[Congressional Bills 103th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 1547 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

103d CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                S. 1547

  To reauthorize and amend title XIV of the Public Health Service Act 
  (commonly known as the ``Safe Drinking Water Act''), and for other 
                               purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

             October 14 (legislative day, October 13), 1993

  Mr. Baucus introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 
       referred to the Committee on Environment and Public Works

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
  To reauthorize and amend title XIV of the Public Health Service Act 
  (commonly known as the ``Safe Drinking Water Act''), and for other 
                               purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS; REFERENCES.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Safe Drinking 
Water Act Amendments of 1993''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents; references.
Sec. 2. Findings.
Sec. 3. State revolving loan funds.
Sec. 4. National drinking water regulations.
Sec. 5. Small public water systems.
Sec. 6. Enforcement of drinking water regulations.
Sec. 7. Control of lead in drinking water.
Sec. 8. Radon in drinking water and indoor air.
Sec. 9. Point of use devices.
Sec. 10. Drinking water supply protection.
Sec. 11. Emergency powers.
Sec. 12. Tampering with public water systems.
Sec. 13. Drinking water research, education, and certification.
Sec. 14. State drinking water program funding.
Sec. 15. Records and inspections.
Sec. 16. Federal agencies.
Sec. 17. Citizen's civil action.
Sec. 18. Other amendments.
    (c) References to Title XIV of the Public Health Service Act.--
Except as otherwise expressly provided, whenever in this Act an 
amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal 
of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to 
be made to a section or other provision of title XIV of the Public 
Health Service Act (commonly known as the ``Safe Drinking Water Act'') 
(42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.).

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    Congress finds that--
            (1) safe drinking water is essential to the protection of 
        public health;
            (2) the Federal Government needs to assist communities in 
        the financing of drinking water treatment and related projects;
            (3) small drinking water systems need additional technical 
        assistance and information from State and Federal agencies in 
        the development and implementation of coordinated plans for the 
        provision of safe and affordable drinking water;
            (4) the existing process for the assessment and regulation 
        of additional drinking water contaminants needs to be improved 
        and revised to provide for more extensive participation from 
        interested parties;
            (5) States play a central role in the implementation of 
        safe drinking water programs and States need increased 
        financial resources to ensure the prompt and effective 
        development and implementation of drinking water programs; and
            (6) there is substantial noncompliance with requirements of 
        title XIV of the Public Health Service Act (commonly known as 
        the ``Safe Drinking Water Act'') (42 U.S.C. 300f et seq.) and 
        Federal and State agencies need additional authorities to 
        ensure the implementation of the Act.

SEC. 3. STATE REVOLVING LOAN FUNDS.

    (a) Establishment of State Loan Funds.--The title is amended by 
adding at the end the following:

                           ``PART G--RESERVED

                  ``PART H--STATE REVOLVING LOAN FUNDS

``SEC. 1481. GENERAL AUTHORITY.

    ``(a) Capitalization Grant Agreements.--The Administrator shall 
offer to enter into an agreement with each State to make capitalization 
grants to the State pursuant to section 1482 (referred to in this part 
as a `capitalization grants') to establish a drinking water treatment 
State revolving loan fund (referred to in this part as a `State loan 
fund').
    ``(b) Requirements of Agreements.--An agreement entered into 
pursuant to this section shall establish, to the satisfaction of the 
Administrator, that--
            ``(1) the State has established a State loan fund that 
        complies with the requirements of this part;
            ``(2) the State loan fund will be administered by an 
        instrumentality of the State that has the powers and 
        authorities that are required to operate the State loan fund in 
        accordance with this part;
            ``(3) the State will deposit the capitalization grants into 
        the State loan fund;
            ``(4) the State will deposit all loan repayments received, 
        and interest earned on the amounts deposited into the State 
        loan fund under this part, into the State loan fund;
            ``(5) the State will deposit into the State loan fund an 
        amount equal to at least 20 percent of the total amount of each 
        capitalization grant to be made to the State on or before the 
        date on which the grant is made to the State;
            ``(6) the State will use funds in the State loan fund in 
        accordance with an intended use plan prepared pursuant to 
        section 1484(b);
            ``(7) the State has in effect legal authority adequate to 
        prevent the formation of nonviable public water systems 
        beginning not later than January 1, 1996; and
            ``(8) the State and loan recipients that receive funds that 
        the State makes available from the State loan fund will use 
        accounting, audit, and fiscal procedures that conform to 
        generally accepted accounting standards, as determined by the 
        Administrator.
    ``(c) Administration of State Loan Funds.--
            ``(1) In general.--The authority to establish assistance 
        priorities and carry out oversight and related activities 
        (other than financial administration) with respect to financial 
        assistance provided with amounts deposited into the State loan 
        fund shall remain with the State agency that has primary 
        responsibility for the administration of the State program 
        pursuant to section 1413(a).
            ``(2) Financial administration.--A State may combine the 
        financial administration of the State loan fund pursuant to 
        this part with the financial administration of a State water 
        pollution control revolving fund established by the State 
        pursuant to title VI of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act 
        (33 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.) if the Administrator determines that 
        the grants to be provided to the State under this part, 
        together with loan repayments and interest deposited into the 
        State loan fund pursuant to this part, will be segregated and 
        used solely for the purposes specified in this part.

``SEC. 1482. CAPITALIZATION GRANTS.

    ``(a) General Authority.--The Administrator may make grants to 
capitalize State loan funds to a State that has entered into an 
agreement pursuant to section 1481.
    ``(b) Formula for Allotment of Funds.--
            ``(1) In general.--Subject to subsection (c), funds made 
        available to carry out this part shall be allotted to States 
        that have entered into an agreement pursuant to section 1481 in 
        accordance with a formula that is the same as the formula used 
        to distribute public water system supervision grant funds under 
        section 1443 for fiscal year 1994.
            ``(2) Other jurisdictions.--Each formula established 
        pursuant to paragraph (1) shall reserve not less than 0.5 
        percent of the amounts made available to carry out this part 
        for a fiscal year for providing capitalization grants to 
        jurisdictions, other than Indian Tribes, referred to in 
        subsection (e).
    ``(c) Reservation of Funds.--
            ``(1) Indian tribes.--
                    ``(A) In general.--For each fiscal year, prior to 
                the allotment of funds made available to carry out this 
                part, the Administrator shall reserve 1 percent of the 
                funds for providing financial assistance to Indian 
                Tribes pursuant to subsection (e).
                    ``(B) Use of funds.--Funds reserved pursuant to 
                subparagraph (A) shall be used to address the most 
                significant threats to public health associated with 
                public water systems that serve Indian Tribes, as 
                determined by the Administrator in consultation with 
                the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
                    ``(C) Needs assessment.--The Administrator, in 
                consultation with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 
                shall, in accordance with a schedule that is consistent 
                with the needs survey for assessments conducted 
                pursuant to section 1485(c), prepare a biennial survey 
                and assess the needs of drinking water treatment 
                facilities to serve Indian Tribes, including an 
                evaluation of the public water systems that pose the 
                most significant threats to public health.
            ``(2) Public health emergencies.--
                    ``(A) In general.--For each fiscal year, prior to 
                the allotment of funds made available to carry out this 
                part pursuant to subsection (b), the Administrator 
                shall reserve 1 percent of the funds to provide 
                financial assistance to respond to public health 
                emergencies under section 1442(b).
                    ``(B) Allotment of unused funds.--On the last day 
                of each fiscal year, the Administrator shall allot any 
                funds that were reserved pursuant to subparagraph (A) 
                but not expended in the fiscal year to the States on 
                the basis of the same ratio as is applicable to sums 
                allotted under subsection (b).
    ``(d) Allotment Period.--
            ``(1) Period of availability for financial assistance.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Except as provided in 
                subparagraph (B), the sums allotted to a State pursuant 
                to subsection (b) for a fiscal year shall be available 
                to the State for obligation during the fiscal year for 
                which the sums are authorized and during the following 
                fiscal year.
                    ``(B) Funds made available for fiscal year 1994.--
                The sums allotted to a State pursuant to subsection (b) 
                from funds that are made available by appropriations 
                for fiscal year 1994 shall be available to the State 
                for obligation during each of fiscal years 1994 through 
                1996.
            ``(2) Reallotment of unobligated funds.--The amount of any 
        allotment that is not obligated by a State by the last day of 
        the period of availability established by paragraph (1) shall 
        be immediately reallotted by the Administrator on the basis of 
        the same ratio as is applicable to sums allotted under 
        subsection (b). None of the funds reallotted by the 
        Administrator shall be reallotted to any State that has not 
        obligated all sums allotted to the State pursuant to this 
        section during the period that the sums were available for 
        obligation.
    ``(e) Direct Grants.--The Administrator is authorized to make 
grants for the improvement of public water systems of Indian Tribes, 
the District of Columbia, the United States Virgin Islands, the 
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and 
the Republic of Palau, pending ratification of the Compact of Free 
Association (formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific 
Islands).

``SEC. 1483. ELIGIBLE ASSISTANCE.

    ``(a) In General.--The amounts deposited into a State loan fund, 
including any amounts equal to the amounts of loan repayments and 
interest earned on the amounts deposited, may be used by the State to 
carry out projects that are consistent with this section.
    ``(b) Projects Eligible for Assistance.--The amounts deposited into 
a State loan fund shall be used only for providing financial assistance 
for--
            ``(1) capital expenditures for a project that will 
        facilitate compliance with national primary drinking water 
        regulations issued pursuant to section 1412;
            ``(2) capital expenditures for a project that will 
        facilitate the consolidation of public water systems or the use 
        of an alternative source of water supply;
            ``(3) capital expenditures for a project that will upgrade 
        drinking water supply, treatment, and distribution systems;
            ``(4) capital expenditures for a project that will 
        facilitate water conservation;
            ``(5) capital expenditures for a project that will 
        implement a local or State source water protection program 
        under section 1427 or 1428;
            ``(6) providing capital for loans by a drinking water 
        system or State to low-income customers of a drinking water 
        system for mitigation of radon in the air indoors;
            ``(7) the purchase of land that is necessary for a 
        treatment facility; and
            ``(8) capital expenditures for the development of a 
        drinking water system to replace a private drinking water 
        supply if the water poses a significant threat to public 
        health.
    ``(c) Eligible Public Water Systems.--
            ``(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), a 
        State loan fund may provide financial assistance only to 
        community water systems and public and nonprofit noncommunity 
        water systems.
            ``(2) Privately owned systems.--Before providing financial 
        assistance to a privately owned system pursuant to this 
        paragraph, the State shall ensure that the assistance is 
        secured with an appropriate amount and type of financial 
        collateral.
    ``(d) Types of Assistance.--Except as otherwise limited by State 
law, the amounts deposited into a State loan fund under this section 
may be used only--
            ``(1) to make loans, on the condition that--
                    ``(A) the interest rate for each loan is less than 
                or equal to the market interest rate, including an 
                interest free loan;
                    ``(B) annual principal and interest payments on 
                each loan will commence not later than 1 year after the 
                completion of the project for which the loan was made 
                and each loan will be fully amortized not later than 20 
                years after the completion of the project;
                    ``(C) the recipient of each loan will establish a 
                dedicated source of revenue for the repayment of the 
                loan; and
                    ``(D) the State loan fund will be credited with all 
                payments of principal and interest on each loan;
            ``(2) to buy or refinance the debt obligation of a 
        municipality or an intermunicipal or interstate agency within 
        the State at an interest rate that is less than or equal to the 
        market interest rate;
            ``(3) to guarantee, or purchase insurance for, a local 
        obligation if the guarantee or purchase would improve credit 
        market access or reduce the interest rate applicable to the 
        obligation;
            ``(4) as a source of revenue or security for the payment of 
        principal and interest on revenue or general obligation bonds 
        issued by the State if the proceeds of the sale of the bonds 
        will be deposited into the State loan fund;
            ``(5) as a source of revenue or security for the payment of 
        interest on a local obligation, if the payment from the State 
        loan fund does not reduce the effective interest rate of the 
        obligation by more than 2.5 percentage points; and
            ``(6) to earn interest on the amounts deposited into the 
        State loan fund.
    ``(e) Consistency With Planning Requirements.--
            ``(1) In general.--Beginning with fiscal year 1998, no loan 
        or other financial assistance shall be provided from a State 
        loan fund for any project that serves a public water system 
        serving fewer than 3,300 individuals and that is not 
        recommended in a State drinking water supply plan for small 
        drinking water systems approved pursuant to section 1415(a).
            ``(2) Consistency with compliance program.--No loan or 
        other financial assistance shall be provided from a State loan 
        fund for a project that serves a public water system that 
        serves fewer than 3,300 individuals if the project is not 
        consistent with a small system compliance program developed 
        pursuant to section 1415(b), if any.
    ``(f) Assistance for Disadvantaged Communities.--
            ``(1) Definition of disadvantaged community.--As used in 
        this subsection, the term `disadvantaged community' means the 
        service area of a public water system with respect to which the 
        average annual residential drinking water charges for a user of 
        the system (referred to in this subsection as `average annual 
        residential user charges') is an amount greater than 1.5 
        percent of the median household income for the service area or 
        will be an amount greater than 1.5 percent of the median 
        household income for the service area if no subsidy is provided 
        to the system pursuant to this subsection.
            ``(2) Loan subsidy.--Notwithstanding subsection (d)(1), in 
        any case in which the State makes a loan pursuant to subsection 
        (d)(1) to a disadvantaged community or to a community that the 
        State expects to become a disadvantaged community as the result 
        of a proposed project, the State may forgive an amount of the 
        principal of the loan not to exceed the amount of forgiveness 
        required to ensure that the average annual residential drinking 
        water user charges for the service area of the public water 
        system that is the subject of the loan do not exceed 1.5 
        percent of the median household income for the service area.
            ``(3) Total amount of subsidies.--For each fiscal year, the 
        total amount of loan subsidies made by a State pursuant to 
        paragraph (2) may not exceed 20 percent of the balance of the 
        fund, calculated on the first day of the fiscal year.

``SEC. 1484. STATE LOAN FUND ADMINISTRATION.

