary strategy.''.
    (c) Local Drug Abuse Education and Prevention Programs.--Section 
5125(a) of the Act (20 U.S.C. 3195(a)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (15), by striking ``and'' after the 
        semicolon;
            (2) in paragraph (16), by striking the period and inserting 
        ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(17) school-based programs of drug abuse prevention and 
        intervention which involve youth in service-learning activities 
        as a means of--
                    ``(A) developing leadership and decisionmaking 
                skills by working in cooperation with peers and other 
                adults; and
                    ``(B) improving interpersonal and social skills, 
                including self-esteem, motivation, and sense of 
                responsibility.''.

                       TITLE II--TEACHER TRAINING

SEC. 201. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE.

    It is the purpose of this title--
            (1) to develop, expand or improve the retraining of 
        elementary, middle, and secondary teachers, school leaders, and 
        appropriate school personnel, in methods of service-learning;
            (2) to provide for the inservice training of teams 
        comprised of teachers, school leaders, and appropriate 
        community members and school personnel, in methods of service-
        training; and
            (3) to prepare teachers with a strong foundation in 
        experiential-based teaching methods, specifically service-
        learning.

SEC. 202. PROGRAM AUTHORIZED.

    (a) Grants.--The Secretary, in consultation with the Commission on 
National and Community Service, is authorized to award grants, on a 
competitive basis, to State educational agencies to enable such 
agencies--
            (1) to carry out elementary and secondary education 
        programs in accordance with section 203; and
            (2) to carry out higher education programs in accordance 
        with section 204.
    (b) State Reservations.--Each State educational agency receiving a 
grant under this Act in any fiscal year shall reserve--
            (1) 75 percent of such grant funds to carry out elementary 
        and secondary education programs in accordance with section 
        203; and
            (2) 25 percent of such grant funds to carry out higher 
        education programs in accordance with section 204.
    (c) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated for the purposes of this title $75,000,000 for fiscal year 
1994, $100,000,000 for fiscal year 1995, and $125,000,000 for fiscal 
year 1996, and such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal 
years 1997 and 1998.

SEC. 203. ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS.

    (a) State Uses.--Each State educational agency shall use grant 
funds reserved pursuant to section 202(c)(1) to award grants in 
accordance with subsection (b), for demonstration and exemplary 
programs in accordance with subsection (c), and for technical 
assistance and administrative costs in accordance with subsection (d).
    (b) State Grants to Local Educational Agencies.--
            (1) In general.--Each State educational agency shall use 
        grant funds reserved pursuant to section 202(c)(1) (other than 
        grant funds expended in accordance with subsections (c) and 
        (d)) to award grants, on a competitive basis, to local 
        educational agencies within the State in order to strengthen 
        elementary and secondary education programs in accordance with 
        the provisions of this subsection.
            (2) Local uses.--Each local educational agency receiving a 
        grant under paragraph (1) shall use such grant funds for--
                    (A) the expansion and improvement of preservice 
                training, inservice training, and retraining of 
                teachers and other appropriate school personnel in the 
                methods of service-learning; and
                    (B) providing funds to individual teachers within 
                the local educational agency to enable such teachers to 
                undertake projects to improve their teaching ability.
            (3) Agreements, special rule.--(A) The training and 
        instruction described in paragraph (2) may be carried out 
        through an agreement with a public agency, a private industry, 
        an institution of higher education, or a nonprofit 
        organization.
            (B) A local educational agency may carry out the activities 
        authorized by this paragraph with one or more other local 
        educational agencies within the State, or with the State 
        educational agency, or both.
            (4)  Local administrative expenses.--Each local educational 
        agency receiving a grant under this subsection may use not more 
        than 5 percent of such grant funds for local administrative 
        expenses.
    (c) Demonstration and Exemplary Programs.--
            (1) In general.--(A) Each State educational agency shall 
        use not less than 5 percent of grant funds reserved pursuant to 
        section 202(c)(1) for--
                    (i) demonstration and exemplary programs for 
                teacher training and retraining in service-learning; 
                and
                    (ii) the dissemination of information to all local 
                educational agencies within the State relating to the 
                exemplary service-learning programs.
            (B) The activities described in subparagraph (A) shall be 
        coordinated with the State capacity building activities 
        assisted under part I of subtitle B of title I of the National 
        and Community Service Act of 1990.
            (2) Special rule.--In providing financial assistance 
        pursuant to paragraph (1), the State educational agency shall 
        give special consideration to providing such assistance to 
        minorities, individuals with disabilities, individuals with 
        limited-English proficiency, and migrant students.
    (d) Technical Assistance and Administrative Costs.--Each State 
educational agency may use not more than 5 percent of grant funds 
reserved pursuant to section 202(c)(1)--
            (1) to provide technical assistance to local educational 
        agencies, institutions of higher education, and nonprofit 
        organizations in the conduct of programs described in 
        subsection (b) in coordination with State technical assistance 
        activities under part I of subtitle B of title I of the 
        National and Community Service Act of 1990; and
            (2) for the costs of administration and assessment of 
        programs assisted under this section.

