CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Public Law 88–352, as amended
78 Stat. 241, as amended
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
352
114–95
Statute Compilation
United States House of Representatives
Office of the Legislative Counsel
text/xml
EN
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2021-10-15
Civil Rights Act of 1964
342
88
1964-07-02
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
[Public Law 88–352; 78 Stat. 241]
[As Amended Through P.L. 114–95, Enacted December 10, 2015]
[Currency: This publication is a compilation of the text of Public Law 88-352. It was last amended by the public law listed in the As Amended Through note above and below at the bottom of each page of the pdf version and reflects current law through the date of the enactment of the public law listed at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/comps/]
[Note: While this publication does not represent an official version of any Federal statute, substantial efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of its contents. The official version of Federal law is found in the United States Statutes at Large and in the United States Code. The legal effect to be given to the Statutes at Large and the United States Code is established by statute (1 U.S.C. 112, 204).]
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
That this Act may be cited as the “Civil Rights Act of 1964.”
Sec. 101. [Amends §2004 of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1971), as amended by §131 of the Civil Rights Act of 1957, and as further amended by §601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1960.]
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="II">TITLE II—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">INJUNCTIVE RELIEF AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN PLACES OF PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="201">Sec. 201. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000a">42 U.S.C. 2000a</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">Each of the following establishments which serves the public is a place of public accommodation within the meaning of this title if its operations affect commerce, or if discrimination or segregation by it is supported by State action:</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/b/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than an establishment located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor of such establishment as his residence;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/b/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">any restaurant cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including but not limited to, any such facility located on the premises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/b/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place exhibition or entertainment; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/b/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">any establishment (A)(i) which is physically located within the premises of any establishment otherwise covered by this subsection, or (ii) within the premises of which is physically located any such covered establishment, and (B) which holds itself out as serving patrons of such covered establishment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The operations of an establishment affect commerce within the meaning of this title if (1) it is one of the establishments described in paragraph (1) of subsection (b); (2) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (2) of subsection (b), it serves or offers to serve interstate travelers or a substantial portion of the food which it serves, or gasoline or other products which it sells, has moved in commerce; (3) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (3) of subsection (b), it customarily presents films, performances, athletic teams, exhibitions, or other sources of entertainment which move in commerce; and (4) in the case of an establishment described in paragraph (4) of subsection (b), it is physically located within the premises of, or there is physically located within its premises, and establishment the operations of which affect commerce within the meaning of this subsection. For purposes of this section, “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">commerce</quotedText>” means travel, trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, or communication among the several States, or between the District of Columbia and any State, or between any foreign country or any territory or possession and any State or the District of Columbia, or between points in the same State but through any other State or the District of Columbia or a foreign country.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Discrimination or segregation by an establishment is supported by State action within the meaning of this title if such discrimination or segregation (1) is carried on under color of any law, statute, ordinance, or regulation; or (2) is carried on under color of any custom or usage required or enforced by officials of the State or political subdivision thereof; or (3) is required by action of the State or political subdivision thereof.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s201/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The provisions of this title shall not apply to private club or other establishment not in fact open to the public, except to the extent that the facilities of such establishment are made available to the customers or patrons of an establishment within the scope of subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s202" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="202">Sec. 202. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000a–1">42 U.S.C. 2000a–1</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">All persons shall be entitled to be free, at any establishment or place, from discrimination or segregation of any kind on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin, if such discrimination or segregation is or purports to be required by any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, rule, or order of a State or any agency or political subdivision thereof.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s203" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="203">Sec. 203. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000a–2">42 U.S.C. 2000a–2</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No person shall (a) withhold, deny, or attempt to withhold or deny, or deprive or attempt to deprive, any person of any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202, or (b) intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person with the purpose of interfering with any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202, or (c) punish or attempt to punish any person for exercising or attempting to exercise any right or privilege secured by section 201 or 202.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s204" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="204">Sec. 204. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000a–3">42 U.S.C. 2000a–3</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s204/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice prohibited by section 203, a civil action for preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or other order, may be instituted by the person aggrieved and, upon timely application, the court may, in its discretion, permit the Attorney General to intervene in such civil action if he certifies that the case is of general public importance. Upon application by the complainant and in such circumstances as the court may deem just, the court may appoint an attorney for such complainant, and may authorize the commencement of the civil action without the payment of fees, costs, or security.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s204/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In any action commenced pursuant to this title, the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs, and the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s204/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In the case of an alleged act or practice prohibited by this title which occurs in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has a State or local law prohibiting such act or practice and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, no civil action may be brought under subsection (a) before the expiration of thirty days after written notice of such alleged act or practice has been given to the appropriate State or local authority by registered mail or in person, provided that the court may stay proceedings in such civil action pending the termination of State or local enforcement proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s204/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In the case of an alleged act or practice prohibited by this title which occurs in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has no State or local law prohibiting such act or practice, a civil action may be brought under subsection (a): <i style="-uslm-dtd:italic">Provided, </i>That the court may refer the matter to the Community Relations Service established by title X of this Act for as long as the court believes there is a reasonable possibility of obtaining voluntary compliance, but for not more than sixty days: <i style="-uslm-dtd:italic">Provided further, </i>That upon expiration of such sixty-day period, the court may extend such period for an additional period, not to exceed a cumulative total of one hundred and twenty days, if it believes there then exists a reasonable possibility of securing voluntary compliance.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s205" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="205">Sec. 205. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000a–4">42 U.S.C. 2000a–4</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Service is authorized to make a full investigation of any complaint referred to it by the court under section 204(d) and may hold such hearings with respect thereto as may be necessary. The Service shall conduct any hearings with respect to any such complaint in executive session, and shall not release any testimony given therein except by agreement of all parties involved in the complaint with the permission of the court, and the Service shall endeavor to bring about a voluntary settlement between the parties.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s206" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="206">Sec. 206. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000a–5">42 U.S.C. 2000a–5</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s206/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights secured by this title, and that the pattern or practice is of such a nature and is intended to deny the full exercise of the rights herein described, the Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the United States by filing with it a complaint (1) signed by him (or in his absence the Acting Attorney General), (2) setting forth facts pertaining to such pattern or practice, and (3) requesting such preventive relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order or other order against the person or persons responsible for such pattern or practice, as he deems necessary to insure the full enjoyment of the rights herein described.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s206/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">In any such proceeding the Attorney General may file with the clerk of such court a request that a court of three judges be convened to hear and determine the case. Such request by the Attorney General shall be accompanied by a certificate that, in his opinion, the case is of general public importance. A copy of the certificate and request for a three-judge court shall be immediately furnished by such clerk to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge of the circuit) in which the case is pending. Upon receipt of the copy of such request it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the circuit or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately three judges in such circuit, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge and another of whom shall be a district judge of the court in which the proceeding was instituted, to hear and determine such case, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. An appeal from the final judgment of such court will lie to the Supreme Court.</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" styleType="OLC" role="undesignated-level" class="leftIndentDecrease1"><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In the event the Attorney General fails to file such a request in any such proceeding, it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" styleType="OLC" role="undesignated-level" class="leftIndentDecrease1"><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this section to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s207" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="207">Sec. 207. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000a–6">42 U.S.C. 2000a–6</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s207/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this title and shall exercise the same without regard to whether the aggrieved party shall have exhausted any administrative or other remedies that may be provided by law.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tII/s207/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The remedies provided in this title shall be the exclusive means of enforcing the rights based on this title, but nothing in this title shall preclude any individual or any State or local agency from asserting any right based on any other Federal or State law not inconsistent with this title, including any statute or ordinance requiring nondiscrimination in public establishments or accommodations, or from pursuing any remedy, civil or criminal, which may be available for the vindication or enforcement of such right.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="III">TITLE III—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIII/s301" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="301">Sec. 301. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000b">42 U.S.C. 2000b</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIII/s301/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Whenever the Attorney General receives a complaint in writing signed by an individual to the effect that he is being deprived of or threatened with the loss of his right to the equal protection of the laws, on account of his race, color, religion, or national origin, by being denied equal utilization of any public facility, which is owned, operated, or managed by or on behalf of any State or subdivision thereof, other than a public school or public college as defined in section 401 of title IV hereof, and the Attorney General believes the complaint is meritorious and certifies that the signer or signers of such complaint are unable, in his judgment, to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings for relief and that the institution of an action will materially further the orderly progress of desegregation in public facilities, the Attorney General is authorized to institute for or in the name of the United States a civil action in any appropriate district court of the United States against such parties and for such relief as may be appropriate, and such court shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section. The Attorney General may implead as defendants such additional parties as are or become necessary to the grant of effective relief hereunder.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIII/s301/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Attorney General may deem a person or persons unable to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings within the meaning of subsection (a) of this section when such person or persons are unable, either directly or through other interested persons or organizations, to bear the expense of the litigation or to obtain effective legal representation; or whenever he is satisfied that the institution of such litigation would jeopardize the personal safety, employment, or economic standing of such person or persons, their families, or their property.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIII/s302" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="302">Sec. 302. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000b–1">42 U.S.C. 2000b–1</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In any action or proceeding under this title the United States shall be liable for costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, the same as a private person.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIII/s303" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="303">Sec. 303. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000b–2">42 U.S.C. 2000b–2</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing in this title shall affect adversely the right of any person to sue for or obtain relief in any court against discrimination in any facility covered by this title.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIII/s304" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="304">Sec. 304. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000b–3">42 U.S.C. 2000b–3</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">A complaint as used in this title, is a writing or document within the meaning of section 1001, title 18, United States Code.</content>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="IV">TITLE IV—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">DESEGREGATION OF PUBLIC EDUCATION </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s401" styleType="traditional" role="definitions">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">definitions </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="401">Sec. 401. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c">42 U.S.C. 2000c</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">As used in this title—</chapeau>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s401/a" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">