    ``(a) Administration, Planning, and Technical Assistance.--Each 
State that has a State loan fund is authorized to expend from the State 
loan fund a reasonable amount--
            ``(1) not to exceed 4 percent of the capitalization grant 
        made to the State, for the costs of the administration of the 
        State loan fund; and
            ``(2) not to exceed the greater of $500,000 or 10 percent 
        of the capitalization grant made to the State, for technical 
        and financial management assistance to public water systems 
        that serve fewer than 3,300 individuals, including assistance 
        for--
                    ``(A) the development of small public water system 
                management plans pursuant to section 1415(a); and
                    ``(B) the development of small system compliance 
                programs under section 1415(b).
    ``(b) Intended Use Plans.--
            ``(1) In general.--After providing for public review and 
        comment, each State that has entered into a capitalization 
        agreement pursuant to this part shall, prior to receiving a 
        capitalization grant under section 1482, prepare a plan that 
        identifies the intended uses of the amounts deposited into the 
        State loan fund of the State.
            ``(2) Contents.--An intended use plan shall include--
                    ``(A) a list of the projects to be assisted in the 
                first fiscal year that begins after the date of the 
                plan, including a description of the project, the terms 
                of financial assistance, and the size of the community 
                served;
                    ``(B) a description of all projects for which a 
                public water system sought financial assistance for the 
                fiscal year and the annual user charges of the system;
                    ``(C) the criteria and methods established for the 
                distribution of funds;
                    ``(D) a description of projects expected to be 
                assisted in the 2 fiscal years following the fiscal 
                year for which a list was prepared under subparagraph 
                (A); and
                    ``(E) a description of the financial status of the 
                State loan fund and the short-term and long-term goals 
                of the State loan fund.
            ``(3) Use of funds.--An intended use plan shall provide, to 
        the extent practicable, that first priority for the use of 
        funds be given to public water systems that are in violation of 
        a national primary drinking water regulation and in which 
        residential water system rates are the highest percentage of 
        median household income.
            ``(4) Consolidation.--An intended use plan shall ensure 
        that no assistance under this part for a project other than the 
        consolidation of public water systems is provided to a public 
        water system for which consolidation is identified as a goal in 
        a small public water system management plan developed pursuant 
        to section 1415(a) or otherwise determined by the Administrator 
        to be appropriate.

``SEC. 1485. STATE LOAN FUND MANAGEMENT.

    ``(a) In General.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
enactment of this part, and annually thereafter, the Administrator 
shall conduct such reviews and audits as the Administrator considers 
appropriate, or require each State to have the reviews and audits 
independently conducted, in accordance with the single audit 
requirements of chapter 75 of title 31, United States Code.
    ``(b) State Reports.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
enactment of this part, and annually thereafter, each State that 
administers a State loan fund shall publish and submit to the 
Administrator a report on the activities of the State under this part, 
including the findings of the most recent audit of the State loan fund.
    ``(c) Drinking Water Needs Survey and Assessment.--Not later than 2 
years after the date of enactment of this part, and every 4 years 
thereafter, the Administrator shall submit to Congress a survey and 
assessment of the needs for facilities in each State eligible for 
assistance under this part. The survey and assessment conducted 
pursuant to this subsection shall--
            ``(1) identify the needs for projects or facilities 
        eligible for assistance under this part on the date of the 
        assessment (other than refinancing for a project pursuant to 
        section 1483(d)(2));
            ``(2) identify the needs for eligible facilities over the 
        20-year period following the date of the assessment;
            ``(3) identify the population served by each public water 
        system that has a project eligible for assistance; and
            ``(4) include such other information as the Administrator 
        determines to be appropriate.
    ``(d) Evaluation.--The Administrator shall conduct an evaluation of 
the effectiveness of the State loan funds through fiscal year 1996. The 
evaluation shall be submitted to Congress at the same time as the 
President submits to Congress, pursuant to section 1108 of title 31, 
United States Code, an appropriations request for fiscal year 1998 
relating to the budget of the Environmental Protection Agency.

``SEC. 1486. ENFORCEMENT.

    ``The failure or inability of any public water system to receive 
funds under this part or any other loan or grant program, or any delay 
in obtaining the funds, shall not alter the obligation of the system to 
comply in a timely manner with all applicable drinking water standards 
and requirements of this Act.

``SEC. 1487. LABOR STANDARDS.

    ``(a) In General.--The Administrator shall take such action as is 
necessary to ensure that all laborers and mechanics employed by 
contractors or subcontractors of treatment works for which financial 
assistance is provided under this part shall be paid wages at rates not 
less than the prevailing rates for the same type of work on similar 
construction in the immediate locality, as determined by the Secretary 
of Labor in accordance with the Act entitled `An Act relating to the 
rate of wages for laborers and mechanics employed on public buildings 
of the United States and the District of Columbia by contractors and 
subcontractors, and for other purposes', approved March 3, 1931 
(commonly known as the `Davis-Bacon Act') (40 U.S.C. 276a et seq.).
    ``(b) Authority and Functions.--With respect to the labor standards 
described in subsection (a), the Secretary of Labor shall have the 
authority and functions set forth in Reorganization Plan Numbered 14 of 
1950 (15 Fed. Reg. 3176) and section 2 of the Act of June 13, 1934 (48 
Stat. 948, chapter 482; 40 U.S.C. 276c).

``SEC. 1488. REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE.

    ``The Administrator shall publish such guidance and issue such 
regulations as are necessary to carry out this part, including guidance 
and regulations to ensure that--
            ``(1) each State commits and expends funds from State loan 
        funds in accordance with the requirements of this part and 
        applicable Federal and State laws; and
            ``(2) the States and eligible public water systems that 
        receive funds under this part use accounting, audit, and fiscal 
        procedures that conform to generally accepted accounting 
        standards.

``SEC. 1489. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

    ``There are authorized to be appropriated to the Environmental 
Protection Agency to carry out this part $600,000,000 for fiscal year 
1994 and $1,000,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1995 through 2000.''.
    (b) Definitions.--Section 1401 (42 U.S.C. 300f) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (14), by adding at the end the following 
        new sentence: ``The term includes any Native village, as 
        defined in section 3(c) of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement 
        Act (43 U.S.C. 1602(c)).''; and
            (2) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs:
            ``(15) The term `community water system' means a public 
        water system that--
                    ``(A) serves at least 15 service connections used 
                by year-round residents of the area served by the 
                system; or
                    ``(B) regularly serves at least 25 year-round 
                residents.
            ``(16) The term `noncommunity water system' means a public 
        water system that is not a community water system.
            ``(17) The term `nonviable public water system'--
                    ``(A) means a public water system that the Governor 
                of a State determines is unlikely to attain compliance 
                with the requirements of this Act on a sustained basis; 
                but
                    ``(B) does not include a public water system that 
                the Governor determines will substantially improve 
                existing conditions that pose a threat to public 
                health.''.

SEC. 4. NATIONAL DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS.

    (a) Identification of Contaminants.--Paragraph (3) of section 
1412(b) (42 U.S.C. 300g-1(b)(3)) is amended to read as follows:
    ``(3)(A) The Administrator may publish a maximum contaminant level 
goal and promulgate a national primary drinking water regulation for 
any contaminant that the Administrator determines may have any adverse 
effect on human health and that is known or anticipated to occur in 
public water systems in a concentration or frequency that indicates a 
public health concern. The Administrator shall not be required to 
complete action under subparagraph (B), (C), or (D) prior to 
promulgating a national primary drinking water regulation for a 
contaminant.
    ``(B)(i) Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of the 
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1993, the Administrator shall 
publish in the Federal Register a list and assessment of not fewer than 
15 unregulated contaminants that, on the basis of the adverse health 
effects that may result from the contaminants and the occurrence of the 
contaminants in public water systems, the Administrator determines 
present the greatest public health concern. Not later than 3 years 
after the date of publication of an initial list pursuant to this 
clause, and every 3 years thereafter, the Administrator shall publish, 
pursuant to this clause, a list and assessment of not fewer than 7 
contaminants. At the time of the identification of any contaminant 
pursuant to this subparagraph, the Administrator shall identify such 
additional research concerning health effects as is necessary to ensure 
appropriate control of the contaminant.
    ``(ii) Not later than 1 year prior to publication of a list 
pursuant to this subparagraph, the Administrator shall publish in the 
Federal Register a proposed list and a summary of information 
concerning the health effects and occurrence of contaminants proposed 
to be listed pursuant to this subparagraph and any contaminants 
considered for inclusion on the list established under this 
subparagraph that the Administrator has not proposed to be listed.
    ``(iii) Not later than 180 days after publishing a proposed list 
pursuant to clause (ii), the Administrator, in conjunction with the 
National Drinking Water Advisory Council, shall hold a public hearing 
to hear comments on the list of contaminants proposed pursuant to 
clause (ii). The Council shall submit to the Administrator a report 
recommending any changes to the proposed list along with any dissenting 
views of members of the Council. Each hearing conducted pursuant to 
this clause shall be open to the public and each person submitting 
comments on the list proposed pursuant to clause (ii) shall be invited 
to attend the hearing.
    ``(C)(i) Not later than 2 years after a contaminant has been listed 
pursuant to subparagraph (B), the Administrator shall publish a health 
assessment for the contaminant that contains a summary of the research 
on the adverse health effects that are likely as a result of the 
occurrence of the contaminant in public water systems.
    ``(ii) The Administrator may, after providing notice in the Federal 
Register, delay the date of publication of the health assessment 
required under clause (i) for a period not to exceed 2 years, if the 
Administrator determines that additional research is necessary to fully 
determine the adverse health effects that may result from the 
contaminant.
    ``(iii) Each health assessment required under clause (i) shall be 
reviewed by the Science Advisory Board established under section 8 of 
the Environmental Research, Development, and Demonstration 
Authorization Act of 1978 (42 U.S.C. 4365) prior to publication.
    ``(D)(i) At the time a health assessment for a contaminant is 
published under subparagraph (C), the Administrator shall--
            ``(I) propose a maximum contaminant level goal and a 
        national primary drinking water regulation for the contaminant; 
        or
            ``(II) publish a determination that the contaminant does 
        not meet the criteria established in subparagraph (A) and a 
        national primary drinking water regulation for the contaminant 
        will not be proposed.
    ``(ii) A determination published pursuant to clause (i)(II) shall 
be considered to be a final agency action for purposes of section 1448.
    ``(E) Not later than 18 months after the date on which the 
Administrator proposes a national primary drinking water regulation for 
a contaminant pursuant to subparagraph (D), the Administrator shall 
publish a maximum contaminant level goal and promulgate a national 
primary drinking water regulation for the contaminant.
    ``(F) The Administrator shall publish a health advisory pursuant to 
subsection (f) for any contaminant listed under subparagraph (B) for 
which the Administrator determines, pursuant to subparagraph 
(D)(i)(II), that a national primary drinking water regulation is not 
necessary not later than 1 year after the date of the determination.
    ``(G) To ensure adequate occurrence data for purposes of this 
paragraph, the Administrator shall establish a data base on the 
occurrence of unregulated contaminants in public water systems and 
shall ensure that the data base is available to the public in readily 
accessible form. Information in the data base shall include--
            ``(i) such monitoring information on unregulated 
        contaminants collected by public water systems that serve more 
        than 10,000 individuals as is required by the Administrator;
            ``(ii) monitoring information from representative sampling 
        among public water systems that serve fewer than 10,000 
        individuals collected by the Administrator or by the States; 
        and
            ``(iii) such other monitoring information collected from 
        public water systems as the Administrator shall require.
    ``(H)(i) Except as provided in clause (ii), if in a petition signed 
by 7 or more Governors of States, the Governors request the 
Administrator to publish a maximum contaminant level goal and 
promulgate a national primary drinking water regulation for a 
contaminant, the Administrator shall publish the goal and promulgate 
the regulation not later than the date that is 2 years after the 
receipt of the petition.
    ``(ii) The Administrator shall not be required to carry out clause 
(i) with respect to a contaminant if, prior to the date specified in 
clause (i), the Administrator publishes a determination in the Federal 
Register that--
            ``(I) the contaminant does not result in adverse effects on 
        human health as the result of the presence of the contaminant 
        in public water systems; or
            ``(II) the concentration or frequency of occurrence of the 
        contaminant in public water systems does not constitute a 
        public health concern.
    ``(iii) A determination by the Administrator not to promulgate a 
national primary drinking water regulation for a contaminant pursuant 
to clause (ii) shall be considered to be a final agency action for 
purposes of section 1448.''.
    (b) Drinking Water Standard Review and Compliance Periods.--
            (1) Review period.--The first and second sentences of 
        section 1412(b)(9) (42 U.S.C. 300g-1(b)(9)) are each amended by 
        striking ``3'' each place it appears and inserting ``6''.
            (2) Compliance period.--The first sentence of section 
        1412(b)(10) (42 U.S.C. 300g-1(b)(10)) is amended by striking 
        all after ``effect'' and inserting ``on a date to be determined 
        by the Administrator that shall be not later than 3 years after 
        the date of promulgation of the regulations.''.
            (3) Extension.--Section 1416(b)(2) (42 U.S.C. 300g-5(b)(2)) 
        is amended--
                    (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking all after 
                ``but'' and inserting the following: ``not later than 2 
                years after the date of granting of the exemption if 
                the appropriate official of the public water system 
                establishes, to the satisfaction of the State, that--
            ``(i)(I) the system cannot meet the standard without 
        capital improvements and the improvements cannot be completed 
        within the compliance period specified in section 1412(b)(10);
            ``(II) in the case of a system that needs financial 
        assistance for the necessary improvements, the system has 
        obtained the assistance, or the needed financial assistance is 
        identified in an intended use plan developed pursuant to 
        section 1484(b) and the assistance is reasonably likely to be 
        available within the period of the exemption; or
            ``(III) the appropriate official of the system has entered 
        into an enforceable agreement to consolidate with another 
        public water system or the system is scheduled to be 
        consolidated with another system pursuant to a small system 
        compliance program developed pursuant to section 1415(b) within 
        the period of the exemption; and
            ``(ii) the appropriate officials of the system are taking 
        all practicable steps to meet the standard.''; and
                    (B) by striking subparagraphs (B) and (C).
            (4) Small system compliance programs.--
                    (A) Subsections (a) and (b) of section 1416 (42 
                U.S.C. 300g-5 (a) and (b)) are amended by inserting 
                ``or an approved small system compliance program 
                requirement'' after ``treatment technique requirement'' 
                each place it appears.
                    (B) Section 1416(a) (42 U.S.C. 300g-5(a)) is 
                amended by striking ``or from both''.
    (c) Monitoring Requirements.--
            (1) In general.--Section 1412(b) (42 U.S.C. 300g-1(b)) is 
        amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
    ``(12)(A) The Administrator may modify a national primary drinking 
water regulation promulgated under this section to remove the 
monitoring requirements for public water systems that have not detected 
the contaminant that is the subject of the regulation if the systems 
subject to the requirements have completed at least 2 rounds of 
monitoring and--
            ``(i) the contaminant has been detected in fewer than 5 
        percent of all of the public water systems and the contaminant 
        level exceeds the maximum contaminant level for the contaminant 
        in fewer than 0.5 percent of all of the public water systems; 
        or
            ``(ii) the contaminant has not been detected at a level 
        exceeding 75 percent of the maximum contaminant level for the 
        contaminant in any of the public water systems.
    ``(B) The Administrator may modify a national primary drinking 
water regulation to remove the monitoring requirements applicable to 
public water systems with surface water supplies or to systems with 
ground water supplies, if the systems meet the conditions described in 
subparagraph (A).
    ``(C) Nothing in this paragraph is intended to be interpreted, 
construed, or applied to limit the authority of the Administrator or a 
State to maintain drinking water monitoring requirements for a specific 
public water system or to take enforcement action with respect to the 
elements of a national primary drinking water regulation other than the 
monitoring requirements.''.
            (2) Small system monitoring.--Section 1445(a)(1) (42 U.S.C. 
        300j-4(a)(1)) is amended--
                    (A) by designating the first and second sentences 
                as subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraph:
    ``(C) With respect to monitoring requirements for cancer causing 
contaminants, the Administrator or a State that has primary enforcement 
responsibility pursuant to section 1413(a) may modify the requirements 
to provide that any public water system that serves a population of 
fewer than 10,000 individuals shall not be required to conduct 
additional quarterly monitoring for a specific contaminant if 
monitoring for any 1 quarter conducted after the date of enactment of 
this subparagraph for the contaminant fails to detect the presence of 
the contaminant in the water supplied by the public water system.''.
    (d) Health Advisories.--Section 1412 (42 U.S.C. 300g-1) is amended 
by adding at the end the following new subsection:
    ``(f)(1) The Administrator may publish a health advisory consisting 
of scientific documents describing the probable health effects of a 
contaminant for which no maximum contaminant level or treatment 
technique has been established under a primary drinking water standard.
    ``(2) A health advisory published under this subsection shall 
provide background and related information to drinking water 
professionals in a form that will assist the professionals in the safe 
and effective operation of public water systems.
    ``(3) A health advisory published under this subsection shall not 
be enforceable under this Act.
    ``(4) Subsection (e) shall not apply to a health advisory published 
under this subsection.
    ``(5) A health advisory published under this subsection shall not 
be subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget.''.
    (e) Substitution of Sulfate.--Section 1412(b)(2) (42 U.S.C. 300g-
1(b)(2)) is amended by adding at the end the following new 
subparagraph:
    ``(E) Notwithstanding any requirement for the Administrator to take 
action by the date specified in subparagraph (B), the Administrator 
may, not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this 
subparagraph, publish regulations pursuant to this paragraph for a 
contaminant in lieu of sulfate if the Administrator determines that the 
regulation of the contaminant in lieu of sulfate will result in greater 
protection of public health.''.