SEC. 204. HIGHER EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS.

    (a) State Uses.--Each State educational agency shall use grant 
funds reserved pursuant to section 202(c)(2) to award grants to 
institutions of higher education in accordance with subsection (b) and 
for assessment and administrative costs in accordance with subsection 
(c).
    (b) State Grants to Institutions of Higher Education.--
            (1) In general.--Each State educational agency shall use 
        not less than 95 percent of grant funds reserved to section 
        202(c)(2) to award grants, on a competitive basis, to 
        institutions of higher education within the State in order to 
        establish higher education programs in accordance with the 
        provisions of this subsection.
            (2) Special rule.--In awarding grants under paragraph (1) 
        the State educational agency shall make every effort to award 
        such grants to private and public institutions of higher 
        education.
            (3) Local uses.--Each institution of higher education 
        receiving a grant under paragraph (1) may use such grant funds 
        for--
                    (A) establishing traineeship programs for new 
                teachers to learn how to incorporate service-learning 
                into their teaching;
                    (B) retraining of elementary, middle, and secondary 
                school teachers in the techniques of service-learning;
                    (C) retraining of higher education institution 
                faculty, especially faculty in schools of education, in 
                service-learning methodology and techniques; and
                    (D) inservice training for elementary, secondary, 
                and vocational school teachers and training for other 
                appropriate school personnel, to improve their teaching 
                through service-learning methods.
            (4) Agreement.--No institution of higher education may 
        receive a grant to carry out the activities described in 
        subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (3) of this subsection 
        unless such institution enters into an agreement with a local 
        educational agency or consortium of such agencies to provide 
        inservice training and retraining for the elementary and 
        secondary school teachers in the public and private schools of 
        the school district served by each such agency.
            (5) Priority for cooperative programs.--Each State 
        educational agency receiving grant funds reserved pursuant to 
        section 202(c)(2) shall give a priority to awarding grants 
        under paragraph (1) to institutions of higher education 
        conducting cooperative programs that involve a local 
        educational agency and a nonprofit organization.
    (c) Assessment and Administrative Costs.--Each State educational 
agency may use not more than 5 percent of grant funds reserved pursuant 
to section 202(c)(2) for--
            (1) the State assessment required by section 205(b)(6); and
            (2) the costs incurred by such agency for administration 
        and evaluation of programs assisted under this section.

SEC. 205. STATE APPLICATION.