“<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">Commissioner</term>” means the Commissioner of Education.<ref style="-uslm-dtd:footnote-ref" idref="ID59AA9B05A8894859842B48D602E0EC4E" class="footnoteRef">1</ref></content><footnote id="ID59AA9B05A8894859842B48D602E0EC4E" style="-uslm-dtd:footnote"><sup style="-uslm-dtd:superscript">1</sup><p style="-uslm-dtd:para; margin-left:1em">All functions of the Commissioner of Education of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare were transferred to the Secretary of Education pursuant to sections 301 and 507 of Pub. L. 96–88, 93 Stat. 677, 692.</p></footnote>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s401/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">
“<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">Desegregation</term>” means the assignment of students to public schools and within such schools without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin, but “<term style="-uslm-dtd:quote">desegregation</term>” shall not mean the assignment of students to public schools in order to overcome racial imbalance.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s401/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">
“<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">Public school</term>” means any elementary or secondary educational institution, and “<term style="-uslm-dtd:quote">public college</term>” means any institution of higher education or any technical or vocational school above the secondary school level, provided that such public school or public college is operated by a State, subdivision of a State, or governmental agency within a State, or operated wholly or predominantly from or through the use of governmental funds or property, or funds or property derived from a governmental source.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s401/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">
“<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">School board</term>” means any agency or agencies which administer a system of one or more public schools and any other agency which is responsible for the assignment of students to or within such system.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s402" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">survey and report of educational opportunities </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="402">Sec. 402. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–1">42 U.S.C. 2000c–1</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commissioner<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">1</ref> shall conduct a survey and make a report to the President and the Congress, within two years of the enactment of this title, concerning the lack of availability of equal educational opportunities for individuals by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin in public educational institutions at all levels in the United States, its territories and possessions, and the District of Columbia.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s403" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">technical assistance </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="403">Sec. 403. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–2">42 U.S.C. 2000c–2</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commissioner<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">1</ref> is authorized, upon the application of any school board, State, municipality, school district, or other governmental unit legally responsible for operating a public school or schools, to render technical assistance to such applicant in the preparation, adoption, and implementation of plans for the desegregation of public schools. Such technical assistance may, among other activities, include making available to such agencies information regarding effective methods of coping with special educational problems occasioned by desegregation, and making available to such agencies personnel of the Office of Education<ref style="-uslm-dtd:footnote-ref" idref="IDFF2E67CB478D4BBB8669F909423BB558" class="footnoteRef">2</ref> or other persons specially equipped to advise and assist them in coping with such problems.</content><footnote id="IDFF2E67CB478D4BBB8669F909423BB558" style="-uslm-dtd:footnote"><sup style="-uslm-dtd:superscript">2</sup><p style="-uslm-dtd:para; margin-left:1em">All functions of the Office of Education were transferred to the Department of Education pursuant to sections 301 and 507 of Pub. L. 96–88, 93 Stat. 677, 692.</p></footnote>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s404" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">training institutes </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="404">Sec. 404. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–3">42 U.S.C. 2000c–3</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commissioner<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">1</ref> is authorized to arrange, through grants or contracts, with institutions of higher education for the operation of short-term or regular session institutes for special training designed to improve the ability of teachers, supervisors, counselors, and other elementary or secondary school personnel to deal effectively with special educational problems occasioned by desegregation. Individuals who attend such an institute on a fulltime basis may be paid stipends for the period of their attendance at such institute in amounts specified by the Commissioner<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">1</ref> in regulations, including allowances for travel to attend such institute.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s405" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">grants </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="405">Sec. 405. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–4">42 U.S.C. 2000c–4</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s405/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commissioner<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">1</ref> is authorized, upon application of a school board, to make grants to such board to pay, in whole or in part, the cost of—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s405/a/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">giving to teachers and other school personnel inservice training in dealing with problems incident to desegregation, and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s405/a/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">employing specialists to advise in problems incident to desegregation.</content>
</paragraph></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s405/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In determining whether to make a grant, and in fixing the amount thereof and the terms and conditions on which it will be made, the Commissioner<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">1</ref> shall take into consideration the amount available for grants under this section and the other applications which are pending before him; the financial condition of the applicant and the other resources available to it; the nature, extent, and gravity of its problems incident to desegregation; and such other factors as he finds relevant.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s406" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">payments </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="406">Sec. 406. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–5">42 U.S.C. 2000c–5</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Payments pursuant to a grant or contract under this title may be made (after necessary adjustments on account of previously made overpayments or underpayments) in advance or by way of reimbursement, and in such installments, as the Commissioner<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">1</ref> may determine.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s407" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">suits by the attorney general </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="407">Sec. 407. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–6">42 U.S.C. 2000c–6</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s407/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">Whenever the Attorney General receives a complaint in writing—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s407/a/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">signed by a parent or group of parents to the effect that his or their minor children, as members of a class of persons similarly situated, are being deprived by a school board of the equal protection of the laws, or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s407/a/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">signed by an individual, or his parent, to the effect that he has been denied admission to or not permitted to continue in attendance at a public college by reason or race, color, religion, sex or national origin,</content>
</paragraph><continuation style="-uslm-dtd:continuation-text" role="subsection">and the Attorney General believes the complaint is meritorious and certifies that the signer or signers of such complaint are unable, in his judgment, to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings for relief and that the institution of an action will materially further the orderly achievement of desegregation in public education, the Attorney General is authorized, after giving notice of such complaint to the appropriate school board or college authority and after certifying that he is satisfied that such board or authority has had a reasonable time to adjust the conditions alleged in such complaint, to institute for or in the name of the United States a civil action in any appropriate district court of the United States against such parties and for such relief as may be appropriate, and such court shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section, provided that nothing herein shall empower any official or court of the United States to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the existing power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards. The Attorney General may implead as defendants such additional parties as are or become necessary to the grant of effective relief hereunder.</continuation></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s407/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Attorney General may deem a person or persons unable to initiate and maintain appropriate legal proceedings within the meaning of subsection (a) of this section when such person or persons are unable, either directly or through other interested persons or organizations, to bear the expense of the litigation or to obtain effective legal representation; or whenever he is satisfied that the institution of such litigation would jeopardize the personal safety, employment, or economic standing of such person or persons, their families, or their property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s407/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">parent</term>” as used in this section includes any person standing in loco parentis. A “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">complaint</quotedText>” as used in this section is a writing or document within the meaning of section 1001, title 18, United States Code.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s408" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="408">Sec. 408. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–7">42 U.S.C. 2000c–7</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In any action or proceeding under this title the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s409" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="409">Sec. 409. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–8">42 U.S.C. 2000c–8</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing in this title shall affect adversely the right of any person to sue for or obtain relief in any court against discrimination in public education.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIV/s410" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="410">Sec. 410. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000c–9">42 U.S.C. 2000c–9</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing in this title shall prohibit classification and assignment for reasons other than race, color, religion, sex or national origin.</content>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="V">TITLE V—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s501" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="501">Sec. 501. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends §102 of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975a).<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s502" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="502">Sec. 502. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends §103(a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975b(a)).<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s503" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="503">Sec. 503. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends §103(b) of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975b(b)).<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s504" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="504">Sec. 504. </num><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s504/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends §104(a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975c(a)).<b>]</b> </editorialNote></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s504/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends §104(b) of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975c(b)).<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s505" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="505">Sec. 505. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends §105(a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975d(a)).<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s506" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="506">Sec. 506. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends §105(f) and §105(g) of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975d (f) and (g)).<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tV/s507" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="507">Sec. 507. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Adds subsection (i) to §105 of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C. 1975d).<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="VI">TITLE VI—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">NONDISCRIMINATION IN FEDERALLY ASSISTED PROGRAMS </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s601" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="601">Sec. 601. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000d">42 U.S.C. 2000d</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to, discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s602" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="602">Sec. 602. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000d–1">42 U.S.C. 2000d–1</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Each Federal department and agency which is empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any program or activity, by way of grant, loan, or contract other than a contract of insurance or guaranty, is authorized and directed to effectuate the provisions of section 601 with respect to such program or activity by issuing rules, regulations, or orders of general applicability which shall be consistent with achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the financial assistance in connection with which the action is taken. No such rule, regulation, or order shall become effective unless and until approved by the President. Compliance with any requirement adopted pursuant to this section may be effected (1) by the termination of or refusal to grant or to continue assistance under such program or activity to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding on the record, after opportunity for hearing, of a failure to comply with such requirement, but such termination or refusal shall be limited to the particular political entity, or part thereof, or other recipient as to whom such a finding has been made and, shall be limited in its effect to the particular program, or part thereof, in which such noncompliance has been so found, or (2) by any other means authorized by law: <i style="-uslm-dtd:italic">Provided, however, </i>That no such action shall be taken until the department or agency concerned has advised the appropriate person or persons of the failure to comply with the requirement and has determined that compliance cannot be secured by voluntary means. In the case of any action terminating, or refusing to grant or continue, assistance because of failure to comply with a requirement imposed pursuant to this section, the head of the Federal department or agency shall file with the committees of the House and Senate having legislative jurisdiction over the program or activity involved a full written report of the circumstances and the grounds for such action. No such action shall become effective until thirty days have elapsed after the filing of such report.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s603" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="603">Sec. 603. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000d–2">42 U.S.C. 2000d–2</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Any department or agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as may otherwise be provided by law for similar action taken by such department or agency on other grounds. In the case of action, not otherwise subject to judicial review, terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance upon a finding of failure to comply with any requirement imposed pursuant to section 602, any person aggrieved (including any State of political subdivision thereof and any agency of either) may obtain judicial review of such action in accordance with section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act, and such action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of that section.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s604" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="604">Sec. 604. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000d–3">42 U.S.C. 2000d–3</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing contained in this title shall be construed to authorize action under this title by any department or agency with respect to any employment practice of any employer, employment agency, or labor organization except where a primary objective of the Federal financial assistance is to provide employment.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s605" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="605">Sec. 605. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000d–4">42 U.S.C. 2000d–4</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing in this title shall add to or detract from any existing authority with respect to any program or activity under which Federal financial assistance is extended by way of a contract of insurance or guaranty.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="606">Sec. 606. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000d–4a">42 U.S.C. 2000d–4a</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">For the purposes of this title, the term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">program or activity</term>” and the term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">program</term>” mean all of the operations of—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/1/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">a department, agency, special purpose district, or other instrumentality of a State or of a local government; or</content></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/1/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the entity of such State or local government that distributes such assistance and each such department or agency (and each other State or local government entity) to which the assistance is extended, in the case of assistance to a State or local government;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/2/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">a college, university, or other postsecondary institution, or a public system of higher education; or</content></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/2/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text"> a local educational agency (as defined in section 8101
of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965), system of vocational education, or other school system;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/3/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">an entire corporation, partnership, or other private organization, or an entire sole proprietorship—</chapeau>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/3/A/i" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">if assistance is extended to such corporation, partnership, private organization, or sole proprietorship as a whole; or</content>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/3/A/ii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="ii">(ii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">which is principally engaged in the business of providing education, health care, housing, social services, or parks and recreation; or</content>
</clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/3/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the entire plant or other comparable, geographically separate facility to which Federal financial assistance is extended, in the case of any other corporation, partnership, private organization, or sole proprietorship; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVI/s606/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">any other entity which is established by two or more of the entities described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3);</content>
</paragraph><continuation style="-uslm-dtd:continuation-text" role="section">any part of which is extended Federal financial assistance.</continuation>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="VII">TITLE VII—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701" styleType="traditional" role="definitions">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">definitions </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="701">Sec. 701. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e">42 U.S.C. 2000e</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">For the purposes of this title—</chapeau>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/a" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">person</term>” includes one or more individuals, governments, governmental agencies, political subdivisions, labor unions, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated organizations, trustees, trustees in cases under title 11 of the United States Code, or receivers.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">employer</term>” means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such a person, but such term does not include (1) the United States, a corporation wholly owned by the Government of the United States, an Indian tribe, or any department or agency of the District of Columbia subject by statute to procedures of the competitive service (as defined in section 2102 of title 5 of the United States Code), of (2) a bona fide private membership club (other than a labor organization) which is exempt from taxation under section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954,<ref style="-uslm-dtd:footnote-ref" idref="ID356DC68C35AB4B8DBA52D7F1221D2D6B" class="footnoteRef">3</ref> except that during the first year after the date of enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, persons having fewer than twenty-five employees (and their agents) shall not be considered employers.</content><footnote id="ID356DC68C35AB4B8DBA52D7F1221D2D6B" style="-uslm-dtd:footnote"><sup style="-uslm-dtd:superscript">3</sup><p style="-uslm-dtd:para; margin-left:1em">For reference to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, see section 2 of Pub. L. 99–514, 100 Stat. 2095.</p></footnote>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">employment agency</term>” means any person regularly undertaking with or without compensation to procure employees for an employer or to procure for employees opportunities to work for an employer and includes an agent of such a person.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">labor organization</term>” means a labor organization engaged in an industry affecting commerce, and any agent of such an organization, and includes any organization of any kind, any agency, or employee representation committee, group, association, or plan so engaged in which employees participate and which exists for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay hours, or other items or conditions of employment, and any conference, general committee, joint or system board, or joint council so engaged which is subordinate to a national or international labor organization.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">A labor organization shall be deemed to be engaged in an industry affecting commerce if (1) it maintains or operates a hiring hall or hiring office which procures employees for an employer or procures for employees opportunities to work for an employer, or (2) the number of its members (or, where it is a labor organization composed of other labor organizations or their representatives, if the aggregate number of the members of such other labor organization) is (A) twenty-five or more during the first year after the date of enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, or (B) fifteen or more thereafter, and such labor organization—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/e/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">is the certified representative of employees under the provisions of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, or the Railway Labor Act, as amended.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/e/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">although not certified, is a national or international labor organization or a local labor organization recognized or acting as the representative of employees of an employer or employers engaged in an industry affecting commerce; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/e/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">has chartered a local labor organization or subsidiary body which is representing or actively seeking to represent employees of employers within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/e/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">has been chartered by a labor organization representing or actively seeking to represent employees within the meaning of paragraph (1) or (2) as the local or subordinate body through which such employees may enjoy membership or become affiliated with such labor organization; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/e/5" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="5">(5) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">is a conference, general committee, joint or system board, or joint council subordinate to a national or international labor organization, which includes a labor organization engaged in an industry affecting commerce within the meaning of any of the preceding paragraphs of this subsection.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">employee</term>” means an individual employed by an employer, except that the term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">employee</term>” shall not include any person elected to public office in any State or political subdivision of any State by the qualified voters thereof, or any person chosen by such officer to be on such officer's personal staff, or an appointee on the policy making level or an immediate adviser with respect to the exercise of the constitutional or legal powers of the office. The exemption set forth in the preceding sentence shall not include employees subject to the civil service laws of a State government, governmental agency or political subdivision. With respect to employment in a foreign country, such term includes an individual who is a citizen of the United States.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/g" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="g">(g) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">commerce</term>” means trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, transmission or communication among the several States; or between a State and any place outside thereof; or within the District of Columbia, or a possession of the United States; or between points in the same State but through a point outside thereof.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/h" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="h">(h) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">industry affecting commerce</term>” means any activity, business, or industry in commerce or in which a labor dispute would hinder or obstruct commerce or the free flow of commerce and includes any activity or industry “<term style="-uslm-dtd:quote">affecting commerce</term>” within the meaning of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, and further includes any governmental industry, business, or activity.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/i" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">State</term>” includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, the Canal Zone, and Outer Continental Shelf lands defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/j" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="j">(j) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">religion</term>” includes all aspects of religious observance and practice, as well as belief, unless an employer demonstrates that he is unable to reasonably accommodate to an employee's or prospective employee's religious observance or practice without undue hardship on the conduct of the employer's business.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/k" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="k">(k) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The terms “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">because of sex</term>” or “<term style="-uslm-dtd:quote">on the basis of sex</term>” include, but are not limited to, because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; and women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions shall be treated the same for all employment-related purposes, including receipt of benefits under fringe benefit programs, as other persons not so affected but similar in their ability or inability to work, and nothing in section 703(h) of this title shall be interpreted to permit otherwise. This subsection shall not require an employer to pay for health insurance benefits for abortion, except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term, or except where medical complications have arisen from an abortion: <i style="-uslm-dtd:italic">Provided, </i>That nothing herein shall preclude an employer from providing abortion benefits or otherwise affect bargaining agreements in regard to abortion.