SEC. 5. SMALL PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS.

    (a) In General.--
            (1) Small system management.--Section 1415 (42 U.S.C. 300g-
        4) is amended to read as follows:

``SEC. 1415. SMALL PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS.

    ``(a) Small System Management Plans.--
            ``(1) In general.--Each State with primary enforcement 
        responsibility pursuant to section 1413 shall, not later than 
        October 1, 1997, and every 3 years thereafter, submit to the 
        Administrator a State drinking water supply plan for the 
        effective and coordinated management of public water systems 
        that serve fewer than 3,300 individuals.
            ``(2) Requirements for plans.--Each plan submitted pursuant 
        to this subsection shall, with respect to public water systems 
        that serve fewer than 3,300 individuals--
                    ``(A) identify each system and describe the 
                characteristics of the system, including the treatment 
                provided to drinking water and any protection of the 
                drinking water source;
                    ``(B) identify each system that has an exemption 
                granted pursuant to section 1416;
                    ``(C) describe projected population changes in the 
                service area of each system during the 20-year period 
                beginning on the date of submission of the plan and 
                identify each system for which a substantially 
                increased supply of water or treatment of water will be 
                needed;
                    ``(D) establish criteria for identifying a 
                nonviable system and identify each system that meets 
                the criteria;
                    ``(E) identify opportunities for physical and 
                administrative consolidation of systems to improve 
                drinking water quality and reduce user cost, including 
                a ranking of systems giving the highest priority to the 
                consolidation of nonviable public water systems;
                    ``(F) identify opportunities for the development of 
                alternative supplies of raw water;
                    ``(G) establish criteria for assessing the 
                financial capability of systems for the purposes of 
                determining management options under paragraph (6);
                    ``(H) identify financing needs of systems and 
                assess the extent to which these needs will be met by 
                State loan funds established under part H; and
                    ``(I) identify opportunities for more cost-
                effective monitoring of drinking water, including 
                compositing of samples and testing by a State 
                laboratory.
            ``(3) Identification by state.--On the basis of the review 
        and assessment of the status and condition of small water 
        systems pursuant to paragraph (2), the State shall as part of 
        the plan identify, for each system that is in violation of (or 
        is expected to violate) a maximum contaminant level, 1 of the 
        following management approaches:
                    ``(A) Compliance with the maximum contaminant 
                level, based on a finding that the system has the 
                financial and management capacity to comply with the 
                maximum contaminant level, taking into account the 
                availability of financial assistance through a State 
                drinking water loan fund or the Rural Development 
                Administration.
                    ``(B) The development of an individualized 
                compliance program that implements consolidation, 
                alternative water supply, alternative small system 
                technology, or other system restructuring pursuant to 
                subsection (b).
            ``(4) Rank and schedule for compliance programs.--With 
        respect to systems for which a compliance program is to be 
        developed, each State plan shall--
                    ``(A) rank systems, giving priority to systems with 
                respect to which drinking water poses the greatest 
                threat to public health;
                    ``(B) specify a schedule for the development of not 
                less than \1/3\ of compliance programs not later than 
                the date that is 5 years after the date of submittal of 
                the plan; and
                    ``(C) specify a schedule for the development of all 
                compliance programs not later than the date that is 10 
                years after the date of submittal of the plan.
            ``(5) Compliance with maximum contaminant levels.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Except as provided in 
                subparagraph (B), each system that is required to 
                comply with a maximum contaminant level shall comply by 
                the date that is 3 years after the date of approval of 
                the plan submitted pursuant to this subsection.
                    ``(B) Reduced period of compliance.--If the period 
                of compliance established under a drinking water 
                regulation is less than 3 years, the period of 
                compliance under subparagraph (A) shall be the period 
                specified in the drinking water regulation.
            ``(6) Public hearings concerning plans.--Each State shall 
        provide for public review and comment on plans submitted 
        pursuant to this subsection and shall, at a minimum, provide 
        for a public hearing on the plan not later than 90 days prior 
        to the submission of the plan to the Administrator.
            ``(7) Review of plans.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Administrator shall review 
                each plan submitted pursuant to this subsection. Not 
                later than 90 days after receipt of the plan, the 
                Administrator shall approve or disapprove the plan.
                    ``(B) Plan approval.--The Administrator shall 
                approve a plan if the plan is consistent with the 
                requirements of the subsection. If the Administrator 
                disapproves a plan, the disapproval shall specify 
                necessary modifications or revisions to the plan. The 
                State shall make the modifications or revisions not 
                later than 30 days after receipt of notice of the 
                disapproval.
                    ``(C) Failure to modify plan.--If a State fails to 
                make modifications or revisions to a plan pursuant to 
                subparagraph (B), the Administrator may withhold from 
                the State from funds made available to the State 
                pursuant to section 1484(a)(2), such sums as the 
                Administrator determines to be appropriate.
                    ``(D) The approval of a plan pursuant to this 
                paragraph shall not constitute a necessary condition 
                for consolidation of public water systems.
    ``(b) Small System Compliance Programs.--
            ``(1) In general.--Each State shall, in cooperation with 
        small public water systems identified pursuant to subsection 
        (a)(3)(B), develop compliance programs for the systems to 
        ensure the effective management and operation of the systems.
            ``(2) Goals for compliance programs.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Each compliance program referred 
                to in paragraph (1) shall provide for compliance with 
                maximum contaminant levels to the maximum extent 
                practicable.
                    ``(B) Small system technology.--A compliance 
                program may provide for small system technology 
                identified in guidance issued pursuant to section 
                1412(b)(13) if the technology provides the greatest 
                degree of public health protection consistent with the 
                financial and management capability of the system. In 
                determining the financial and management capability of 
                a system, the appropriate official of a State shall 
                take into consideration the expected availability of 
                financial assistance through a State drinking water 
                loan fund or the Rural Development Administration and 
                the cost savings associated with reasonably available 
                opportunities for physical or administrative 
                consultation.
                    ``(C) Prohibition.--A compliance program may not 
                provide for small system technology that would result 
                in an unreasonable risk to public health.
            ``(3) Requirements for compliance programs.--Each 
        compliance program developed by a State for a small public 
        water system pursuant to this subsection shall--
                    ``(A) describe the system characteristics, source 
                of raw water, service area, compliance history, and 
                financial condition;
                    ``(B) identify options for the effective management 
                and operation of the system including--
                            ``(i) the consolidation of the system in 
                        physical or administrative terms;
                            ``(ii) the development of alternative 
                        sources of raw water; and
                            ``(iii) the treatment of an existing or 
                        alternative source of raw water, including a 
                        treatment identified in small system technology 
                        guidance;
                    ``(C) identify measures needed to ensure the long-
                term quality of a source of raw water;
                    ``(D) identify administrative and management 
                requirements necessary to ensure the effective 
                operation of the system;
                    ``(E) select a final option from among options 
                identified in subparagraph (B);
                    ``(F) include a financial plan that is sufficient 
                to ensure the implementation of the compliance program; 
                and
                    ``(G) include such engineering designs and 
                specifications as are necessary to commence the 
                implementation of the compliance program.
            ``(4) Schedule for implementation.--Each compliance program 
        developed pursuant to this subsection shall be implemented as 
        expeditiously as practicable, but not later than 3 years after 
        the date of submittal of the compliance program to the 
        Administrator.
            ``(5) Public participation.--Each State or public water 
        system shall provide for public participation in the 
        development of a compliance program under this subsection and 
        shall, at a minimum, provide for a public hearing to hear 
        comments on any option selected pursuant to paragraph (3)(E).
            ``(6) Review by administrator.--Each State shall provide a 
        copy of each compliance program to the Administrator on 
        completion of the program. The Administrator may disapprove a 
        compliance program if the program is not consistent with the 
        requirements of this Act or poses an unreasonable risk to 
        public health. If the Administrator disapproves a compliance 
        program for a public water system, the system shall comply with 
        maximum contaminant levels not later than 3 years after the 
        date of the disapproval.''.
            (2) Conforming amendments.--
                    (A) Section 1411 (42 U.S.C. 300g) is amended by 
                striking ``sections 1415 and 1416'' and inserting 
                ``section 1416''.
                    (B) Section 1412(b) (42 U.S.C. 300g-1(b)) is 
                amended--
                            (i) in paragraph (7)(A), by striking ``, 
                        but the Administrator may grant a variance from 
                        any specified treatment technique in accordance 
                        with section 1415(a)(3)'';
                            (ii) in paragraph (7)(C)(ii), by striking 
                        ``In lieu of the provisions of section 1415 
                        the'' and inserting ``The''; and
                            (iii) in paragraph (8), by striking the 
                        second and third sentences.
                    (C) Section 1448(b) (42 U.S.C. 300j-7(b)) is 
                amended by striking ``a variance or exemption under 
                section 1415 or 1416'' and inserting ``an exemption 
                under section 1416''.
    (b) Small System Technology Guidance.--
            (1) In general.--Section 1412(b) (42 U.S.C. 300g1(b), as 
        amended by section 4(c), is further amended by adding at the 
        end the following new paragraph:
    ``(13)(A) At the same time as the Administrator publishes a 
national primary drinking water regulation pursuant to this section, 
the Administrator shall publish guidance describing various treatment 
technologies associated with the contaminant that is the subject of 
regulations and that are appropriate for systems serving fewer than 
3,300 individuals.
    ``(B) The guidance published pursuant to this paragraph shall 
identify the effectiveness of the technology, the cost of the 
technology, and any other characteristics of the technology that the 
Administrator determines to be relevant. The Administrator shall 
include in the guidance low-cost technologies and may include 
technologies that may not result in attainment of a maximum contaminant 
level.
    ``(C) The Administrator may not include in the guidance published 
under this paragraph any technology that would pose an unreasonable 
risk to public health.''.
            (2) Existing regulations.--Not later than 2 years after the 
        date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the 
        Environmental Protection Agency shall issue small system 
        technology guidance for contaminants regulated by drinking 
        water regulations published at 54 Fed. Reg. 27486 on June 29, 
        1989, 56 Fed. Reg. 3526 on January 30, 1991, 56 Fed. Reg. 30266 
        on July 1, 1991, and 57 Fed. Reg. 31776 on July 17, 1992, under 
        title XIV of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 300f et 
        seq.).
            (3) Extensions.--
                    (A) In general.--Notwithstanding any other 
                provision of law, no public water system serving fewer 
                than 3,300 individuals shall be required to comply with 
                any maximum contaminant level or treatment technology 
                specified in a regulation identified in paragraph (2) 
                until the date that is--
                            (i) the termination date of the compliance 
                        period established in State small system 
                        management plan developed pursuant to section 
                        1415(a)(5) of title XIV of the Public Health 
                        Service Act (as amended by section 5); or
                            (ii) the end of the compliance period 
                        established in a small system compliance 
                        program pursuant to section 1415(b)(4) of such 
                        title (as amended by section 5).
                    (B) Exception to extension.--The extension provided 
                by subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any public water 
                system that--
                            (i) is in compliance with a maximum 
                        contaminant level;
                            (ii) has installed treatment technology to 
                        comply with a maximum contaminant level; or
                            (iii) is subject to a court order to comply 
                        with a maximum contaminant level.
                    (C) Additional exception.--The extension provided 
                by subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any contaminant 
                addressed in the regulations referred to in paragraph 
                (2) (except for the regulations referred to in 
                subparagraph (D)) if the contaminant was regulated 
                prior to 1986.
                    (D) Applicability of regulations.--In the case of 
                regulations published at 54 Fed. Reg. 27486 on June 29, 
                1989, the extension provided by subparagraph (A) shall 
                only apply to noncommunity public water systems.

SEC. 6. ENFORCEMENT OF DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS.

    (a) In General.--Part G of the title (as amended by section 3) is 
further amended to read as follows:

                         ``PART G--ENFORCEMENT

``SEC. 1471. PROTECTION OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS AND GENERAL PROHIBITION 
              OF CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES.

    ``(a) General Prohibition on Contamination.--Notwithstanding any 
other provision of this title, the failure to comply with any 
applicable requirement of this title, any regulation promulgated 
pursuant to part B or E, or any requirement imposed pursuant to part B 
or E shall be unlawful.
    ``(b) Definition.--As used in this part, the term `applicable 
requirement of this title' means--
            ``(1) a requirement of section 1412, 1414, 1415, 1416, 
        1417, 1419, 1428, 1445, 1447, 1463, 1464, or 1471;
            ``(2) a regulation promulgated pursuant to a section 
        referred to in clause (i);
            ``(3) a requirement imposed pursuant to a section referred 
        to in clause (i); or
            ``(4) any requirement of, or permit issued, under--
                    ``(A) an applicable State program for which the 
                Administrator has made a determination that the 
                requirements of section 1413 have been satisfied; or
                    ``(B) an applicable State program approved pursuant 
                to any other provision of part B.

``SEC. 1472. CIVIL ENFORCEMENT.