    (a) Application.--Each State which desires to receive a grant under 
this title shall file an application with the Secretary which covers a 
period of 3 fiscal years. Such application shall be filed at such time, 
in such manner, and containing or accompanied by such information, as 
the Secretary may reasonably require.
    (b) Contents of Application.--Each such application shall--
            (1) contain an assurance that the State will provide such 
        fiscal control and funds accounting as the Secretary may 
        reasonably require;
            (2) contain an assurance that funds provided under this 
        title will supplement, not supplant, the State and local funds 
        made available for activities and services authorized under 
        this title;
            (3) contain an assurance that the needs of teachers and 
        students in areas with high concentrations of low-income 
        students and sparsely populated areas will be considered in 
        awarding grants under this title;
            (4) if appropriate, provide a description of how funds made 
        available under this title will be coordinated with a local 
        systemic change plan, activities assisted under title V of the 
        Higher Education Act of 1965, and other Federal resources, 
        particularly any program assisted by the Commission on National 
        and Community Service;
            (5) describe procedures--
                    (A) for awarding grants under sections 203(b) and 
                204(b); and
                    (B) for approval of applications for grants under 
                such sections, including appropriate procedures to 
                assure that the State educational agency shall not 
                disapprove an application without notice and 
                opportunity for a hearing;
            (6) contain an assessment of the current elementary and 
        secondary curriculum needs within the State regarding service-
        learning;
            (7) describe how the programs assisted under this title 
        will meet the teacher training curriculum needs projected under 
        paragraph (6);
            (8) describe the specific activities that will be 
        undertaken that involve institutions of higher education; and
            (9) describe the specific activities that will be supported 
        with funds available under this title for State activities and 
        how those activities relate to the State's needs regarding 
        service-learning.
    (c) Approval.--The Secretary shall expeditiously approve any State 
application that meets the requirements of this section.

SEC. 206. LOCAL APPLICATIONS.

    (a) Application.--
            (1) In general.--Each local educational agency or 
        institution of higher education that desires to receive a grant 
        under this title shall submit an application which covers a 3-
        year period. Such application shall be submitted to the State 
        educational agency at such time, in such manner and accompanied 
        by such information, as the State educational agency may 
        reasonably require.
            (2) Local educational agency consortia.--A local 
        educational agency may apply to a State educational agency for 
        a grant under this title as part of a consortium with a local 
        educational agency, an institution of higher education, or an 
        intermediate educational unit. The State educational agency may 
        assist in the formation of a consortium between a local 
        educational agency and another local educational agency, an 
        institution of higher education, or an intermediate educational 
        unit, at the request of a local educational agency.
    (b) Contents of Application.--Each application submitted pursuant 
to subsection (a) shall--
            (1) provide a summary of--
                    (A) the needs of its current teachers in service-
                learning;
                    (B) the current levels of student participation in 
                service-learning in the local educational agency or 
                institution of higher education;
                    (C) the curricular needs of the local educational 
                agency or institution of higher education in service-
                learning; and
                    (D) a description of how the program will be 
                coordinated with a local systemic change plan;
            (2) describe how the local educational agency or the 
        institution of higher education plans to use the funds received 
        under this title to meet the needs described in paragraph 
        (1)(A);
            (3) if applicable, describe how funds under this title will 
        be coordinated with other Federal, State, and local resources, 
        especially with respect to any program assisted by the 
        Commission on National and Community Service;
            (4) if applicable, describe how the programs assisted under 
        this title will use other resources of the community and 
        involve public agencies, private industry, institutions of 
        higher education, public and private nonprofit organizations, 
        and other appropriate institutions; and
            (5) assure that--
                    (A) the programs assisted under this title will be 
                assessed;
                    (B) progress made under such programs will be 
                reported in terms of numbers of teachers and students 
                affected; and
                    (C) the results of such assessment and progress 
                will be submitted to the State educational agency in 
                the time and manner required by such agency.
    (c) Disapproval.--The State educational agency shall not disapprove 
an application under this section without notice and opportunity for a 
hearing.

SEC. 207. PARTICIPATION OF TEACHERS FROM PRIVATE SCHOOLS.

    In making grants under this Act, the Secretary shall ensure, where 
appropriate, that provision is made for the equitable participation of 
teachers and other school personnel in private nonprofit elementary and 
secondary schools, including the participation of teachers and other 
school personnel in preservice and inservice training programs.