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/l" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="l">(l) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">complaining party</term>” means the Commission, the Attorney General, or a person who may bring an action or proceeding under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/m" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="m">(m) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">demonstrates</term>” means meets the burdens of production and persuasion.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s701/n" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="n">(n) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term “<term style="-uslm-dtd:term">respondent</term>” means an employer, employment agency, labor organization, joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining program, including an on-the-job training program, or Federal entity subject to section 717.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">exemption </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="702">Sec. 702. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–1">42 U.S.C. 2000e–1</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">This title shall not apply to an employer with respect to the employment of aliens outside any State, or to a religious corporation, association, educational institution, or society with respect to the employment of individuals of a particular religion to perform work connected with the carrying on by such corporation, association, educational institution, or society of its activities.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall not be unlawful under section 703 or 704 for an employer (or a corporation controlled by an employer), labor organization, employment agency, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining (including on-the-job training programs) to take any action otherwise prohibited by such section, with respect to an employee in a workplace in a foreign country if compliance with such section would cause such employer (or such corporation), such organization, such agency, or such committee to violate the law of the foreign country in which such workplace is located.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/c/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">If an employer controls a corporation whose place of incorporation is a foreign country, any practice prohibited by section 703 or 704 engaged in by such corporation shall be presumed to be engaged in by such employer.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/c/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Sections 703 and 704 shall not apply with respect to the foreign operations of an employer that is a foreign person not controlled by an American employer.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/c/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">For purposes of this subsection, the determination of whether an employer controls a corporation shall be based on—</chapeau>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/c/3/A" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the interrelation of operations;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/c/3/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the common management;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/c/3/C" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="C">(C) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the centralized control of labor relations; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s702/c/3/D" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="D">(D) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the common ownership or financial control,</content>
</subparagraph><continuation style="-uslm-dtd:continuation-text" role="paragraph">of the employer and the corporation.</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="703">Sec. 703. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–2">42 U.S.C. 2000e–2</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/a/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/a/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.</content>
</paragraph></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employment agency to fail or refuse to refer for employment, or otherwise discriminate against, any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, or to classify or refer for employment any individual on the basis of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a labor organization—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/c/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to exclude or to expel from its membership, or otherwise to discriminate against, any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/c/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to limit, segregate, or classify its membership or applicants for membership, or to classify or fail or refuse to refer for employment any individual, in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities, or would limit such employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee or as an applicant for employment, because of such individual's race, color religion, sex, or national origin; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/c/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to cause or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against an individual in violation of this section.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be an unlawful employment practice for any employer, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs to discriminate against any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in admission to, or employment in, any program established to provide apprenticeship or other training.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, (1) it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to hire and employ employees, for an employment agency to classify, or refer for employment any individual, for a labor organization to classify its membership or to classify or refer for employment any individual, or for an employer, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining programs to admit or employ any individual in any such program, on the basis of his religion, sex, or national origin in those certain instances where religion, sex, or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise, and (2) it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for a school, college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning to hire and employ employees of a particular religion if such school, college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning is, in whole or in substantial part, owned, supported, controlled, or managed by a particular religion or by a particular religious corporation, association, or society, or if the curriculum of such school, college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning is directed toward the propagation of a particular religion.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">As used in this title, the phrase “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">unlawful employment practice</quotedText>” shall not be deemed to include any action or measure taken by any employer, labor organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency with respect to an individual who is a member of the Communist Party of the United States or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/g" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="g">(g) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to fail or refuse to hire and employ any individual for any position, for an employer to discharge any individual from any position, or for an employment agency to fail or refuse to refer any individual for employment in any position, or for a labor organization to fail or refuse to refer any individual for employment in any position, if—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/g/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the occupancy of such position, or access to the premises in or upon which any part of the duties of such position is performed or is to be performed, is subject to any requirement imposed in the interest of the national security of the United States under any security program in effect pursuant to or administered under any statute of the United States or any Executive order of the President; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/g/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">such individual has not fulfilled or has ceased to fulfill that requirement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/h" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="h">(h) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to apply different standards of compensation, or different terms, conditions, or privileges of employment pursuant to a bona fide seniority or merit system, or a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production or to employees who work in different locations, provided that such differences are not the result of an intention to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, nor shall it be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to give and to act upon the results of any professionally developed ability test provided that such test, its administration or action upon the results is not designed, intended or used to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. It shall not be an unlawful employment practice under this title for any employer to differentiate upon the basis of sex in determining the amount of the wages or compensation paid or to be paid to employees of such employer if such differentiation is authorized by the provisions of section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended (29 U.S.C. 206(d)).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/i" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing contained in this title shall apply to any business or enterprise on or near an Indian reservation with respect to any publicly announced employment practice of such business or enterprise under which a preferential treatment is given to any individual because he is an Indian living on or near a reservation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/j" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="j">(j) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing contained in this title shall be interpreted to require any employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee subject to this title to grant preferential treatment to any individual or to any group because of the race, color, religion, sex, or national origin of such individual or group on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of any race, color, religion, sex, or national origin employed by any employer, referred or classified for employment by any employment agency or labor organization, admitted to membership or classified by any labor organization, or admitted to, or employed in, any apprenticeship or other training program, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of such race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in any community, State, section, or other area, or in the available work force in any community, State, section, or other area.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="k">(k)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/1/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">An unlawful employment practice based on disparate impact is established under this title only if—</chapeau>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/1/A/i" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">a complaining party demonstrates that a respondent uses a particular employment practice that causes a disparate impact on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and the respondent fails to demonstrate that the challenged practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity; or</content>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/1/A/ii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="ii">(ii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the complaining party makes the demonstration described in subparagraph (C) with respect to an alternative employment practice and the respondent refuses to adopt such alternative employment practice.</content>
</clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/1/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B)</num><clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/1/B/i" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">With respect to demonstrating that a particular employment practice causes a disparate impact as described in subparagraph (A)(i), the complaining party shall demonstrate that each particular challenged employment practice causes a disparate impact, except that if the complaining party can demonstrate to the court that the elements of a respondent's decisionmaking process are not capable of separation for analysis, the decisionmaking process may be analyzed as one employment practice.</content></clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/1/B/ii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease3">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="ii">(ii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">If the respondent demonstrates that a specific employment practice does not cause the disparate impact, the respondent shall not be required to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity.</content>
</clause>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/1/C" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="C">(C) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The demonstration referred to by subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be in accordance with the law as it existed on June 4, 1989, with respect to the concept of “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">alternative employment practice</quotedText>”.</content>
</subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">A demonstration that an employment practice is required by business necessity may not be used as a defense against a claim of intentional discrimination under this title.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/k/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, a rule barring the employment of an individual who currently and knowingly uses or possesses a controlled substance, as defined in schedules I and II of section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)), other than the use or possession of a drug taken under the supervision of a licensed health care professional, or any other use or possession authorized by the Controlled Substances Act or any other provision of Federal law, shall be considered an unlawful employment practice under this title only if such rule is adopted or applied with an intent to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/l" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="l">(l) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a respondent, in connection with the selection or referral of applicants or candidates for employment or promotion, to adjust the scores of, use different cutoff scores for, or otherwise alter the results of, employment related tests on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/m" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="m">(m) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Except as otherwise provided in this title, an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party demonstrates that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="n">(n)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/1/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in paragraph (2), an employment practice that implements and is within the scope of a litigated or consent judgment or order that resolves a claim of employment discrimination under the Constitution or Federal civil rights laws may not be challenged under the circumstances described in subparagraph (B).</content></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/1/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">A practice described in subparagraph (A) may not be challenged in a claim under the Constitution or Federal civil rights laws—</chapeau>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/1/B/i" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">by a person who, prior to the entry of the judgment or order described in subparagraph (A), had—</chapeau>