    ``(a) In General.--
            ``(1) Actions by the administrator.--Whenever, on the basis 
        of any information available to the Administrator, the 
        Administrator finds that any person--
                    ``(A) has violated any applicable requirement of 
                this title; or
                    ``(B) has failed to comply with any order issued 
                under part B by the Administrator or by a State with 
                primary enforcement authority pursuant to section 1413 
                or by a State pursuant to a program approved pursuant 
                to any other provision of part B,
        the Administrator shall issue an order requiring the person to 
        comply with the requirement, regulation, schedule, permit or 
        State order pursuant to this subsection, issue a penalty order 
        assessing an administrative penalty pursuant to subsection (c), 
        commence a civil action in accordance with subsection (d), or 
        notify the person and the State of the finding.
            ``(2) Orders.--If, during the period beginning on the date 
        that is 31 days after the Administrator provides notice to the 
        State of the finding the State has not commenced appropriate 
        enforcement action, the Administrator shall--
                    ``(A) issue an order requiring the person to comply 
                with the requirement, regulation, schedule, or permit 
                pursuant to this subsection;
                    ``(B) issue a penalty order proposing an 
                administrative penalty pursuant to subsection (c); or
                    ``(C) or commence a civil action in accordance with 
                subsection (d).
            ``(3) Compliance.--Compliance with a requirement of a small 
        system compliance program carried out pursuant to section 
        1415(b), an exemption issued pursuant to section 1416, or any 
        schedule or requirement imposed pursuant to section 1415(b) or 
        1416 shall, for the purposes of this section, be considered as 
        compliance with section 1412.
    ``(b) Administrative Compliance Orders.--
            ``(1) Service.--If a compliance order or notice under 
        subsection (a) is issued to a corporation, a copy of the 
        compliance order or notice shall be served on any appropriate 
        corporate officers.
            ``(2) Requirements.--A compliance order issued under 
        subsection (a) shall--
                    ``(A) be served by personal service;
                    ``(B) state with reasonable specificity the nature 
                of the violation; and
                    ``(C) specify a reasonable time for compliance that 
                takes into account the nature of the violation.
    ``(c) Administrative Penalty Orders.--
            ``(1) Violations.--
                    ``(A) In general.--If the Administrator makes a 
                finding pursuant to subsection (a) that a person (other 
                than a Federal agency) has violated a requirement 
                referred to in subsection (a)(1)(A) or has failed to 
                comply with an order referred to in subsection 
                (a)(1)(B), the Administrator may issue a penalty order 
                assessing a class I civil penalty or a class II civil 
                penalty under this subsection against the person.
                    ``(B) Class ii civil penalty.--If the Administrator 
                makes a finding pursuant to subsection (a), that a 
                Federal agency has violated a requirement referred to 
                in subsection (a)(1)(A) or has failed to comply with an 
                order referred to in subsection (a)(1)(B), the 
                Administrator may issue a penalty order assessing a 
                class II civil penalty under this subsection against 
                the Federal agency.
                    ``(C) Class i assessment procedures.--Before 
                issuing an order assessing a class I civil penalty 
                under this subsection, the Administrator shall provide 
                the person to be assessed the penalty with written 
                notice of the proposal of the Administrator to issue 
                the order and the opportunity to, not later than 30 
                days after the date of receipt of the notice, request a 
                hearing on the proposed order. The hearing shall not be 
                subject to sections 555 and 556 of title 5, United 
                States Code. The hearing shall provide a reasonable 
                opportunity for the person to be heard and present 
                evidence.
                    ``(D) Class ii assessment procedures.--
                            ``(i) In general.--Before issuing an order 
                        assessing a class II civil penalty under this 
                        subsection, the Administrator shall--
                                    ``(I) act in the same manner for, 
                                an in accordance with the same 
                                provisions of law applicable to, the 
                                assessment and collection of civil 
                                penalties after notice and opportunity 
                                for a hearing on the record in 
                                accordance with section 554 of title 5, 
                                United States Code;
                                    ``(II) provide public notice of, 
                                and reasonable opportunity to comment 
                                on, the proposal to issue the order; 
                                and
                                    ``(III) in the case of a request 
                                for a hearing by the appropriate 
                                official of a Federal agency that is 
                                the subject of a proposed penalty 
                                order, give prompt public notice of the 
                                request.
                            ``(ii) Procedures.--The Administrator may 
                        issue rules for discovery procedures in class 
                        II hearings under this subsection. Any person 
                        who comments on a proposed assessment of a 
                        class II penalty under this subsection shall be 
                        given notice of any hearing held under this 
                        section and of the order assessing the penalty. 
                        In any hearing concerning a class II penalty 
                        held pursuant to this subsection, the person 
                        shall be provided a reasonable opportunity to 
                        be heard and present evidence.
            ``(2) Classes of penalties.--
                    ``(A) Class i.--A class I civil penalty assessed 
                under paragraph (1) shall be in an amount not to exceed 
                $10,000 per day per violation, except that the maximum 
                amount of a class I civil penalty referred to in the 
                preceding sentence shall not exceed $25,000. A class I 
                penalty order issued pursuant to subsection (c), other 
                than an order issued upon consent, shall become final 
                not later than 30 days after the order is issued. An 
                order issued upon consent pursuant to this subsection 
                shall become final on the issuance of the order.
                    ``(B) Class ii.--A class II civil penalty assessed 
                under paragraph (1) shall be in an amount not to exceed 
                $10,000 per day per violation, except that the maximum 
                amount of a class II civil penalty assessed under 
                paragraph (1) shall not exceed $200,000. A class II 
                penalty order issued pursuant to subsection (c), other 
                than an order issued upon consent, shall become final 
                unless, not later than 30 days after the order is 
                issued along with written notice of an opportunity to 
                request a hearing, the person who is the subject of the 
                order requests a hearing.
            ``(3) Determining amount.--In determining the amount of a 
        penalty assessed under this subsection, the Administrator shall 
        take into account the seriousness of each violation, the 
        economic benefit (if any) resulting from the violation, any 
        history of similar violations including violations that are not 
        part of the then current action, any good-faith efforts to 
        comply with applicable requirements before the initiation of 
        the action, the economic impact of the penalty on the violator, 
        and such other matters as justice may require.
            ``(4) Effect of order.--
                    ``(A) Limitation on actions under other sections.--
                An action taken by the Administrator under this 
                subsection shall not affect or limit the authority of 
                the Administrator to carry out the enforcement of this 
                title; except that any violation--
                            ``(i) with respect to which the 
                        Administrator has commenced and is diligently 
                        prosecuting a penalty action under this 
                        subsection; or
                            ``(ii) for which the Administrator has 
                        issued a final order not subject to further 
                        judicial review and the violator has paid a 
                        penalty assessed under this subsection,
                shall not also be the subject of a civil penalty action 
                under subsection (d) or, in the case of a class II 
                civil penalty, under section 1449.
                    ``(B) Applicability of limitation with respect to 
                citizen suits.--The limitations described in 
                subparagraph (A) concerning civil penalty actions 
                carried out pursuant to section 1449 shall not apply 
                with respect to any violation with respect to which--
                            ``(i) a civil action under section 1449 has 
                        been filed prior to commencement of a penalty 
                        action under this subsection, or
                            ``(ii) notice of an alleged violation of 
                        this title has been given in accordance with 
                        section 1449 prior to the commencement of an 
                        action carried out pursuant to this subsection 
                        and an action is filed pursuant to section 1449 
                        with respect to the alleged violation before 
                        the date that is 120 days after the date that 
                        the notice is given.
            ``(5) Effect of action on compliance.--No action by the 
        Administrator under this subsection shall affect the obligation 
        of any person to comply with--
                    ``(A) any requirement of section 1471 or any other 
                provision of this title;
                    ``(B) any regulation promulgated pursuant to this 
                title;
                    ``(C) any schedule or other requirement imposed 
                pursuant to this title; and
                    ``(D) any requirement of or permit issued under--
                            ``(i) an applicable State program for which 
                        the Administrator has made a determination that 
                        the requirements of section 1413 are satisfied; 
                        or
                            ``(ii) an applicable State program approved 
                        pursuant to any other provision of this title 
                        or any order issued by the Administrator 
                        pursuant to this title.
            ``(6) Judicial review.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Any person against whom a 
                penalty order is issued under this subsection, except 
                upon consent, may obtain review of the order--
                            ``(i) in the case of the assessment of a 
                        class I civil penalty, in the United States 
                        District Court for the District of Columbia 
                        Circuit or in the district court in the 
                        district in which the violation is alleged to 
                        have occurred; or
                            ``(ii) in the case of the assessment of a 
                        class II civil penalty, in the United States 
                        Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
                        Circuit or for any other circuit in which the 
                        person resides or transacts business,
                by filing a notice of appeal with the court during the 
                30-day period beginning on the date the penalty order 
                becomes final and simultaneously sending a copy of the 
                notice by certified mail to the Administrator and the 
                Attorney General. The Administrator shall promptly file 
                in such court a certified copy of the record on which 
                the order was issued. The court shall not set aside or 
                remand the order unless the court finds that there is 
                not substantial evidence in the record, taken as a 
                whole, to support the finding of a violation or that 
                the assessment by the Administrator of the penalty 
                constitutes an abuse of discretion. The court may not 
                impose an additional civil penalty for the violation 
                that is the subject of the assessment by the 
                Administrator unless the court finds that the 
                assessment constitutes an abuse of discretion by the 
                Administrator.
                    ``(B) Judicial review.--Notwithstanding section 
                1448(a)(2), a class I penalty order issued under 
                subsection (c) shall be subject to judicial review only 
                under subparagraph (A)(i).
            ``(7) Collection.--If any person fails to pay an assessment 
        of a civil penalty--
                    ``(A) after the order making the assessment has 
                become final, or
                    ``(B) after an action brought under paragraph (6) a 
                court has entered a final judgment in favor of the 
                Administrator,
        the Administrator shall request the Attorney General to bring a 
        civil action in an appropriate district court to recover the 
        amount assessed (plus interest at currently prevailing rates 
        from the date of the final order or the date of the final 
        judgment, as the case may be). In the action, the validity, 
        amount, and appropriateness of the penalty shall not be subject 
        to judicial review.
            ``(8) Subpoenas.--The Administrator may, in connection with 
        administrative proceedings under this subsection or in 
        connection with investigations conducted pursuant to this 
        title, issue subpoenas for the attendance and testimony of 
        witnesses and the production of relevant papers, books, or 
        documents. In case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpoena 
        issued pursuant to this paragraph and served to any person, the 
        district court of the United States for any district in which 
        the person is found, resides, or transacts business, on 
        application by the United States and after notice to the 
        person, shall have jurisdiction to issue an order requiring the 
        person to appear and give testimony before an administrative 
        law judge or the Administrator or to appear and produce 
        documents before an administrative law judge or the 
        Administrator (or both). A failure to obey an order of the 
        court issued pursuant to the preceding sentence may be punished 
        by the court as a contempt of the court.
    ``(d) Civil Actions.--
            ``(1) In general.--A civil action commenced by the 
        Administrator pursuant to this section shall be for appropriate 
        relief, including a permanent or temporary injunction against 
        any person who--
                    ``(A) has violated any applicable requirement of 
                this title; or
                    ``(B) has failed to comply with any order issued 
                under this title by the Administrator or by a State 
                with primary enforcement authority pursuant to section 
                1413.
            ``(2) Jurisdiction.--An action under this subsection may be 
        brought in the district court of the United States for the 
        district in which the defendant is located, resides, or is 
        doing business, and the court shall have jurisdiction to 
        restrain any applicable violation and to require compliance 
        with a requirement referred to in subparagraph (A). The court 
        may enter such judgment as the protection of public health 
        requires.
            ``(3) Penalties.--Any person who--
                    ``(A) has violated any applicable requirement of 
                this title; or
                    ``(B) has failed to comply with any order issued 
                under this title by the Administrator or by a State 
                with primary enforcement authority pursuant to section 
                1413,
        shall be subject to a civil judicial penalty in an amount not 
        to exceed $25,000 per day for each violation.
            ``(4) Determination of amount of penalty.--In determining 
        the amount of a civil penalty assessed pursuant to paragraph 
        (3), the court shall consider the seriousness of each 
        violation, the economic benefit (if any) resulting from the 
        violation, any history of similar violations including 
        violations that are not part of the then current action, any 
        good-faith efforts to comply with applicable requirements 
        before the initiation of the civil action, the economic impact 
        of the penalty on the violator, and such other matters as 
        justice may require.
    ``(e) Statutory Construction.--Nothing in this section is intended 
to be construed to limit the authority of the Administrator to take 
enforcement action against a Federal agency under any other provision 
of this title.

``SEC. 1473. CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT.

    ``(a) Negligent Violations.--Any person who negligently violates 
any applicable requirement of this title shall, upon conviction, be 
punished by a fine or imprisonment for a period of not more than 1 year 
(or both), as provided in title 18, United States Code.
    ``(b) Knowing Violations.--
            ``(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), any 
        person who knowingly--
                    ``(A) violates any applicable requirement of this 
                title; or
                    ``(B) has failed to comply with any order issued 
                pursuant to section 1431,
        shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine or imprisonment 
        for a period of not more than 5 years (or both), as provided in 
        title 18, United States Code.
            ``(2) Multiple convictions.--With respect to a violation 
        committed by a person after a first conviction of the person 
        for any violation specified in paragraph (1), the maximum 
        punishment for the person upon conviction shall be doubled with 
        respect to the amount of a fine and the length of imprisonment.
    ``(c) Knowing Endangerment.--
            ``(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), a 
        person who knowingly--
                    ``(A) violates any applicable requirement of this 
                title;
                    ``(B) fails to comply with any order issued 
                pursuant to section 1431; and
                    ``(C) in the course or connection with the act of 
                the violation places any other person in imminent 
                danger of death or serious bodily injury,
        shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine or imprisonment 
        for a period of not more than 15 years (or both), as provided 
        in title 18, United States Code.
            ``(2) Additional provisions.--
                    ``(A) Knowing conduct.--For the purposes of this 
                subsection--
                            ``(i) in determining whether a defendant 
                        who is an individual knew that the conduct of 
                        the defendant placed another person in imminent 
                        danger of death or serious bodily injury--
                                    ``(I) the defendant is responsible 
                                only for actual awareness or actual 
                                belief that the defendant possessed; 
                                and
                                    ``(II) knowledge possessed by a 
                                person other than the defendant but not 
                                by the defendant may not be attributed 
                                to the defendant,
                        except that in proving the possession by the 
                        defendant of actual knowledge, circumstantial 
                        evidence may be used, including evidence that 
                        the defendant took affirmative steps to shield 
                        the defendant from relevant information; and
                            ``(ii) it is an affirmative defense to 
                        prosecution that the conduct charged was 
                        consented to by the person endangered and that 
                        the danger and conduct charged were reasonably 
                        foreseeable hazards of--
                                    ``(I) an occupation, a business, or 
                                a profession; or
                                    ``(II) medical treatment or medical 
                                or scientific experimentation conducted 
                                by professionally approved methods and 
                                such other person had been made aware 
                                of the risks involved prior to giving 
                                consent.
                    ``(B) Preponderance of evidence.--A defense 
                referred to in subparagraph (A)(ii) may be established 
                pursuant to subparagraph (A) by a preponderance of the 
                evidence.
                    ``(C) Definitions.--As used in this subsection:
                            ``(i) Imminent danger.--The term `imminent 
                        danger' means the existence of a condition or 
                        combination of conditions that could reasonably 
                        be expected to cause death or serious bodily 
                        injury unless the condition (or combination of 
                        conditions) is remedied.
                            ``(ii) Serious bodily injury.--The term 
                        `serious bodily injury' means bodily injury 
                        that involves a substantial risk of death, 
                        unconsciousness, extreme physical pain, 
                        protracted and obvious disfigurement, or 
                        protracted loss or impairment of the function 
                        of a bodily member, organ, or mental faculty.
    ``(d) False Statements; Monitoring.--
            ``(1) In general.--Any person who knowingly--
                    ``(A) makes any false material statement, 
                representation, or certification in, or omits material 
                information from, or knowingly alters, conceals, or 
                fails to file any notice, application, record, report, 
                plan, or other document filed or required to be 
                maintained pursuant to part B or E (regardless of 
                whether the Administrator or a State enforces the 
                requirements);
                    ``(B) fails to make a report required under part B 
                or E; or
                    ``(C) falsifies, tampers with, renders inaccurate, 
                fails to install, maintain, or utilize any monitoring 
                device or monitoring or treatment method required to be 
                maintained or carried under part B or E (including any 
                regulation or order issued by the Administrator or any 
                State pursuant to this title),
        shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine or imprisonment 
        for a period of not more than 2 years (or both), as provided in 
        title 18, United States Code.
            ``(2) Multiple convictions.--With respect to a violation 
        committed by a person after a first conviction of the person 
        for any violation of part B or E, the maximum punishment 
        specified in paragraph (1) shall be doubled with respect to the 
        amount of a fine and the length of imprisonment. With respect 
        to a violation committed by a person who carries out an illegal 
        activity that is punishable under this section with respect to 
        which the purpose is to conceal or cover up a violation of part 
        B or E, the maximum punishment specified in paragraph (1) shall 
        be doubled with respect to the amount of a fine and the length 
        of imprisonment.