SEC. 208. FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION.

    (a) Technical Assistance and Evaluation Procedures.--The Secretary 
shall provide technical assistance and, in consultation with State and 
local representatives, shall develop procedures for State and local 
evaluations of the activities assisted under this title.
    (b) Summary.--The Secretary shall submit to the Congress every 2 
years a summary of the State evaluations of activities assisted under 
this title.
    (c) Model Reporting Standards.--In conjunction with State and local 
educational agencies and the Commission on National and Community 
Service, the Secretary shall develop model reporting standards to 
encourage comparability of data required under sections 205 and 206.

SEC. 209. DEFINITIONS.

    As used in this title:
            (1) The term ``elementary school'' has the same meaning 
        given to such term by section 1471(5) of the Elementary and 
        Secondary Education Act of 1965.
            (2) The term ``institution of higher education'' has the 
        same meaning given to such term by section 1201(a) of the 
        Higher Education Act of 1965.
            (3) The term ``local educational agency'' has the same 
        meaning given to such term by section 1471(12) of the 
        Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.
            (4) The term ``secondary school'' has the same meaning 
        given to such term by section 1471(21) of the Elementary and 
        Secondary Education Act of 1965.
            (5) The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary of 
        Education.
            (6) The term ``service-learning'' means a method of 
        teaching and learning--
                    (A) under which students learn and develop through 
                active participation in thoughtfully organized service 
                experiences that meet actual community needs and that 
                are coordinated in collaboration with the school and 
                community;
                    (B) that is integrated into the student's academic 
                curriculum or provides structured time for a student to 
                think, talk, or write about what the student did and 
                saw during the actual service activity;
                    (C) that provides students with opportunities to 
                use newly acquired skills and knowledge in real life 
                situations in their own communities;
                    (D) that enhances what is taught in school by 
                extending student learning beyond the classroom and 
                into the community and helps foster the development of 
                a sense of caring for others; and
                    (E) that provides for structured reflection through 
                integration into the student's academic curriculum.
            (7) The term ``State'' means each of the 50 States, the 
        District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the 
        United States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the 
        Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, the Republic of the 
        Marshall Islands, the Federated State of Micronesia, and the 
        Republic of Palau.
            (8) The term ``State educational agency'' has the same 
        meaning given to such term by section 1471(23) of the 
        Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.

                  TITLE III--AMENDMENTS TO OTHER LAWS

SEC. 301. COMMISSION ON NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE.

    (a) Amendment.--Subsection (f) of section 190 of the National and 
Community Service Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12651(f)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1), by adding after the first sentence 
        thereof the following new sentence: ``Such clearinghouses shall 
        coordinate with the Secretary of Education in carrying out the 
        functions described in paragraph (3).''; and
            (2) in paragraph (3)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (G), by striking ``and'' after 
                the semicolon;
                    (B) in subparagraph (H), by striking the period and 
                inserting ``; and''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraph:
                    ``(I) provide and collect information regarding 
                school-based service-learning.''.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--Paragraph (1) of section 
501(a) of the National and Community Service Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 
12681(a)(1)) is amended by adding at the end the following new 
subparagraph:
                    ``(C) Section 190(f)(3)(i).--There are authorized 
                to be appropriated to carry out section 190(f)(3)(I), 
                $1,300,000 for each of the fiscal years 1994, 1995, and 
                1996.''.

SEC. 302. RESEARCH ON EXPERIENTIAL-BASED METHODS OF INSTRUCTION.

    Paragraph (3) of section 405(b) of the General Education Provisions 
Act (20 U.S.C. 1221e(b)(3)) is amended--
            (1) in subparagraph (H), by striking ``and'' after the 
        semicolon;
            (2) in subparagraph (I), by striking the period and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:
                    ``(J) conducting research on experiential-based 
                methods of instruction, such as service-learning.''.

                                 <all>

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