<subclause style="-uslm-dtd:subclause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/1/B/i/I" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="I">(I) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">actual notice of the proposed judgment or order sufficient to apprise such person that such judgment or order might adversely affect the interests and legal rights of such person and that an opportunity was available to present objections to such judgment or order by a future date certain; and</content>
</subclause>
<subclause style="-uslm-dtd:subclause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/1/B/i/II" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="II">(II) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">a reasonable opportunity to present objections to such judgment or order; or</content>
</subclause>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/1/B/ii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="ii">(ii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">by a person whose interests were adequately represented by another person who had previously challenged the judgment or order on the same legal grounds and with a similar factual situation, unless there has been an intervening change in law or fact.</content>
</clause>
</subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to—</chapeau>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/2/A" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">alter the standards for intervention under rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or apply to the rights of parties who have successfully intervened pursuant to such rule in the proceeding in which the parties intervened;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/2/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">apply to the rights of parties to the action in which a litigated or consent judgment or order was entered, or of members of a class represented or sought to be represented in such action, or of members of a group on whose behalf relief was sought in such action by the Federal Government;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/2/C" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="C">(C) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">prevent challenges to a litigated or consent judgment or order on the ground that such judgment or order was obtained through collusion or fraud, or is transparently invalid or was entered by a court lacking subject matter jurisdiction; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/2/D" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="D">(D) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">authorize or permit the denial to any person of the due process of law required by the Constitution.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s703/n/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Any action not precluded under this subsection that challenges an employment consent judgment or order described in paragraph (1) shall be brought in the court, and if possible before the judge, that entered such judgment or order. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude a transfer of such action pursuant to section 1404 of title 28, United States Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s704" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">other unlawful employment practices </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="704">Sec. 704. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–3">42 U.S.C. 2000e–3</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s704/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment, for an employment agency, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs, to discriminate against any individual, or for a labor organization to discriminate against any member thereof or applicant for membership, because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this title, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this title.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s704/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer, labor organization, employment agency, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining including on-the-job training programs, to print or publish or cause to be printed or published any notice or advertisement relating to employment by such an employer or membership in or any classification or referral for employment by such a labor organization, or relating to any classification or referral for employment by such an employment agency, or relating to admission to, or employment in, any program established to provide apprenticeship or other training by such a joint labor-management committee indicating any preference, limitation, specification, or discrimination, based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, except that such a notice or advertisement may indicate a preference, limitation, specification, or discrimination based on religion, sex, or national origin when religion, sex, or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification for employment.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">equal employment opportunity commission </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="705">Sec. 705. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–4">42 U.S.C. 2000e–4</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There is hereby created a Commission to be known as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which shall be composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be members of the same political party. Members of the Commission shall be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate for a term of five years. Any individual chosen to fill a vacancy shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of the member whom he shall succeed, and all members of the Commission shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and qualified, except that no such member of the Commission shall continue to serve (1) for more than sixty days when the Congress is in session unless a nomination to fill such vacancy shall have been submitted to the Senate, or (2) after the adjournment sine die of the session of the Senate in which such nomination was submitted. The President shall designate one member to serve as Chairman of the Commission, and one member to serve as Vice Chairman. The Chairman shall be responsible on behalf of the Commission for the administrative operations of the Commission, and, except as provided in subsection (b), shall appoint, in accordance with the provisions of title 5, United States Code, governing appointments in the competitive service, such officers, agents, attorneys, administrative law judges, and employees as he deems necessary to assist it in the performance of its functions and to fix their compensation in accordance with the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code, relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates: <i style="-uslm-dtd:italic">Provided, </i>That assignment, removal, and compensation of administrative law judges shall be in accordance with sections 3105, 3344, 5362, and 7521 of title 5, United States Code.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/b/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There shall be a General Counsel of the Commission appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term of four years. The General Counsel shall have responsibility for the conduct of litigation as provided in sections 706 and 707 of this title. The General Counsel shall have such other duties as the Commission may prescribe or as may be provided by law and shall concur with the Chairman of the Commission on the appointment and supervision of regional attorneys. The General Counsel of the Commission on the effective date of this Act shall continue in such position and perform the functions specified in the subsection until a successor is appointed and qualified.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/b/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Attorneys appointed under this section may, at the direction of the Commission, appear for and represent the Commission in any case in court, provided that the Attorney General shall conduct all litigation to which the Commission is a party in the Supreme Court pursuant to the title.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">A vacancy in the Commission shall not impair the right of the remaining members to exercise all the powers of the Commission and three members thereof shall constitute a quorum.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission shall have an official seal which shall be judicially noticed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission shall at the close of each fiscal year report to the Congress and to the President concerning the action it has taken and the moneys it has disbursed. It shall make such further reports on the cause of and means of eliminating discrimination and such recommendations for further legislation as may appear desirable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The principal office of the Commission shall be in or near the District of Columbia, but it may meet or exercise any or all its powers at any other place. The Commission may establish such regional or State offices as it deems necessary to accomplish the purpose of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/g" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="g">(g) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission shall have power—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/g/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to cooperate with, and, with their consent, utilize regional, State, local, and other agencies, both public and private, and individuals;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/g/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to pay to witnesses whose depositions are taken or who are summoned before the Commission or any of its agents the same witness and mileage fees as are paid to witnesses in the courts of the United States;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/g/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to furnish to persons subject to this title such technical assistance as they may request to further their compliance with this title or an order issued thereunder;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/g/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">upon the request of (i) any employer, whose employees or some of them, or (ii) any labor organization, whose members or some of them, refuse or threaten to refuse to cooperate in effectuating the provisions of this title, to assist in such effectuation by conciliation or such other remedial action as is provided by this title;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/g/5" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="5">(5) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to make such technical studies as are appropriate to effectuate the purposes and policies of this title and to make the results of such studies available to the public;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/g/6" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="6">(6) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">to intervene in a civil action brought under section 706 by an aggrieved party against a respondent other than a government, governmental agency or political subdivision.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/h" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="h">(h)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/h/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission shall, in any of its educational or promotional activities, cooperate with other departments and agencies in the performance of such educational and promotional activities.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/h/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">In exercising its powers under this title, the Commission shall carry out educational and outreach activities (including dissemination of information in languages other than English) targeted to—</chapeau>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/h/2/A" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">individuals who historically have been victims of employment discrimination and have not been equitably served by the Commission; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/h/2/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">individuals on whose behalf the Commission has authority to enforce any other law prohibiting employment discrimination,</content>
</subparagraph><continuation style="-uslm-dtd:continuation-text" role="paragraph">concerning rights and obligations under this title or such law, as the case may be.</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/i" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">All officers, agents, attorneys, and employees of the Commission shall be subject to the provisions of section 9 of the Act of August 2, 1939, as amended (the Hatch Act), notwithstanding any exemption contained in such section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/j" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="j">(j)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/j/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission shall establish a Technical Assistance Training Institute, through which the Commission shall provide technical assistance and training regarding the laws and regulations enforced by the Commission.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/j/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">An employer or other entity covered under this title shall not be excused from compliance with the requirements of this title because of any failure to receive technical assistance under this subsection.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/j/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection such sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 1992.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="k">(k)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There is hereby established in the Treasury of the United States a revolving fund to be known as the “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">EEOC Education, Technical Assistance, and Training Revolving Fund</quotedText>” (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Fund</quotedText>”) and to pay the cost (including administrative and personnel expenses) of providing education, technical assistance, and training relating to laws administered by the Commission. Monies in the Fund shall be available without fiscal year limitation to the Commission for such purposes.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission shall charge fees in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph to offset the costs of education, technical assistance, and training provided with monies in the Fund. Such fees for any education, technical assistance, or training—</chapeau>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/A/i" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">shall be imposed on a uniform basis on persons and entities receiving such education, assistance, or training,</content>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/A/ii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="ii">(ii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">shall not exceed the cost of providing such education, assistance, and training, and</content>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/A/iii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="iii">(iii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">with respect to each person or entity receiving such education, assistance, or training, shall bear a reasonable relationship to the cost of providing such education, assistance, or training to such person or entity.</content>
</clause></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Fees received under subparagraph (A) shall be deposited in the Fund by the Commission.</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/C" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="C">(C) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission shall include in each report made under subsection (e) information with respect to the operation of the Fund, including information, presented in the aggregate, relating to—</chapeau>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/C/i" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the number of persons and entities to which the Commission provided education, technical assistance, or training with monies in the Fund, in the fiscal year for which such report is prepared,</content>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/C/ii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="ii">(ii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the cost to the Commission to provide such education, technical assistance, or training to such persons and entities, and</content>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/2/C/iii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="iii">(iii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the amount of any fees received by the Commission from such persons and entities for such education, technical assistance, or training.</content>