``SEC. 1474. EFFECT OF ENFORCEMENT ACTION ON COMPLIANCE WITH OTHER 
              APPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS.

    ``No action by the Administrator or any other official of the 
Federal Government pursuant to this title is intended to have any 
effect on the obligation of any person to comply with each law 
(including each regulation), permit term, or other requirement that 
applies to the person pursuant to Federal law.

``SEC. 1475. STATE AUTHORITY TO ADOPT OR ENFORCE LAWS.

    ``Nothing in this title is intended to diminish any authority of a 
State or political subdivision of a State to adopt or enforce any law 
(including any regulation) concerning drinking water regulation or 
public water systems, except that no State or local law referred to in 
this section may relieve any person of any requirement that is 
applicable to the person under this title.

``SEC. 1476. CONSOLIDATION INCENTIVE.

    ``(a) In General.--An owner or operator of a public water system 
may submit to the State in which the system is located (if the State 
has primary enforcement responsibility pursuant to section 1413) or to 
the Administrator (if the State does not have primary enforcement 
responsibility) a plan for--
            ``(1) the physical consolidation of the system with 1 or 
        more other systems;
            ``(2) the consolidation of significant management and 
        administrative functions of the system with 1 or more other 
        systems; or
            ``(3) the transfer of ownership of the system to a private 
        entity that may reasonably be expected to improve drinking 
        water quality.
    ``(b) Requirements for Plans.--A plan submitted pursuant to this 
subsection shall--
            ``(1) specify a schedule of steps related to the 
        consolidation or transfer of ownership that shall be completed 
        not later than 2 years after the date of submission of the 
        plan;
            ``(2) describe such measures as are necessary to ensure 
        that the public water system will consistently meet the 
        requirements of this Act; and
            ``(3) describe any then current violation or any 
        anticipated future violation of this Act.
    ``(c) Review of Plan.--
            ``(1) In general.--The State shall review a plan submitted 
        pursuant to this subsection and shall approve each plan that is 
        consistent with the requirements of this Act.
            ``(2) Approval by administrator.--The State shall provide 
        an approved plan to the Administrator. The plan shall be 
        considered to be approved by the Administrator unless the 
        Administrator disapproves the plan not later than 90 days after 
        receiving the plan.
            ``(3) Withdrawal of approval.--The State or the 
        Administrator may withdraw the approval of a plan on the basis 
        of a substantial failure by an owner or operator to comply with 
        a schedule established under paragraph (2).
    ``(d) Consequences of Approval.--If the State and the Administrator 
have approved a plan pursuant to subsection (c)--
            ``(1) no enforcement action conducted pursuant to this part 
        shall be commenced prior to the completion date specified in 
        the schedule established pursuant to subsection (b)(1); and
            ``(2) any violation identified in the approved plan shall 
        not be the subject of an enforcement action conducted pursuant 
        to this part prior to termination of the schedule.''.
    (b) Public Notice and Notice to State.--Section 1414 (42 U.S.C. 
300g-3) is amended--
            (1) by striking subsections (a) and (b);
            (2) by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection (a);
            (3) in subsection (a) (as so redesignated)--
                    (A) in the first sentence--
                            (i) in paragraph (1), by redesignating 
                        subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses (i) and 
                        (ii), respectively;
                            (ii) in paragraph (2), by redesignating 
                        subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses (i) and 
                        (ii), respectively;
                            (iii) by redesignating paragraphs (1) and 
                        (2) as subparagraphs (A) and (B), respectively; 
                        and
                            (iv) by inserting ``(1)'' after ``(c)''; 
                        and
                    (B) by striking the second sentence and all that 
                follows through the end of the subsection and inserting 
                the following new paragraph:
    ``(2)(A) The Administrator shall, by regulation, prescribe the 
form, manner, and frequency for giving notice under this subsection.
    ``(B) Regulations issued under this subsection shall specify 
notification procedures for each violation that has the potential to 
cause serious adverse effects on human health. Each notice of a 
violation provided under this subparagraph shall--
            ``(i) be distributed as soon as practicable after the 
        violation, but not later than 24 hours after the violation;
            ``(ii) be provided to appropriate broadcast media;
            ``(iii) be published in a newspaper of general circulation 
        serving the area not later than 1 day after the distribution of 
        a notice pursuant to clause (i), or the date of publication of 
        the next issue of the newspaper;
            ``(iv) provide a clear and readily understandable 
        explanation of--
                    ``(I) the violation;
                    ``(II) any potential adverse effects on human 
                health;
                    ``(III) the steps that the public water system is 
                taking to correct the violation; and
                    ``(IV) the necessity of seeking alternative water 
                supplies until the violation is corrected; and
            ``(v) be provided to the State agency that has primary 
        enforcement responsibility pursuant to section 1413 and to the 
        Administrator.
    ``(C) Notice of violations other than violations identified under 
subparagraph (B) shall be--
            ``(i) provided not less frequently than annually and 
        published in a newspaper of general circulation serving the 
        area; and
            ``(ii) provided to the State agency that has primary 
        enforcement responsibility pursuant to section 1413 and to the 
        Administrator.
    ``(D) Not later than January 1, 1996, and annually thereafter, each 
State that has primary enforcement responsibility pursuant to section 
1413 shall publish an annual report on public water system compliance 
in the State and submit the report to the Administrator.
    ``(E) Not later than July 1, 1996, and annually thereafter, the 
Administrator shall submit to Congress an annual report summarizing and 
evaluating reports submitted by States pursuant to subparagraph (D) and 
making recommendations concerning the resources needed to improve 
compliance with this title.'';
            (4) by redesignating subsection (d) as subsection (b); and
            (5) by striking subsections (e) through (g).
    (c) Technical Amendments.--
            (1) Section 1416(b)(3) is amended by striking ``1414'' and 
        inserting ``1472 or 1473''.
            (2) Section 1463 (42 U.S.C. 300j-23) is amended by striking 
        subsections (c) and (d).
            (3) Section 1441 (42 U.S.C. 300j) is amended--
                    (A) by striking subsection (e); and
                    (B) by redesignating subsection (f) as subsection 
                (e).
    (d) Statutory Construction.--Nothing in this section is intended to 
alter any administrative proceedings for enforcement (including 
administrative proceedings for the issuance and enforcement of orders) 
initiated before the date of enactment of this section (including the 
procedures applicable to the enforcement proceedings in effect on the 
day before the date of enactment of this section).

SEC. 7. CONTROL OF LEAD IN DRINKING WATER.

    (a) Fittings and Fixtures.--Section 1417 (42 U.S.C. 300g-6) is 
amended by adding at the end the following new subsection:
    ``(e) Lead Plumbing Fittings and Fixtures.--
            ``(1) In general.--Not later than 2 years after the date of 
        enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall issue 
        regulations to establish a health-effects based performance 
        standard that establishes minimal leaching levels of lead from 
        new plumbing pipes, fittings, and fixtures that convey drinking 
        water.
            ``(2) Consequences of failure to meet requirements.--If the 
        requirements of paragraph (1) are not met--
                    ``(A) by the date that is 4 years after the date of 
                enactment of this subsection, no person may import, 
                manufacture, process, or distribute in commerce a 
                plumbing fitting or fixture that contains more than 7 
                percent lead by dry weight;
                    ``(B) by the date that is 5 years after the date of 
                enactment of this subsection, no person may import, 
                manufacture, process, or distribute in commerce a 
                plumbing fitting or fixture that contains more than 6 
                percent lead by dry weight;
                    ``(C) by the date that is 6 years after the date of 
                enactment of this subsection, no person may import, 
                manufacture, process, or distribute in commerce a 
                plumbing fitting or fixture that contains more than 5 
                percent lead by dry weight; or
                    ``(D) by the date that is 7 years after the date of 
                enactment of this subsection, no person may import, 
                manufacture, process, or distribute in commerce a 
                plumbing fitting or fixture that contains more than 4 
                percent lead by dry weight.''.
    (b) Enforcement.--Section 1417(a) (42 U.S.C. 300g-6(a)) is 
amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A)--
                            (i) by striking ``Any'' and inserting ``No 
                        person shall use any''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``which is used''; and
                    (B) in the matter following subparagraph (B), by 
                striking ``shall be'' and inserting ``which is not''; 
                and
            (2) in paragraph (2)(A), by inserting after ``Each'' the 
        following: ``owner or operator of a''.

SEC. 8. RADON IN DRINKING WATER AND INDOOR AIR.

    (a) Radon in Drinking Water.--Part B (42 U.S.C. 300g et seq.) is 
amended by adding at the end the following new section:

``SEC. 1418. RADON IN DRINKING WATER.

    ``(a) Regulations for Radon in Drinking Water.--Notwithstanding any 
other provision of this Act or any other Federal law, on the date that 
is 1 year after the date of enactment of this section, the 
Administrator shall promulgate national primary drinking water 
regulations for radon.
    ``(b) Radon Standard.--
            ``(1) Maximum contaminant level.--The regulations 
        promulgated pursuant to subsection (a) shall specify a maximum 
        contaminant level goal and a maximum contaminant level 
        determined pursuant to section 1412(b).
            ``(2) Alternative program.--Notwithstanding the 
        requirements of section 1412(b), the regulations promulgated 
        pursuant to subsection (a) shall--
                    ``(A) specify an alternative contaminant level that 
                poses a health risk that is equivalent to the health 
                risk associated with the national average radon level 
                in outdoor air, taking into consideration risks from 
                inhalation, ingestion of radon in drinking water, and 
                episodic uses of drinking water;
                    ``(B) specify a period of compliance of 3 years; 
                and
                    ``(C) specify minimum conditions for alternative 
                compliance programs carried out pursuant to subsection 
                (c).
    ``(c) Alternative Compliance Programs.--
            ``(1) In general.--A public water system may comply with 
        the alternative contaminant level specified in subsection 
        (b)(2) if the system is--
                    ``(A) implementing an alternative compliance 
                program approved pursuant to this subsection; or
                    ``(B) located in a State that is implementing a 
                program to reduce radon in indoor air and is receiving 
                State grant assistance for the program pursuant to 
                section 306 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 
                U.S.C. 2666).
            ``(2) Program submittal and review.--
                    ``(A) Submittal of program.--The appropriate 
                official of a public water system referred to in 
                paragraph (1) that proposes to carry out an alternative 
                compliance program referred to in such paragraph shall 
                submit a program to the State agency that has primary 
                enforcement responsibility pursuant to section 1413 or 
                another appropriate State agency designated by the 
                Governor, not later than 18 months after the date of 
                promulgation of the regulations under subsection (a).
                    ``(B) Public review and comment.--The appropriate 
                official of the public water system shall provide 
                opportunity for public review and comment on the 
                program prior to the submittal of the program to the 
                State pursuant to subparagraph (A) and shall provide to 
                the State a summary of public comments concerning the 
                program.
                    ``(C) Review by state.--
                            ``(i) In general.--Not later than 180 days 
                        after the date of submittal of the program, the 
                        appropriate official of the State shall review 
                        and approve the program if the program is 
                        consistent with the requirements of this 
                        section.
                            ``(ii) Review by administrator.--The 
                        Administrator shall, at the request of a State, 
                        review and approve a program submitted to the 
                        State pursuant to this subparagraph.
            ``(3) Educational material.--Each alternative compliance 
        program referred to in paragraph (1)(A) shall provide for the 
        distribution to each residential customer, not later than 1 
        year after the approval by the State of the program and every 5 
        years thereafter, educational material concerning radon that 
        describes--
                    ``(A) the health threats posed by radon;
                    ``(B) the sources of radon (including soil gas and 
                drinking water);
                    ``(C) the level of radon in the drinking water 
                provided by the public water system that is the subject 
                of the program;
                    ``(D) measures to reduce the levels of radon in the 
                air indoors; and
                    ``(E) radon testing and mitigation services offered 
                by--
                            ``(i) the public water system; and
                            ``(ii) persons who do business in the 
                        service area and who are certified by the 
                        Administrator as proficient in conducting radon 
                        testing or mitigation.
            ``(4) Testing for radon in indoor air.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Each alternative compliance 
                program referred to in paragraph (1)(A) shall provide 
                for testing of radon in indoor air in not less than 50 
                percent of the residences of residential customers 
                served by the public water system as expeditiously as 
                practicable, but not later than 5 years after the date 
                of approval of an alternative compliance program 
                pursuant to this subsection.
                    ``(B) Requirement for testing.--Testing for radon 
                in indoor air conducted pursuant to this paragraph 
                shall be conducted by a person certified as proficient 
                in conducting testing for radon in air by the 
                Administrator.
            ``(5) Notification.--Each public water system with a 
        program approved by a State under this subsection shall notify 
        each person who is certified by the Administrator as proficient 
        in radon mitigation and known to provide radon mitigation 
        services in the service area of the system of the approval of 
        the program, the service area of the system, and the obligation 
        to report, pursuant to subsection (d), to the public water 
        system any radon mitigation projects in the service area.
            ``(6) Radon new construction standards.--Each program 
        developed pursuant to this section shall include the adoption, 
        prior to submittal of the program, of enforceable mechanisms 
        requiring compliance with radon new home construction standards 
        established by the Administrator pursuant to section 304 of the 
        Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2664) for each new home 
        to be served by the public water system that is the subject of 
        the program beginning on the date that is 2 years after the 
        date of adoption of the mechanisms.
            ``(7) Assessment and evaluation.--
                    ``(A) Submittal of assessments.--Each public water 
                system with a program approved by a State pursuant to 
                this subsection shall provide an assessment and 
                evaluation of program implementation to the State not 
                later than 5 years after the date of approval of the 
                program, and every 5 years thereafter.
                    ``(B) Program disapproval.--In any case in which a 
                State or the Administrator determines that a public 
                water system has not fully complied with the 
                requirements of this subsection, the State or the 
                Administrator shall--
                            ``(i) notify the public water system of the 
                        determination; and
                            ``(ii) disapprove the alternative 
                        compliance program not later than 1 year after 
                        providing notice pursuant to clause (i), unless 
                        the system takes sufficient corrective action.
                    ``(C) Compliance.--A public water system for which 
                an alternative compliance program is disapproved shall 
                comply with the maximum contaminant level for radon (as 
                determined by the regulations promulgated under 
                subsection (a)) not later than 3 years after the date 
                of disapproval by the Administrator.
            ``(8) Role of state.--
                    ``(A) Program responsibilities.--A State may assume 
                some or all of the responsibilities of carrying out an 
                alternative compliance program approved pursuant to 
                this subsection.
                    ``(B) Prohibition.--No Federal grant assistance 
                provided to a State pursuant to title III of the Toxic 
                Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2661 et seq.) may be 
                used to carry out alternative compliance programs for 
                public water systems.
    ``(d) Notice of Radon Mitigation.--
            ``(1) In general.--Each person who is--
                    ``(A) certified by the Administrator as proficient 
                in radon mitigation; and
                    ``(B) notified by a public water system pursuant to 
                subsection (c)(7),
        shall provide the public water system with a notice of any work 
        conducted at a residence within the service area of the public 
        water system.
            ``(2) Suspension of certification.--If the Administrator 
        finds that a person who is certified by the Administrator as 
        proficient in radon mitigation has failed to comply with this 
        subsection, the Administrator may suspend the certification of 
        the person.
    ``(e) Report.--
            ``(1) In general.--Not later than 7 years after the date of 
        enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall submit a 
        report to Congress that assesses and evaluates the 
        implementation of the regulations promulgated pursuant to 
        subsection (a).
            ``(2) Contents of report.--The report shall--
                    ``(A) identify the number of public water systems 
                that are in violation of a maximum contaminant level or 
                alternative contaminant level established pursuant to 
                the regulations;
                    ``(B) identify the number of programs of public 
                water systems approved by a State pursuant to this 
                subsection and the number of States receiving grant 
                assistance under section 306 of the Toxic Substances 
                Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2666);
                    ``(C) evaluate the implementation of the public 
                water system and State programs; and
                    ``(D) estimate the overall change in radon exposure 
                attained as a result of alternative compliance programs 
                and State radon programs.
    ``(f) Residential Customer Defined.--As used in this section, the 
term `residential customer' means a customer of a public water system 
that occupies a residence other than an apartment located above the 
first story of a building.''.
    (b) Radon Testing at Time of Home Sale.--
            (1) In general.--Title III of the Toxic Substances Control 
        Act (15 U.S.C. 2661 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end 
        the following new section:

``SEC. 312. RADON TESTING AT TIME OF HOME SALE.

    ``(a) Prohibition.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, 
beginning on the date that is 60 days after the date on which the 
Administrator issues regulations pursuant to subsection (b), no Federal 
agency shall provide a loan, loan guarantee, or other financial 
assistance relating to the financing of a residence located in an area 
identified by the Administrator as a high-risk radon area unless the 
sale of the residence is conducted in compliance with the regulations 
issued pursuant to subsection (b).
    ``(b) Regulations.--Not later than 2 years after the date of 
enactment of this section, the Administrator shall issue regulations 
requiring testing for radon in indoor air at the time of sale of a 
residence located in a high-risk radon area.
    ``(c) Testing.--The regulations issued pursuant to subsection (b) 
shall specify minimum standards and methods for radon tests and shall 
require that individuals conducting testing and test devices be 
certified by the Administrator pursuant to section 305. The regulations 
shall identify procedures to prevent tampering with test devices.
    ``(d) Reporting.--The regulations issued pursuant to subsection (b) 
shall require that, not later than 10 days prior to the date of 
purchase of a residence, a person who proposes to purchase the 
residence shall be provided with--
            ``(1) the results of any radon test of the residence; and
            ``(2) background information on the health threat posed by 
        radon.
    ``(e) High-Risk Radon Areas.--The regulations promulgated pursuant 
to subsection (b) shall describe high-risk radon areas identified by 
the Administrator pursuant to this title.
    ``(f) Residences.--The regulations issued pursuant to subsection 
(b) shall define the types of residential structures for which tests 
for radon are required.
    ``(g) Existing Test.--The regulations issued pursuant to subsection 
(b) shall provide that, in any case in which a radon test has been 
conducted for a residence pursuant to the regulations, no additional 
retesting is required.
    ``(h) Preexisting Tests.--The regulations issued pursuant to 
subsection (b) shall provide that any radon test conducted prior to the 
date of promulgation of the regulations shall be considered to meet the 
requirements of a test for radon for the purposes of the regulations if 
the test was conducted in a manner that is substantially comparable to 
a test conducted in accordance with the requirements of subsection (c).
    ``(i) Federal Agency Defined.--As used in this section, the term 
`Federal agency' means an Executive agency, as defined in section 105 
of title 5, United States Code, and includes the Postal Service and any 
agency of the legislative or judicial branch of the Federal Government, 
and any federally chartered secondary mortgage institution.''.
            (2) Conforming amendment.--The table of contents in section 
        1 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. prec. 2601) is 
        amended by inserting after the item relating to section 311 the 
        following new item:

``Sec. 312. Radon testing at time of home sale.''.

SEC. 9. POINT OF USE DEVICES.

    Part B (42 U.S.C. 300g et seq.), as amended by section 8, is 
further amended by adding at the end the following new section:

``SEC. 1419. POINT OF USE DEVICES.

    ``(a) In General.--The Administrator shall establish a program to 
determine the effectiveness of water treatment devices designed to--
            ``(1) remove contaminants installed in a residence at the 
        point of water use; and
            ``(2) ensure that consumers are provided with appropriate 
        information about the devices at the time of sale.
    ``(b) Submission of Information by Manufacturers.--Not later than 1 
year after the date of enactment of this section, the Administrator 
shall issue regulations requiring each manufacturer of a water 
treatment device intended to be installed at the point of water use to 
submit to the Administrator such information on the effectiveness and 
functions of the device as the Administrator determines is necessary to 
carry out this section.
    ``(c) Provision of Information to Consumers.--Not later than 3 
years after the date of enactment of this section, the Administrator 
shall issue regulations establishing minimum requirements for 
information to be provided to consumers prior to the purchase of water 
treatment devices installed at the point of water use, including--
            ``(1) the efficiency of removal of contaminants or classes 
        of contaminants, including the efficiency of a device compared 
        to other comparable devices;
            ``(2) the period of effectiveness of the device and the 
        rate of degradation of treatment efficiency, if any; and
            ``(3) those contaminants for which the Administrator has 
        published a national drinking water standard under section 1412 
        that are not removed from drinking water by the device.''.

SEC. 10. DRINKING WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION.

    (a) In General.--Section 1427 (42 U.S.C. 300h-6) is amended--
            (1) by striking the section heading and inserting the 
        following new section heading:

``SEC. 1427. DRINKING WATER SUPPLY PROTECTION AREAS.'';

            (2) by striking subsections (a) and (b) and inserting the 
        following new subsections:
    ``(a) Purpose.--The purpose of this section is to support and 
assist the establishment of programs for the protection of water supply 
areas.
    ``(b) Definition of Supply Protection Area.--As used in this 
section, the term `water supply protection area' means an area that 
contains ground water or surface water that--
            ``(1) is the principal source of supply to a public water 
        system;
            ``(2) if contaminated, would create a significant hazard to 
        public health; and
            ``(3) satisfies the criteria established pursuant to 
        subsection (d).'';
            (3) in subsection (c)--
                    (A) in the first sentence--
                            (i) by striking ``State'';
                            (ii) by striking ``critical aquifer'' and 
                        inserting ``water supply''; and
                            (iii) by striking ``selection of such area 
                        for a demonstration program'' and inserting 
                        ``approval of an application for the 
                        designation of the area''; and
                    (B) by striking the last sentence;
            (4) in subsection (d)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
                striking ``1986'' and inserting ``1993'';
                    (B) by striking ``critical aquifer'' each place it 
                appears and inserting ``water supply'';
                    (C) by striking ``aquifer'' each place it appears 
                and inserting ``water supply''; and
                    (D) by striking ``ground'' each place it appears;
            (5) in subsection (e)--
                    (A) by striking ``demonstration'';
                    (B) in paragraph (1), by striking ``critical 
                aquifer'' and inserting ``water supply''; and
                    (C) by striking ``critical'' each place it appears;
            (6) in subsection (f)--
                    (A) by striking ``ground'' each place it appears 
                and inserting ``drinking'';
                    (B) by striking ``underground'' each place it 
                appears;
                    (C) by striking ``critical'' each place it appears; 
                and
                    (D) by adding at the end of the subsection the 
                following new paragraph:
            ``(3) A comprehensive management plan developed pursuant to 
        this subsection may also propose modifications of otherwise 
        applicable monitoring requirements of national primary drinking 
        water regulations. Any proposal made in the plan for 
        alternative monitoring requirements shall identify specific 
        pollution prevention measures to be implemented that allow for 
        an alternative monitoring program.'';
            (7) by striking subsection (g) and inserting the following 
        new subsection:
    ``(g) Activities Involving Federal Agencies.--
            ``(1) Federal agency activities.--In the case of a water 
        supply protection area within a State for which an application 
        is approved pursuant to subsection (i), each activity or 
        development project carried out by a Federal agency within the 
        area shall be carried out in a manner that is, to the maximum 
        extent practicable, consistent with the approved application 
        and plan referred to in subsection (e)(2).
            ``(2) Federal licensee and permittee activities.--In the 
        case of a water supply protection area for which an application 
        is approved pursuant to subsection (i), each applicant for a 
        required Federal license or permit to conduct an activity 
        within the area shall provide in the application to the 
        licensing or permitting agency a certification from the 
        planning entity that the proposed activity is consistent with 
        the comprehensive management plan of the applicant.
            ``(3) Presidential exemption.--The President may exempt any 
        Federal project or development project from the requirements of 
        this subsection if the President determines that the exemption 
        is in the paramount interest of the United States.'';
            (8) by striking subsections (i) and (j) and inserting the 
        following new subsections:
    ``(i) Approval or Disapproval.--
            ``(1) In general.--Not later than 120 days after the 
        receipt of an application under this section, the Administrator 
        shall approve or disapprove the application.
            ``(2) Determination by the administrator.--The 
        Administrator shall approve or disapprove an application on the 
        basis of a determination that--
                    ``(A) the water supply protection area meets the 
                criteria established under subsection (d);
                    ``(B) the application meets the requirements 
                described in subsection (e); and
                    ``(C) there are adequate legal authorities and 
                financial resources to ensure effective implementation 
                of the comprehensive management plan required under 
                subsection (e)(5).
            ``(3) Submission to the governor.--If the Administrator 
        disapproves an application, the Administrator shall submit to 
        the Governor a written explanation of the reasons for the 
        disapproval of the application.
            ``(4) Resubmission of applications.--An applicant may 
        modify and resubmit any application that is disapproved.
    ``(j) Grants.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Administrator may make grants to 
        applicants that propose to develop an application pursuant to 
        subsection (c).
            ``(2) Conditions for grants.--A grant made pursuant to this 
        subsection shall be made on the conditions that--
                    ``(A) the applicant provides not less than 20 
                percent of the costs of developing the application; and
                    ``(B) a grant to an applicant is made for not more 
                than 3 consecutive years.''; and
            (9) in subsection (n)--
                    (A) in the first sentence--
                            (i) by striking ``carry out this section'' 
                        and inserting ``make grants pursuant to 
                        subsection (j)''; and
                            (ii) by inserting after ``$17,500,000'' the 
                        following:

      

      ``1992-2000...............................  $20,000,000.'';       
                                                                        

                        and
                    (B) by striking the last sentence.
    (b) Conforming Amendment.--Section 1424 (42 U.S.C. 300h-3) is 
amended by striking subsection (e).
    (c) State Water Supply Protection Program.--Section 1428 (42 U.S.C. 
300h-7) is amended--
            (1) by striking the section heading and inserting the 
        following new section heading:

``SEC. 1428. STATE PROGRAMS TO PROTECT WATER SUPPLY AREAS.'';

            (2) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) by striking ``wellhead'' each place it appears 
                and inserting ``water supply''; and
                    (B) by striking ``well'' each place it appears and 
                inserting ``source'';
            (3) in subsections (b) and (c), by striking ``wellhead'' 
        each place it appears and inserting ``water supply'';
            (4) by striking subsection (d) and inserting the following 
        new subsection:
    ``(d) Program Revision.--
            ``(1) Submission.--The Governor of a State may submit to 
        the Administrator a new or revised program to protect water 
        supply areas within the jurisdiction of the State from 
        contaminants that may have adverse effects on human health.
            ``(2) Approval by the administrator.--The Administrator 
        shall approve a new or revised water supply protection program 
        submitted pursuant to this subsection if--
                    ``(A) the program is consistent with the 
                requirements of paragraphs (1) through (6) of 
                subsection (a);
                    ``(B) the program was developed in accordance with 
                the public participation requirements of subsection 
                (b);
                    ``(C) the State has enacted such legal authority as 
                is sufficient to protect drinking water within each 
                water supply area in the State in accordance with this 
                section; and
                    ``(D) the legal authorities established under 
                subparagraph (C) are reasonably likely to be 
                implemented.
            ``(3) Definition of legal authority.--As used in this 
        subsection, the term `legal authority' means a State statute, 
        county or municipal ordinance, or other enforceable authority 
        that is sufficient to prevent the location of new sources of 
        contaminants identified pursuant to subsection (a)(3) within 
        each water supply area in the State and to control the release 
        of contaminants from existing sources within the water supply 
        area, including such penalties for violations of the authority 
        as the Administrator determines to be adequate.'';
            (5) subsection (e) is amended to read as follows:
    ``(e) Water Supply Protection Area Defined.--As used in this 
section, the term `water supply protection area' means the surface and 
subsurface area surrounding a water supply, including a surface water 
source or wellhead area, that supplies a public water system through 
which contaminants are reasonably likely to move toward and reach the 
water supply.'';
            (6) subsection (g) is amended by--
                    (A) striking the first sentence; and
                    (B) striking ``wells'' and inserting ``supplies'';
            (7) in subsection (h)--
                    (A) by striking ``(h) Federal Agencies.--Each'' and 
                inserting the following:
    ``(h) Activities Involving Federal Agencies.--
            ``(1) Federal agency activities.--Each'';
                    (B) by striking ``The President may'' and inserting 
                the following:
            ``(3) Presidential exemption.--The President may'';
                    (C) by inserting after paragraph (1) (as so 
                designated) the following new paragraph:
            ``(2) Federal licensee and permittee activities.--In the 
        case of a water supply area within a State for which a program 
        is approved pursuant to subsection (d), each applicant for a 
        required Federal license or permit to conduct an activity 
        within the area shall provide in the application to the 
        licensing or permitting agency a certification from the State 
        that the proposed activity complies with the enforceable 
        policies of the program of the State and that the activity will 
        be conducted in accordance with the approved program.''; and
                    (D) in paragraph (1) (as so designated) by 
                inserting after ``a State program'' the following: 
                ``approved pursuant to subsection (d)''; and
            (8) in subsection (k)--
                    (A) by striking the first sentence and inserting 
                the following new sentence: ``For each fiscal year, the 
                Administrator may make a grant to a State with a 
                program approved pursuant to subsection (d) to carry 
                out the program. The amount of each grant may not 
                exceed 50 percent of the costs of carrying out the 
                program.''; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following:

      

      ``1992-2000...............................  $20,000,000.''.       
                                                                        

    (d) Federal Water Pollution Control Act Grant Eligibility.--Section 
319(h) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1329(h)) 
is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(13) Water supply protection areas.--Notwithstanding any 
        other provision of this section, funds made available to carry 
        out this subsection may be used to carry out a project 
        consistent with a water supply protection area comprehensive 
        plan approved pursuant to section 1427(i) of title XIV of the 
        Public Health Service Act (commonly known as the `Safe Drinking 
        Water Act') (42 U.S.C. 300h-6(i)) or a State water supply 
        protection program approved pursuant to section 1428(d) of such 
        Act. The funds shall be used in the same manner as provided for 
        use of funds under this section, and be subject to the 
        conditions that apply under this section.''.