</clause>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Secretary of the Treasury shall invest the portion of the Fund not required to satisfy current expenditures from the Fund, as determined by the Commission, in obligations of the United States or obligations guaranteed as to principal by the United States. Investment proceeds shall be deposited in the Fund.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s705/k/4" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There is hereby transferred to the Fund $1,000,000 from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation of the Commission.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">prevention of unlawful employment practices </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="706">Sec. 706. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–5">42 U.S.C. 2000e–5</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission is empowered, as hereinafter provided, to prevent any person from engaging in any unlawful employment practice as set forth in section 703 or 704 of this title.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Whenever a charge is filed by or on behalf of a person claiming to be aggrieved, or by a member of the Commission, alleging that an employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs, has engaged in an unlawful employment practice, the Commission shall serve a notice of the charge (including the date, place and circumstances of the alleged unlawful employment practice) on such employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee (hereinafter referred to as the “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">respondent</quotedText>”) within ten days, and shall make an investigation thereof. Charges shall be in writing under oath or affirmation and shall contain such information and be in such form as the Commission requires. Charges shall not be made public by the Commission. If the Commission determines after such investigation that there is not reasonable cause to believe that the charge is true, it shall dismiss the charge and promptly notify the person claiming to be aggrieved and the respondent of its action. In determining whether reasonable cause exists, the Commission shall accord substantial weight to final findings and orders made by State or local authorities in proceedings commenced under State or local law pursuant to the requirements of subsections (c) and (d). If the Commission determines after such investigation that there is reasonable cause to believe that the charge is true, the Commission shall endeavor to eliminate any such alleged unlawful employment practice by informal methods of conference, conciliation, and persuasion. Nothing said or done during and as a part of such informal endeavors may be made public by the Commission, its officers or employees, or used as evidence in a subsequent proceeding without the written consent of the persons concerned. Any person who makes public information in violation of this subsection shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both. The Commission shall make its determination on reasonable cause as promptly as possible and, so far as practicable, not later than one hundred and twenty days from the filing of the charge or, where applicable under subsection (c) or (d), from the date upon which the Commission is authorized to take action with respect to the charge.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In the case of an alleged unlawful employment practice occurring in a State, or political subdivision of a State, which has a State or local law prohibiting the unlawful employment practice alleged and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, no charge may be filed under subsection (a) by the person aggrieved before the expiration of sixty days after proceedings have been commenced under the State or local law, unless such proceedings have been earlier terminated, provided that such sixty-day period shall be extended to one hundred and twenty days during the first year after the effective date of such State or local law. If any requirement for the commencement of such proceedings is imposed by a State or local authority other than a requirement of the filing of a written and signed statement of the facts upon which the proceeding is based, the proceeding shall be deemed to have been commenced for the purposes of this subsection at the time such statement is sent by registered mail to the appropriate State or local authority.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In the case of any charge filed by a member of the Commission alleging an unlawful employment practice occurring in a State or political subdivision of a State which has a State or local law prohibiting the practice alleged and establishing or authorizing a State or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, the Commission shall, before taking any action with respect to such charge notify the appropriate State or local officials and, upon request, afford them a reasonable time, but not less than sixty days (provided that such sixty-day period shall be extended to one hundred and twenty days during the first year after the effective day of such State or local law), unless a shorter period is requested, to act under such State or local law to remedy the practice alleged.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/e/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">A charge under this section shall be filed within one hundred and eighty days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred and notice of the charge (including the date, place and circumstances of the alleged unlawful employment practice) shall be served upon the person against whom such charge is made within ten days thereafter, except that in a case of an unlawful employment practice with respect to which the person aggrieved has initially instituted proceedings with a State or local agency with authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, such charge shall be filed by or on behalf of the person aggrieved within three hundred days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred, or within thirty days after receiving notice that the State or local agency has terminated the proceedings under State or local law, whichever is earlier, and a copy of such charge shall be filed by the Commission with the State or local agency.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/e/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">For purposes of this section, an unlawful employment practice occurs, with respect to a seniority system that has been adopted for an intentionally discriminatory purpose in violation of this title (whether or not that discriminatory purpose is apparent on the face of the seniority provision), when the seniority system is adopted, when an individual becomes subject to the seniority system, or when a person aggrieved is injured by the application of the seniority system or provision of the system.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/e/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/e/3/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">For purposes of this section, an unlawful employment practice occurs, with respect to discrimination in compensation in violation of this title, when a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice is adopted, when an individual becomes subject to a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, or when an individual is affected by application of a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, including each time wages, benefits, or other compensation is paid, resulting in whole or in part from such a decision or other practice.</content></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/e/3/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In addition to any relief authorized by section 1977A of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C. 1981a), liability may accrue and an aggrieved person may obtain relief as provided in subsection (g)(1), including recovery of back pay for up to two years preceding the filing of the charge, where the unlawful employment practices that have occurred during the charge filing period are similar or related to unlawful employment practices with regard to discrimination in compensation that occurred outside the time for filing a charge.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/f/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">If within thirty days after a charge is filed with the Commission or within thirty days after expiration of any period of reference under subsection (c) or (d), the Commission has been unable to secure from the respondent a conciliation agreement acceptable to the Commission, the Commission may bring a civil action against any respondent not a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision named in the charge. In the case of a respondent which is a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, if the Commission has been unable to secure from the respondent a conciliation agreement acceptable to the Commission, the Commission shall take no further action and shall refer the case to the Attorney General who may bring a civil action against such respondent in the appropriate United States district court. The person or persons aggrieved shall have the right to intervene in a civil action brought by the Commission or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision. If a charge filed with the Commission pursuant to subsection (b) is dismissed by the Commission, or if within one hundred and eighty days from the filing of such charge or the expiration of any period of reference under subsection (c) or (d), whichever is later, the Commission has not filed a civil action under this section or the Attorney General has not filed a civil action in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, or the Commission has not entered into a conciliation agreement to which the person aggrieved is a party, the Commission, or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, shall so notify the person aggrieved and within ninety days after the giving of such notice a civil action may be brought against the respondent named in the charge (A) by the person claiming to be aggrieved or (B) if such charge was filed by a member of the Commission, by any person whom the charge alleges was aggrieved by the alleged unlawful employment practice. Upon application by the complainant and in such circumstances as the court may deem just, the court may appoint an attorney for such complainant and may authorize the commencement of the action without the payment of fees, costs, or security. Upon timely application, the court may, in its discretion, permit the Commission, or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, to intervene in such civil action upon certification that the case is of general public importance. Upon request, the court may, in its discretion, stay further proceedings for not more than sixty days pending the termination of State or local proceedings described in subsection (c) or (d) of this section or further efforts of the Commission to obtain voluntary compliance.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/f/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Whenever a charge is filed with the Commission and the Commission concludes on the basis of a preliminary investigation that prompt judicial action is necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, the Commission, or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, may bring an action for appropriate temporary or preliminary relief pending final disposition of such charge. Any temporary restraining order or other order granting preliminary or temporary relief shall be issued in accordance with rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It shall be the duty of a court having jurisdiction over proceedings under this section to assign cases for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause such cases to be in every way expedited.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/f/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Each United States district court and each United States court of a place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States shall have jurisdiction of actions brought under this title. Such an action may be brought in any judicial district in the State in which the unlawful employment practice is alleged to have been committed, in the judicial district in which the employment records relevant to such practice are maintained and administered, or in the judicial district in which the aggrieved person would have worked but for the alleged unlawful employment practice, but if the respondent is not found within any such district, such an action may be brought within the judicial district in which the respondent has his principal office. For purposes of sections 1404 and 1406 of title 28 of the United States Code, the judicial district in which the respondent has his principal office shall in all cases be considered a district in which the action might have been brought.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/f/4" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/f/5" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="5">(5) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this subsection to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. If such judge has not scheduled the case for trial within one hundred and twenty days after issue has been joined, that judge may appoint a master pursuant to rule 53 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/g" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="g">(g)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/g/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">If the court finds that the respondent has intentionally engaged in or is intentionally engaging in an unlawful employment practice charged in the complaint, the court may enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of employees, with or without back pay (payable by the employer, employment agency, or labor organization, as the case may be, responsible for the unlawful employment practice), or any other equitable relief as the court deems appropriate. Back pay liability shall not accrue from a date more than two years prior to the filing of a charge with the Commission. Interim earnings or amounts earnable with reasonable diligence by the person or persons discriminated against shall operate to reduce the back pay otherwise allowable.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/g/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/g/2/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No order of the court shall require the admission or reinstatement of an individual as a member of a union, or the hiring, reinstatement, or promotion of an individual as an employee, or the payment to him of any back pay, if such individual was refused admission, suspended or expelled, or was refused employment or advancement or was suspended or discharged for any reason other than discrimination on account of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin or in violation of section 704(a).</content></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/g/2/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">On a claim in which an individual proves a violation under section 703(m) and a respondent demonstrates that the respondent would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible motivating factor, the court—</chapeau>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/g/2/B/i" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">may grant declaratory relief, injunctive relief (except as provided in clause (ii)), and attorney's fees and costs demonstrated to be directly attributable only to the pursuit of a claim under section 703(m); and</content>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/g/2/B/ii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="ii">(ii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">shall not award damages or issue an order requiring any admission, reinstatement, hiring, promotion, or payment, described in subparagraph (A).</content>