SEC. 11. EMERGENCY POWERS.

    Section 1431 (42 U.S.C. 300i) is amended to read as follows:

``SEC. 1431. ACTIONS AUTHORIZED AGAINST IMMINENT AND SUBSTANTIAL 
              ENDANGERMENT TO HEALTH OR AN UNDERGROUND SOURCE OF 
              DRINKING WATER.

    ``Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the 
Administrator, on receipt of information that a contaminant that is 
present in or is likely to enter a public water system or an 
underground source of drinking water may present an imminent and 
substantial endangerment to the health of individuals, and after 
providing notice to appropriate State and local officials, may take 
such actions as the Administrator may consider necessary in order to 
protect the health of the individuals. The actions that the 
Administrator may take may include--
            ``(1) issuing such orders as may be necessary to protect 
        the health of individuals who are or may be users of the public 
        water system (including travelers) or to restore or protect the 
        public water system, including orders requiring the provision 
        of alternative water supplies by persons who caused or 
        contributed to the endangerment; and
            ``(2) commencing a civil action for appropriate relief, 
        including a restraining order or permanent or temporary 
        injunction.''.

SEC. 12. TAMPERING WITH PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS.

    (a) Tampering.--Section 1432(a) (42 U.S.C. 300i-1(a)) is amended to 
read as follows:
    ``(a) Tampering.--No person shall tamper with, attempt to tamper 
with, or make a threat to tamper with a public water system.''.
    (b) Tamper Defined.--Section 1432(d) (42 U.S.C. 300i-1(d)) is 
amended to read as follows:
    ``(d) Tamper Defined.--As used in this section, the term `tamper' 
means--
            ``(1) the introduction or addition of--
                    ``(A) any element, compound, solution, or substance 
                designated as a hazardous substance pursuant to section 
                102 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
                Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (42 U.S.C. 
                9602);
                    ``(B) any hazardous waste having the 
                characteristics identified under or listed pursuant to 
                section 3001 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 
                6921);
                    ``(C) any toxic pollutant listed under section 
                307(a) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 
                U.S.C. 1317(a)); or
                    ``(D) any imminently hazardous chemical substance 
                or mixture, with respect to which the Administrator has 
                taken action pursuant to section 7 of the Toxic 
                Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2606),
        into a public water system so as to endanger public health 
        except if the introduction is by an employee or authorized 
        agent of a public water system and is carried out in 
        conjunction with the normal duties of the employee or agent for 
        the purposes of treatment of water or as a requirement for 
        compliance with any Federal, State, or local law (including any 
        regulation), or in response to a public health emergency; or
            ``(2) the interference with the proper operation or 
        function of a public water system if the person who causes the 
        interference is recklessly indifferent to the harm that the 
        interference may cause to any person; or
            ``(3) removing water from a public water system through a 
        pipe or device outside the public water system and returning 
        water to the public water system, except in any case in which a 
        pipe or device is totally within the control of 1 or more 
        public water systems.''.

SEC. 13. DRINKING WATER RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND CERTIFICATION.

    Section 1442 (42 U.S.C. 300j-1) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating paragraph (3) of subsection (b) as 
        paragraph (3) of subsection (d) and moving such paragraph to 
        appear after paragraph (2) of subsection (d);
            (2) by striking subsection (b) (as so amended);
            (3) by redesignating subparagraph (B) of subsection (a)(2) 
        as subsection (b) and moving such subsection to appear after 
        subsection (a);
            (4) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) by striking paragraph (2) (as so amended) and 
                inserting the following new paragraph:
    ``(2) In carrying out this title, the Administrator is authorized 
to--
            ``(A) collect and make available information pertaining to 
        research, investigations, and demonstrations with respect to 
        providing a dependably safe supply of drinking water, together 
        with appropriate recommendations in connection with the 
        information; and
            ``(B) make available research facilities of the Agency to 
        appropriate public authorities, institutions, and individuals 
        engaged in studies and research relating to this title.''; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following new 
                paragraph:
    ``(12) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this 
subsection $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1994 through 2000.'';
            (5) in the first sentence of subsection (c), by striking 
        ``eighteen months after the date of enactment of this 
        subsection'' and inserting ``2 years after the date of 
        enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1993, 
        and every 5 years thereafter'';
            (6) in subsection (d) (as amended by paragraph (1))--
                    (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``, and'' at the 
                end and inserting a semicolon;
                    (B) in paragraph (2), by striking the period at the 
                end and inserting ``; and'';
                    (C) by adding after paragraph (3) (as redesignated 
                by paragraph (1)) the following new paragraph:
            ``(4) develop and maintain a system for forecasting the 
        supply of, and demand for, various professional occupational 
        categories and other occupational categories needed for the 
        protection and treatment of drinking water in each region of 
        the United States.''; and
                    (D) by adding at the end the following new 
                sentence: ``There are authorized to be appropriated to 
                carry out this subsection $10,000,000 for each of 
                fiscal years 1994 through 2000.'';
            (7) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following 
        new subsection:
    ``(e)(1) The Chief Operator of a public water system and any 
laboratory conducting tests pursuant to this Act, and such additional 
personnel as may be designated by the Administrator, shall be required 
to be certified as proficient pursuant to this section by a State that 
has a certification program that is approved by the Administrator.
    ``(2) The requirement referred to in paragraph (1) shall become 
effective on the date that is 4 years after the date of enactment of 
the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1993, unless--
            ``(A) the State extends the effective date pursuant to 
        paragraph (3); or
            ``(B) the State has proposed to develop a small system 
        compliance program for the system, in which case the effective 
        date shall be the date that is 3 years after the date of 
        completion of the compliance program.
    ``(3) The State may extend the effective date of the requirement 
referred to in paragraph (1) for a period of not to exceed 3 years on a 
system-specific basis if the Administrator determines that, with 
respect to a system, adequate opportunity to seek certification did not 
exist during the period described in paragraph (2).
    ``(4) Each certification of proficiency issued by the appropriate 
official of a State under this section shall be granted to the 
individual that receives the certification and shall not be granted to 
the public water system where the individual is employed.
    ``(5) A certification of proficiency issued under this section 
shall be effective during the 5-year period beginning on the date of 
certification. An individual may be recertified on termination of the 
5-year period (and on termination of each subsequent 5-year period) if 
the individual complies with inservice training and related education 
requirements for the certification.
    ``(6) Nothing in this section is intended to be construed to 
prevent a State from requiring more frequent certification than is 
specified in paragraph (5).
    ``(7) Not later than 1 year after the date of the Safe Drinking 
Water Act Amendments of 1993, the Administrator shall publish 
guidelines specifying minimum standards for certification of the 
proficiency of operators and other appropriate personnel by a State 
pursuant to this subsection.
    ``(8) Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the 
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1993, the Administrator shall 
publish a public water systems operator's manual that describes 
essential knowledge and skills of--
            ``(A) a Chief Operator; and
            ``(B) such additional personnel as the Administrator 
        determines appropriate to receive operator proficiency 
        certification.
    ``(9)(A) Beginning on the date of publication of the guidelines 
under paragraph (7), the Governor of a State may submit to the 
Administrator, in such form as the Administrator may require, a 
certification program under this section.
    ``(B) The Administrator shall review and approve or disapprove a 
program submitted pursuant to this paragraph not later than 90 days 
after the submittal of the application. The Administrator shall approve 
the application on the basis of a determination that--
            ``(i) the State certification program will be consistent 
        with the guidelines published pursuant to subsection (b);
            ``(ii) the State has committed to implement the program by 
        not later than 1 year after the date of approval of the 
        application; and
            ``(iii) the State agrees to provide to the Administrator 
        such information concerning the program as the Administrator 
        may request.
    ``(C) In any case in which the Administrator disapproves a program, 
the Administrator shall provide to the State a written statement of the 
reasons for disapproval. The State may, not later than 90 days after 
receipt of the statement of the Administrator, submit to the 
Administrator such modifications to the application as may be 
necessary. Not later than 30 days after receipt of the revised 
application, the Administrator shall approve or disapprove the revised 
application.
    ``(D) A State may establish a certification requirement in addition 
to the requirements established pursuant to this section.''; and
            (8) in subsection (g) by amending the third sentence by 
        striking ``1987-1991'' and inserting ``1994-2000''.

SEC. 14. STATE DRINKING WATER PROGRAM FUNDING.

    (a) Public Water System Supervision Program.--Section 1443(a) (42 
U.S.C. 300j-2(a)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (3)--
                    (A) by striking ``A grant'' and inserting ``(A) 
                Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a grant''; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraph:
    ``(B) For fiscal year 1997, and each fiscal year thereafter, a 
grant made under paragraph (1) shall cover not more than 50 percent of 
the costs of the grant recipient (as determined under regulations of 
the Administrator) in carrying out, during the 1-year period beginning 
on the date the grant is made, a public water system supervision 
program. A State may use funds collected as a result of a fee program 
established under section 1444(a) to match Federal assistance only to 
the extent that the funds are in excess of amounts provided by the 
State pursuant to subparagraph (A) for fiscal year 1994.'';
            (2) in paragraph (7), by adding at the end a period and the 
        following new flush sentence: ``For the purpose of making 
        grants under paragraph (1), there are authorized to be 
        appropriated such sums as are necessary for each of fiscal 
        years 1992 and 1993 and $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
        1994 through 2000.''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
    ``(8) If the Administrator assumes the primary enforcement 
responsibility of a State water system supervision program, the 
Administrator may reserve from funds made available pursuant to this 
subsection, an amount equal to the amount that would otherwise have 
been provided to the State pursuant to this subsection. The 
Administrator shall use the funds reserved pursuant to this paragraph, 
in combination with fees collected pursuant to section 1444, in such 
manner as to ensure the full and effective administration of a public 
water system supervision program in the State.''.
    (b) State Ground Water Protection Grants.--Section 1443 (42 U.S.C. 
300j-2) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection (d); and
            (2) by inserting after subsection (b) the following new 
        subsection:
    ``(c)(1) The Administrator may make a grant to a State for the 
development and implementation of a State program to ensure the 
coordinated and comprehensive protection of ground water resources 
within the State.
    ``(2) Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the Safe 
Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1993, and annually thereafter, the 
Administrator shall publish guidance that establishes procedures for 
application for State ground water protection program assistance and 
that identifies key elements of State ground water protection programs.
    ``(3)(A) The Administrator shall award grants to States that submit 
an application that is approved by the Administrator. The Administrator 
shall determine the amount of a grant awarded pursuant to this 
paragraph on the basis of an assessment of the extent of ground water 
resources in the State and the likelihood that awarding the grant will 
result in sustained and reliable protection of ground water quality.
    ``(B) The Administrator may also award a grant pursuant to this 
paragraph for innovative programs for prevention of ground water 
contamination proposed by a State.
    ``(C) The Administrator shall, at a minimum, ensure that, for each 
fiscal year, not less than 1 percent of funds made available to the 
Administrator by appropriations to carry out this subsection are 
allocated to each State that submits an application that is approved by 
the Administrator pursuant to this subsection.
    ``(D) The Administrator may not award a grant under this subsection 
to a person who is not a State.
    ``(E) No grant awarded by the Administrator may be used for a 
project to remediate ground water contamination.
    ``(4) The awarding of grants by the Administrator pursuant to this 
paragraph shall be coordinated with the awarding of grants pursuant to 
section 319(i) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 
1329(i)) and the awarding of other Federal grant assistance that 
provides funding for programs related to ground water protection.
    ``(5) The amount of a grant awarded pursuant to paragraph (1) shall 
not exceed 50 percent of the eligible costs of carrying out the ground 
water protection program that is the subject of the grant (as 
determined by the Administrator) for the 1-year period beginning on the 
date that the grant is awarded. The State shall pay a State share to 
cover the costs of the ground water protection program from State funds 
in an amount not less than 50 percent of the cost of conducting the 
program.
    ``(6) Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of the 
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1993, and every 3 years 
thereafter, the Administrator shall evaluate the State ground water 
protection programs that are the subject of grants awarded pursuant to 
this subsection and report to Congress on the status of ground water 
quality in the United States and the effectiveness of State programs 
for ground water protection.
    ``(7) There are authorized to be appropriated to the Environmental 
Protection Agency $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1994 through 
2000.''.
    (c) State Drinking Water Program Funding.--Section 1413(a) (42 
U.S.C. 300g-2(a)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (4), by striking ``and'' at the end;
            (2) in paragraph (5), by striking the period at the end and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(6) is providing funding that, in combination with 
        Federal grant assistance received pursuant to section 1443(a), 
        is sufficient to ensure the full and effective administration 
        of the public water system supervision program of the State.''.
    (d) Federal Fee Program.--Section 1444 (42 U.S.C. 300j-3) is 
amended to read as follows:

``SEC. 1444. FEDERAL DRINKING WATER PROGRAM FEE.