</clause>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/h" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="h">(h) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The provisions of the Act entitled “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">An Act to amend the Judicial Code and to define and limit the jurisdiction of courts sitting in equity, and for other purposes,</quotedText>” approved March 23, 1932 (29 U.S.C. 101–115), shall not apply with respect to civil actions brought under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/i" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In any case in which an employer, employment agency, or labor organization fails to comply with an order of a court issued in a civil action brought under this section, the Commission may commence proceedings to compel compliance with such order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/j" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="j">(j) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Any civil action brought under this section and any proceedings brought under subsection (i) shall be subject to appeal as provided in sections 1291 and 1292, title 28, United States Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s706/k" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="k">(k) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In any action or proceeding under this title the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the Commission or the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee (including expert fees) as part of the costs, and the Commission and the United States shall be liable for costs the same as a private person.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s707" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="707">Sec. 707. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–6">42 U.S.C. 2000e–6</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s707/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Whenever the Attorney General has reasonable cause to believe that any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights secured by this title, and that the pattern or practice is of such a nature and is intended to deny the full exercise of the rights herein described, the Attorney General may bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the United States by filing with it a complaint (1) signed by him (or in his absence the Acting Attorney General), (2) setting forth facts pertaining to such pattern or practice, and (3) requesting such relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order or other order against the person or persons responsible for such pattern or practice, as he deems necessary to insure the full enjoyment of the rights herein described.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s707/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The district courts of the United States shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section, and in any such proceeding the Attorney General may file with the clerk of such court a request that a court of three judges be convened to hear and determine the case. Such request by the Attorney General shall be accompanied by a certificate that, in his opinion, the case is of general public importance. A copy of the certificate and request for a three-judge court shall be immediately furnished by such clerk to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge of the circuit) in which the case is pending. Upon receipt of such request it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the circuit or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately three judges in such circuit, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge and another of whom shall be a district judge of the court in which the proceeding was instituted, to hear and determine such case, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. An appeal from the final judgment of such court will lie to the Supreme Court.</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" styleType="OLC" role="undesignated-level" class="leftIndentDecrease1"><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In the event the Attorney General fails to file such a request in any such proceeding, it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" styleType="OLC" role="undesignated-level" class="leftIndentDecrease1"><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this section to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to cause the case to be in every way expedited.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s707/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Effective two years after the date of enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, the functions of the Attorney General under this section shall be transferred to the Commission, together with such personnel, property, records, and unexpended balances of appropriations, allocations, and other funds employed, used, held, available, or to be made available in connection with such functions unless the President submits, and neither House of Congress vetoes, a reorganization plan pursuant to chapter 9 of title 5, United States Code, inconsistent with the provisions of this subsection. The Commission shall carry out such functions in accordance with subsections (d) and (e) of this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s707/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Upon the transfer of functions provided for in subsection (c) of this section, in all suits commenced pursuant to this section prior to the date of such transfer, proceedings shall continue without abatement, all court orders and decrees shall remain in effect, and the Commission shall be substituted as a party for the United States of America, the Attorney General, or the Acting Attorney General as appropriate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s707/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Subsequent to the date of enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, the Commission shall have authority to investigate and act on a charge of a pattern or practice of discrimination, whether filed by or on behalf of a person claiming to be aggrieved or by a member of the Commission. All such actions shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures set forth in section 706 of this Act.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s708" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">effect on state laws </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="708">Sec. 708. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–7">42 U.S.C. 2000e–7</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing in this title shall be deemed to exempt or relieve any person from any liability, duty, penalty, or punishment provided by any present or future law of any State or political subdivision of a State, other than any such law which purports to require or permit the doing of any act which would be an unlawful employment practice under this title.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s709" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">investigations, inspections, records, state agencies </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="709">Sec. 709. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–8">42 U.S.C. 2000e–8</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s709/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In connection with any investigation of a charge filed under section 706, the Commission or its designated representative shall at all reasonable times have access to, for the purposes of examination, and the right to copy any evidence of any person being investigated or proceeded against that relates to unlawful employment practices covered by this title and is relevant to the charge under investigation.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s709/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission may cooperate with State and local agencies charged with the administration of State fair employment practices laws and, with the consent of such agencies, may, for the purpose of carrying out its functions and duties under this title and within the limitation of funds appropriated specifically for such purpose, engage in and contribute to the cost of research and other projects of mutual interest undertaken by such agencies, and utilize the services of such agencies and their employees, and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, pay by advance or reimbursement such agencies and their employees for services rendered to assist the Commission in carrying out this title. In furtherance of such cooperative efforts, the Commission may enter into written agreements with such State or local agencies and such agreements may include provisions under which the Commission shall refrain from processing a charge in any cases or class of cases specified in such agreements or under which the Commission shall relieve any person or class of persons in such State or locality from requirements imposed under this section. The Commission shall rescind any such agreement whenever it determines that the agreement no longer serves the interest of effective enforcement of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s709/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Every employer, employment agency, and labor organization subject to this title shall (1) make and keep such records relevant to the determinations of whether unlawful employment practices have been or are being committed, (2) preserve such records for such periods, and (3) make such reports therefrom as the Commission shall prescribe by regulation or order, after public hearing, as reasonable, necessary, or appropriate for the enforcement of this title or the regulations or orders thereunder. The Commission shall, by regulation, require each employer, labor organization, and joint labor-management committee subject to this title which controls an apprenticeship or other training program to maintain such records as are reasonably necessary to carry out the purposes of this title, including, but not limited to, a list of applicants who wish to participate in such program, including the chronological order in which applications were received, and to furnish to the Commission upon request, a detailed description of the manner in which persons are selected to participate in the apprenticeship or other training program. Any employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee which believes that the application to it of any regulation or order issued under this section would result in undue hardship may apply to the Commission for an exemption from the application of such regulation or order, and, if such application for an exemption is denied, bring a civil action in the United States district court for the district where such records are kept. If the Commission or the court, as the case may be, finds that the application of the regulation or order to the employer, employment agency, or labor organization in question would impose an undue hardship, the Commission or the court, as the case may be, may grant appropriate relief. If any person required to comply with the provisions of this subsection fails or refuses to do so, the United States district court for the district in which such person is found, resides, or transacts business, shall, upon application of the Commission, or the Attorney General in a case involving a government, governmental agency or political subdivision, have jurisdiction to issue to such person an order requiring him to comply.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s709/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In prescribing requirements pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, the Commission shall consult with other interested State and Federal agencies and shall endeavor to coordinate its requirements with those adopted by such agencies. The Commission shall furnish upon request and without cost to any State or local agency charged with the administration of a fair employment practice law information obtained pursuant to subsection (c) of this section from any employer, employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee subject to the jurisdiction of such agency. Such information shall be furnished on condition that it not be made public by the recipient agency prior to the institution of a proceeding under State or local law involving such information. If this condition is violated by a recipient agency, the Commission may decline to honor subsequent requests pursuant to this subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s709/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be unlawful for any officer or employee of the Commission to make public in any manner whatever any information obtained by the Commission pursuant to its authority under this section prior to the institution of any proceeding under this title involving such information. Any officer or employee of the Commission who shall make public in any manner whatever any information in violation of this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $1,000, or imprisoned not more than one year.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s710" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">investigatory powers </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="710">Sec. 710. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–9">42 U.S.C. 2000e–9</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">For the purpose of all hearings and investigations conducted by the Commission or its duly authorized agents or agencies, section 11 of the National Labor Relations Act (49 Stat. 455; 29 U.S.C. 161) shall apply.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s711" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">notices to be posted </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="711">Sec. 711. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–10">42 U.S.C. 2000e–10</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s711/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Every employer, employment agency, and labor organization, as the case may be, shall post and keep posted in conspicuous places upon its premises where notices to employees, applicants for employment, and members are customarily posted a notice to be prepared or approved by the Commission setting forth excerpts from, or summaries of, the pertinent provisions of this title and information pertinent to the filing of a complaint.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s711/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">A willful violation of this section shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $100 for each separate offense.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s712" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">veterans' preference </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="712">Sec. 712. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–11">42 U.S.C. 2000e–11</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing contained in this title shall be construed to repeal or modify any Federal, State, territorial, or local law creating special rights or preference for veterans.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s713" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">rules and regulations </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="713">Sec. 713. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–12">42 U.S.C. 2000e–12</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s713/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Commission shall have authority from time to time to issue, amend, or rescind suitable procedural regulations to carry out the provisions of this title. Regulations issued under this section shall be in conformity with the standards and limitations of the Administrative Procedure Act.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s713/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In any action or proceeding based on any alleged unlawful employment practice, no person shall be subject to any liability or punishment for or on account of (1) the commission by such person of an unlawful employment practice if he pleads and proves that the act or omission complained of was in good faith, in conformity with, and in reliance on any written interpretation or opinion of the Commission, or (2) the failure of such person to publish and file any information required by any provision of this title if he pleads and proves that he failed to publish and file such information in good faith, in conformity with the instructions of the Commission issued under this title regarding the filing of such information. Such a defense, if established, shall be a bar to the action or proceeding, notwithstanding that (A) after such act or omission, such interpretation or opinion is modified or rescinded or is determined by judicial authority to be invalid or of no legal effect, or (B) after publishing or filing the description and annual reports, such publication or filing is determined by judicial authority not to be in conformity with the requirements of this title.