    ``(a) Establishment.--
            ``(1) General authority.--The Administrator shall establish 
        a Federal program for the collection of fees from public water 
        systems in a State to support the costs of administration of 
        the public water system supervision program in the State. 
        Beginning on the first day of fiscal year 1997, the 
        Administrator shall collect fees under this section with 
        respect to a State if the State does not have primary 
        enforcement responsibility for public water systems within the 
        State pursuant to section 1413(a).
            ``(2) Amount of fees.--If the Administrator is authorized 
        to collect fees under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall 
        assess each public water system of the State that serves more 
        than 3,300 individuals. The amount of a fee collected pursuant 
        to the preceding sentence shall be not greater than $0.005 per 
        100 gallons of water billed by a system, and shall, in 
        combination with Federal grant funds reserved by the 
        Administrator that otherwise would have been provided to the 
        State, is sufficient to ensure the full and effective 
        administration of the public water system supervision program 
        of the State.
    ``(b) Public Drinking Water System Supervision Fund.--
            ``(1) Establishment.--There is established in the Treasury 
        of the United States a fund to be known as the `Public Drinking 
        Water System Supervision Fund' (referred to in this paragraph 
        as the `Fund'), consisting of--
                    ``(A) such amounts as are appropriated to the Fund 
                under paragraph (2); and
                    ``(B) any interest earned on investment of amounts 
                in the Fund under paragraph (4).
            ``(2) Transfers to fund.--There are appropriated to the 
        Fund amounts equivalent to amounts collected as fees, and 
        interest on the fees, and received in the Treasury under this 
        section.
            ``(3) Expenditures from fund.--On request by the 
        Administrator, the Secretary of the Treasury shall transfer 
        from the Fund to the Administrator such amounts as the 
        Administrator determines are necessary to carry out the 
        activities for which fees are collected under this section.
            ``(4) Investment of funds.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary of the Treasury 
                shall invest such portion of the Fund as is not, in the 
                judgment of the Secretary, required to meet then 
                current withdrawals. Investments may be made only in 
                interest-bearing obligations of the United States.
                    ``(B) Acquisition of obligations.--For the purpose 
                of investments, obligations may be acquired--
                            ``(i) on original issue at the issue price; 
                        or
                            ``(ii) by purchase of outstanding 
                        obligations at the market price.
                    ``(C) Sale of obligations.--Any obligation acquired 
                by the Fund may be sold by the Secretary of the 
                Treasury at the market price.
                    ``(D) Credits to fund.--The interest on, and the 
                proceeds from the sale or redemption of, any 
                obligations held in the Fund shall be credited to and 
                form a part of the Fund.
            ``(5) Transfers of amounts.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The amounts required to be 
                transferred to the Fund under this paragraph shall be 
                transferred at least monthly from the general fund of 
                the Treasury to the Fund on the basis of estimates made 
                by the Secretary of the Treasury.
                    ``(B) Adjustments.--Proper adjustment shall be made 
                in amounts subsequently transferred to the extent prior 
                estimates were in excess of or less than the amounts 
                required to be transferred.
    ``(c) State Loan Funds.--
            ``(1) In general.--For any fiscal year for which the 
        amounts made available to the Administrator from the Fund 
        established under subsection (b) are less than the total amount 
        deposited in the Fund during the preceding fiscal year, the 
        Administrator may reserve from funds made available pursuant to 
        section 1489 the difference between the amounts.
            ``(2) Use of funds.--The Administrator may use the amount 
        reserved pursuant to paragraph (1) for the administration of 
        the public water system supervision program of States for which 
        fees were collected pursuant to subsection (a) during the 
        preceding fiscal year.''.

SEC. 15. RECORDS AND INSPECTIONS.

    (a) In General.--
            (1) Records.--Subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 
        1445(a)(1) (42 U.S.C. 300j-4(a)(1)) are amended to read as 
        follows:
    ``(A) Each person who (as determined by the Administrator)--
            ``(i) is a supplier of water;
            ``(ii) is or may be otherwise subject to a primary drinking 
        water regulation prescribed pursuant to section 1412 or an 
        order issued pursuant to section 1441;
            ``(iii) is or may be subject to any other provision of part 
        B or this part; or
            ``(iv) is a grantee,
shall establish and maintain such records, make such reports, conduct 
such monitoring, and provide such information as the Administrator may 
reasonably require to assist the Administrator in carrying out the 
activities described in subparagraph (B).
    ``(B) The activities described in this subparagraph are as follows:
            ``(i) Issuing regulations pursuant to this title.
            ``(ii) Determining whether a person has acted or is acting 
        in compliance with part B or this part.
            ``(iii) Determining the injunctive or penalty relief 
        appropriate for any violation of part B or this part.
            ``(iv) Administering a program of financial assistance 
        under this title.
            ``(v) Evaluating the health risks of unregulated 
        contaminants and advising the public of the risks.
            ``(vi) Carrying out any other responsibility of the 
        Administrator under this title.''
            (2) Factors for consideration.--Section 1445(a)(1) (42 
        U.S.C. 300j-4(a)(1)), as amended by section 4(c)(2), is further 
        amended by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:
    ``(D) In requiring the owner or operator of a public water system 
to conduct monitoring pursuant to this subsection, the Administrator 
may take into consideration the size of the population served by the 
public water system and the contaminants likely to be found in the 
drinking water of the public water system.''.
    (b) Authorization.--Section 1445(a)(8) (42 U.S.C. 300j-4(a)(8)) is 
amended by striking ``$30,000,000 in the fiscal year ending September 
30, 1987'' and inserting ``$35,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1994 
through 2000''.
    (c) Inspections.--Subsections (b) and (c) of section 1445 (42 
U.S.C. 300j-4 (b) and (c)) are amended to read as follows:
    ``(b)(1) The Administrator, or the authorized representative of the 
Administrator (including an authorized contractor acting as a 
representative of the Administrator), on presentation of appropriate 
credentials to any person who is or may be subject to--
            ``(i) a national primary drinking water regulation 
        prescribed pursuant to section 1412;
            ``(ii) any requirement to monitor an unregulated 
        contaminant pursuant to subsection (a); or
            ``(iii) any other requirement of part B or E,
or to a person in charge of any of the property of a person referred to 
in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) (or the senior employee present at the 
site), is authorized to enter any establishment, facility, or other 
property of a person referred to in clause (i), (ii), or (iii).
    ``(2) The Administrator or an authorized representative of the 
Administrator may enter an establishment, facility, or other property 
pursuant to paragraph (1)--
            ``(A) in order to determine whether a person has acted or 
        is acting in compliance with part B or this part, including for 
        this purpose, inspecting, at reasonable times, of records, 
        files, papers, processes, controls, and facilities; or
            ``(B) in order to test any feature of a public water 
        system, including the raw water source of the system.
    ``(3) The Administrator or the Comptroller General of the United 
States (or any authorized representative designated by the 
Administrator or the Comptroller General of the United States) shall 
have access for the purpose of audit and examination of any record, 
report, or information of a person or grantee that--
            ``(A) is required to be maintained under subsection (a); or
            ``(B) is pertinent to any financial assistance provided 
        pursuant to this title.
    ``(c) Any person, who is subject to any provision of part B or this 
part (including a person that the Administrator determines may be 
subject to a requirement of part B or this part), shall--
            ``(1) comply with the requirements of subsection (a);
            ``(2) allow the Administrator or the authorized 
        representative of the Administrator to enter and make 
        determinations and test and take samples pursuant to paragraph 
        (1) and (2) of subsection (b); and
            ``(3) allow the Administrator, the Comptroller General of 
        the United States or authorized representative of the 
        Administrator or the Comptroller General of the United States 
        to have access to, audit, and examine records, reports, and 
        information pursuant to subsection (b)(3).''.
    (d) Drinking Water Coolers.--Section 1445 (42 U.S.C. 300j-4) is 
amended by adding at the end the following new subsection:
    ``(f) Information Regarding Drinking Water Coolers.--The 
Administrator may use the authorities of this section in carrying out 
part F. With respect to the application of this section to persons 
subject to part F, a person who manufactures, imports, sells, or 
distributes drinking water coolers or component parts of drinking water 
in interstate commerce shall be considered a supplier of water.''.

SEC. 16. FEDERAL AGENCIES.

    Subsections (a) and (b) of section 1447 (42 U.S.C. 300j-6 (a) and 
(b)) are amended to read as follows:
    ``(a)(1) Each Federal agency shall be subject to, and comply with, 
all Federal, State, interstate and local substantive and procedural 
requirements, administrative authorities, and process and sanctions 
respecting the provision of safe drinking water in the same manner, and 
to the same extent, as any nongovernmental entity is subject to, and 
shall comply with, the requirements, authorities, and process and 
sanctions.
    ``(2) The Federal, State, interstate, and local substantive and 
procedural requirements, administrative authority, and process and 
sanctions referred to in paragraph (1) include all administrative 
orders and all civil and administrative penalties or fines, regardless 
of whether the penalties or fines are punitive or coercive in nature or 
are imposed for isolated, intermittent, or continuing violations.
    ``(3) The United States hereby expressly waives any immunity 
otherwise applicable to the United States with respect to any 
requirement, administrative authority, or process or sanction referred 
to in paragraph (2) (including any injunctive relief, administrative 
order or civil or administrative penalty or fine referred to in 
paragraph (2), or reasonable service charge). The reasonable service 
charges referred to in this paragraph include fees or charges assessed 
in connection with the processing, issuance, renewal or amendment of 
permits, variances, or exemptions, review of plans, studies, and other 
documents, and inspection and monitoring of facilities, as well as any 
other nondiscriminatory charges that are assessed in connection with a 
Federal, State, interstate, or local safe drinking water regulatory 
program.
    ``(4) No agent, employee, or officer of the United States shall be 
personally liable for any civil penalty under this subsection with 
respect to any act or omission within the scope of the official duties 
of the agent, employee, or officer.
    ``(5) An agent, employee, or officer of the United States shall be 
subject to a criminal sanction (including a fine or imprisonment under 
this subsection). No department, agency, or instrumentality of the 
executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Federal Government 
shall be subject to a sanction referred to in the preceding sentence.
    ``(b)(1) The President may waive compliance with subsection (a) by 
any department, agency, or instrumentality in the executive branch if 
the President determines waiving compliance with such subsection to be 
in the paramount interest of the United States.
    ``(2) No waiver described in paragraph (1) shall be granted due to 
the lack of an appropriation unless the President has specifically 
requested the appropriation as part of the budgetary process and 
Congress has failed to make available the requested appropriation.
    ``(3) A waiver under this subsection shall be for a period of not 
to exceed 1 year, but an additional waiver may be granted for a period 
of not to exceed 1 year on the termination of a waiver if the President 
reviews the waiver and makes a determination that it is in the 
paramount interest of the United States to grant an additional waiver.
    ``(4) Not later than January 31 of each year, the President shall 
report to Congress on each waiver granted pursuant to this subsection 
during the preceding calendar year, together with the reason for 
granting the waiver.''.

SEC. 17. CITIZEN'S CIVIL ACTION.

    (a) In General.--Subsections (a) through (c) of section 1449 (42 
U.S.C. 300j-8 (a) through (c)) are amended to read as follows:
    ``(a)(1) Except as provided in subsection (b), any person may 
commence a civil action on behalf of the person--
            ``(A) against any person (including a Federal agency, to 
        the extent permitted by sections 1447 and 1472) who is alleged 
        to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged 
        violation has been repeated by the person) or to be in 
        violation of any requirement of part B or this part (including 
        any regulation issued pursuant to this title);
            ``(B) against any Federal agency that is alleged to have 
        violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has 
        been repeated by the person) or to be in violation of any order 
        issued under this title by the Administrator;
            ``(C) against any Federal agency that fails to pay a 
        penalty assessed by the Administrator pursuant to section 
        1472(c)(1)(B) within 1 year after the effective date of the 
        final order; and
            ``(D) against the Administrator, if a failure of the 
        Administrator to perform any act or duty under this title that 
        is not discretionary with the Administrator is alleged.
    ``(2) Each United States district court shall have jurisdiction, 
without regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the 
parties, to enforce in an action brought under this subsection any 
requirement under this title (including any requirement under a 
regulation issued under this title) or any order issued under this 
title by the Administrator to a Federal agency. The enforcement by the 
court may include ordering--
            ``(A) the Federal agency to pay the penalty assessed 
        pursuant to section 1472(c)(1)(B), or order relief pursuant to 
        section 1428; and
            ``(B) the Administrator to perform an act or duty described 
        in paragraph (1)(D), and to impose any appropriate civil 
        penalties pursuant to section 1472.
    ``(b)(1) No civil action may be commenced--
            ``(A) under subsection (a)(1) concerning a violation of a 
        requirement prescribed under this title (including any 
        requirement under a regulation issued under this title)--
                    ``(i) prior to the termination of the 60-day period 
                beginning on the date the plaintiff gives notice of the 
                violation to--
                            ``(I) the Administrator;
                            ``(II) any alleged violator of the 
                        requirement; and
                            ``(III) the State in which the violation 
                        occurs, or has occurred;
                    ``(ii) if the Administrator, or the Attorney 
                General, has commenced and is diligently prosecuting, a 
                civil action in a court of the United States to require 
                compliance with the requirement, except that in any 
                such action in a court of the United States any person 
                may intervene as a matter of right;
                    ``(iii) if a State has commenced prior to the 
                notification required by this subsection, and is 
                diligently prosecuting, a civil action in a court of 
                the United States to require compliance with the 
                requirement, except that in any such action in a court 
                of the United States any person may intervene as a 
                matter of right; or
                    ``(iv) if the Administrator has commenced, and is 
                diligently prosecuting, an action pursuant to section 
                1472(a) against a Federal agency, or with respect to 
                which the Administrator has issued a final order and 
                the violator has paid a penalty pursuant to section 
                1472(c); or
            ``(B) under subsection (a)(1)(D), before the termination of 
        the 60-day period beginning on the date the plaintiff gives 
        notice of the action to the Administrator.
    ``(2) The notice required by this subsection shall be given in such 
manner as the Administrator shall prescribe by regulation.
    ``(c) In any action under this section, the Administrator or the 
Attorney General, if not a party, may intervene as a matter of right at 
any time in the proceedings. A judgment in an action brought pursuant 
to this section to which the United States is not a party shall not 
have any binding effect upon the United States.''.
    (b) Service of Complaint.--Section 1449 (42 U.S.C. 300j-8) is 
amended by adding at the end the following new subsection:
    ``(f) Whenever any action is brought under this section in a court 
of the United States, the plaintiff shall serve a copy of the complaint 
on the Attorney General and the Administrator. No consent judgment 
shall be entered in an action in which the United States is not a party 
during the 45-day period beginning on the date of receipt of a copy of 
a proposed consent judgment by the Attorney General and the 
Administrator. A judgment in an action under this section to which the 
United States is not a party shall not have a binding effect on the 
United States.''.

SEC. 18. OTHER AMENDMENTS.

    (a) Definition of Public Water System.--Section 1401(4) (42 U.S.C. 
300f(4)) is amended by adding at the end the following new sentence: 
``The term does not include any noncommunity water system that does not 
provide water for human consumption if bottled water is provided for 
human consumption, and there are posted such signs prohibiting the 
drinking of water from the system as the Administrator determines are 
appropriate.''.
    (b) Annual Report.--Section 1450 (42 U.S.C. 300j-9) is amended by 
striking subsection (h).
    (c) State Primary Enforcement Responsibility.--Section 1413(a) (42 
U.S.C. 300g-2(a)), as amended by section 14(c), is further amended by 
striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following new paragraph:
            ``(1) has adopted drinking water regulations that are no 
        less stringent than the national primary drinking water 
        regulations promulgated by the Administrator under subsections 
        (a) and (b) of section 1412 not later than 2 years after the 
        promulgation of the national regulations by the 
        Administrator;''.
    (d) Judicial Review.--Section 1448(a) (42 U.S.C. 300j-7(a)) is 
amended--
            (1) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``final'' after ``any 
        other''; and
            (2) in the second sentence, by striking ``or issuance of 
        the order'' and inserting ``or any other final Agency action''.
    (e) Report to Congress on Private Drinking Water.--Section 1450 (42 
U.S.C. 300j-9) is amended by adding at the end the following new 
subsection:
    ``(j) The Administrator shall conduct a study to determine the 
extent and seriousness of contamination of private sources of drinking 
water that are not regulated under this Act. Not later than 3 years 
after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall 
submit to Congress a report that includes the findings of the study and 
recommendations by the Administrator concerning responses to any 
problems identified under the study.''.

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