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s714" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">forcibly resisting the commission or its representatives </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="714">Sec. 714. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–13">42 U.S.C. 2000e–13</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The provisions of sections 111 and 1114, title 18, United States Code, shall apply to officers, agents, and employees of the Commission in the performance of their official duties. Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 111 and 1114 of title 18, United States Code, whoever in violation of the provisions of section 1114 of such title kills a person while engaged in or on account of the performance of his official functions under this Act shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s715" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">equal employment opportunity coordinating council<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">4</ref> </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="715">Sec. 715. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–14">42 U.S.C. 2000e–14</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There shall be established an Equal Employment Opportunity Coordinating Council<ref style="-uslm-dtd:footnote-ref" idref="ID3A5E5E97995F4BE499626AE224294D88" class="footnoteRef">4</ref> (hereinafter referred to in this section as the Council<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">4</ref>) composed of the Secretary of Labor, the Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Attorney General, the Chairman of the United States Civil Service Commission, and the Chairman of the United States Civil Rights Commission, or their respective delegates. The Council<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">4</ref> shall have the responsibility for developing and implementing agreements, policies and practices designed to minimize effort, promote efficiency, and eliminate conflict, competition, duplication and inconsistency among the operations, functions and jurisdictions of the various departments, agencies and branches of the Federal Government responsible for the implementation and enforcement of equal employment opportunity legislation, orders, and policies. On or before October 1 of each year, the Council<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">4</ref> shall transmit to the President and to the Congress a report of its activities, together with such recommendations for legislative or administrative changes as it concludes are desirable to further promote the purposes of this section.</content><footnote id="ID3A5E5E97995F4BE499626AE224294D88" style="-uslm-dtd:footnote"><sup style="-uslm-dtd:superscript">4</sup><p style="-uslm-dtd:para; margin-left:1em">For abolition of the Council and the transfer of its functions, see Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1978, section 6, 43 F.R. 19807, 92 Stat. 3781.</p></footnote>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s716" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">effective date </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="716">Sec. 716. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–15">42 U.S.C. 2000e–15</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s716/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">This title shall become effective one year after the date of its enactment.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s716/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Notwithstanding subsection (a), sections of this title other than sections 703, 704, 706, and 707 shall become effective immediately.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s716/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The President shall, as soon as feasible after the enactment of this title, convene one or more conferences for the purpose of enabling the leaders of groups whose members will be affected by this title to become familiar with the rights afforded and obligations imposed by its provisions, and for the purpose of making plans which will result in the fair and effective administration of this title when all of its provisions become effective. The President shall invite the participation in such conference or conferences of (1) the members of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, (2) the members of the Commission on Civil Rights, (3) representatives of State and local agencies engaged in furthering equal employment opportunity, (4) representatives of private agencies engaged in furthering equal employment opportunity, and (5) representatives of employers, labor organizations, and employment agencies who will be subject to this title.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">nondiscrimination in federal government employment </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="717">Sec. 717. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–16">42 U.S.C. 2000e–16</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">All personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment (except with regard to aliens employed outside the limits of the United States) in military departments as defined in section 102 of title 5, United States Code, in executive agencies as defined in section 105 of title 5, United States Code (including employees and applicants for employment who are paid from nonappropriated funds), in the United States Postal Service and the Postal Rate Commission, in those units of the Government of the District of Columbia having positions in the competitive service, and in those units of the judicial branch of the Federal Government having positions in the competitive service, in the Smithsonian Institution, and in the Government Printing Office, the General Accounting Office, and the Library of Congress shall be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the Civil Service Commission<ref style="-uslm-dtd:footnote-ref" idref="ID4C4B429DCBAA437F938A908E529C7A58" class="footnoteRef">5</ref> shall have authority to enforce the provisions of subsection (a) through appropriate remedies, including reinstatement or hiring of employees with or without back pay, as will effectuate the policies of this section, and shall issue such rules, regulations, orders and instructions as it deems necessary and appropriate to carry out its responsibilities under this section. The Civil Service Commission<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">5</ref> shall—</chapeau><footnote id="ID4C4B429DCBAA437F938A908E529C7A58" style="-uslm-dtd:footnote"><sup style="-uslm-dtd:superscript">5</sup><p style="-uslm-dtd:para; margin-left:1em">All functions vested in the United States Civil Service Commission are transferred to the Director of the Office of Personnel Management pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1978, section 102, 43 F.R. 36037, 92 Stat. 3783.</p></footnote>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/b/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">be responsible for the annual review and approval of a national and regional equal employment opportunity plan which each department and agency and each appropriate unit referred to in subsection (a) of this section shall submit in order to maintain an affirmative program of equal employment opportunity for all such employees and applicants for employment;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/b/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">be responsible for the review and evaluation of the operation of all agency equal employment opportunity programs, periodically obtaining and publishing (on at least a semiannual basis) progress reports from each such department, agency, or unit; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/b/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">consult with and solicit the recommendations of interested individuals, groups, and organizations relating to equal employment opportunity.</content>
</paragraph><continuation style="-uslm-dtd:continuation-text" role="subsection">The head of each such department, agency, or unit shall comply with such rules, regulations, orders, and instructions which shall include a provision that an employee or applicant for employment shall be notified of any final action taken on any complaint of discrimination filed by him thereunder. The plan submitted by each department, agency, and unit shall include, but not be limited to—</continuation>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/b/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">provision for the establishment of training and education programs designed to provide a maximum opportunity for employees to advance so as to perform at their highest potential; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/b/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">a description of the qualifications in terms of training and experience relating to equal employment opportunity for the principal and operating officials of each such department, agency, or unit responsible for carrying out the equal employment opportunity program and of the allocation of personnel and resources proposed by such department, agency, or unit to carry out its equal employment opportunity program.</content>
</paragraph><continuation style="-uslm-dtd:continuation-text" role="subsection">With respect to employment in the Library of Congress, authorities granted in this subsection to the Civil Service Commission<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">5</ref> shall be exercised by the Librarian of Congress.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Within 90 days of receipt of notice of final action taken by a department, agency, or unit referred to in subsection 717(a), or by the Civil Service Commission<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">5</ref> upon an appeal from a decision or order of such department, agency, or unit on a complaint of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin, brought pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, Executive Order 11478 or any succeeding Executive orders, or after one hundred and eighty days from the filing of the initial charge with the department, agency, or unit or with the Civil Service Commission<ref style="-uslm-dtd:dangling-footnote-ref" class="footnoteRef">5</ref> on appeal from a decision or order of such department, agency, or unit until such time as final action may be taken by a department, agency, or unit, an employee or applicant for employment, if aggrieved by the final disposition of his complaint, or by the failure to take final action on his complaint, may file a civil action as provided in section 706, in which civil action the head of the department, agency, or unit, as appropriate, shall be the defendant.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The provisions of section 706 (f) through (k), as applicable, shall govern civil actions brought hereunder, and the same interest to compensate for delay in payment shall be available as in cases involving nonpublic parties..<ref style="-uslm-dtd:footnote-ref" idref="IDB935D18433EF4D12B96ABE0160E854B2" class="footnoteRef">6</ref></content><footnote id="IDB935D18433EF4D12B96ABE0160E854B2" style="-uslm-dtd:footnote"><sup style="-uslm-dtd:superscript">6</sup><p style="-uslm-dtd:para; margin-left:1em">So in law. Section 114(2) of P.L. 102–166, 105 Stat. 1079, inserted the text from the last comma to the end before the period. The inserted text probably should not have ended with a period.</p></footnote>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing contained in this Act shall relieve any Government agency or official of its or his primary responsibility to assure nondiscrimination in employment as required by the Constitution and statutes or of its or his responsibilities under Executive Order 11478 relating to equal employment opportunity in the Federal Government.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s717/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Section 706(e)(3) shall apply to complaints of discrimination in compensation under this section.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVII/s718" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">special provision with respect to denial, termination, and suspension of government contracts </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="718">Sec. 718. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000e–17">42 U.S.C. 2000e–17</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No Government contract, or portion thereof, with any employer, shall be denied, withheld, terminated, or suspended, by any agency or officer of the United States under any equal employment opportunity law or order, where such employer has an affirmative action plan which has previously been accepted by the Government for the same facility within the past twelve months without first according such employer full hearing and adjudication under the provisions of title 5, United States Code, section 554, and the following pertinent sections: <i style="-uslm-dtd:italic">Provided, </i>That if such employer has deviated substantially from such previously agreed to affirmative action plan, this section shall not apply: <i style="-uslm-dtd:italic">Provided further, </i>That for the purposes of this section an affirmative action plan shall be deemed to have been accepted by the Government at the time the appropriate compliance agency has accepted such plan unless within forty-five days thereafter the Office of Federal Contract Compliance has disapproved such plan.</content>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="VIII">TITLE VIII—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">REGISTRATION AND VOTING STATISTICS </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tVIII/s801" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="801">Sec. 801. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000f">42 U.S.C. 2000f</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Secretary of Commerce shall promptly conduct a survey to compile registration and voting statistics in such geographic areas as may be recommended by the Commission on Civil Rights. Such a survey and compilation shall, to the extent recommended by the Commission on Civil Rights, only include a count of persons of voting age by race, color, and national origin, and determination of the extent to which such persons are registered to vote, and have voted in any statewide primary or general election in which the members of the United States House of Representatives are nominated or elected, since January 1, 1960. Such information shall also be collected and compiled in connection with the Nineteenth Decennial Census, and at such other times as the Congress may prescribe. The provisions of section 9 and chapter 7 of title 13, United States Code, shall apply to any survey, collection, or compilation of registration and voting statistics carried out under this title: <i style="-uslm-dtd:italic">Provided, however, </i>That no person shall be compelled to disclose his race, color, national origin, or questioned about his political party affiliation, how he voted, or the reasons therefor, nor shall any penalty be imposed for his failure or refusal to make such disclosure. Every person interrogated orally by written survey or questionnaire or by any other means with respect to such information shall be fully advised with respect to his right to fail or refuse to furnish such information.</content>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="IX">TITLE IX—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">INTERVENTION AND PROCEDURE AFTER REMOVAL IN CIVIL RIGHTS CASES </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIX/s901" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="901">Sec. 901. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends 28 U.S.C. 1447(d).<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tIX/s902" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="902">Sec. 902. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000h–2">42 U.S.C. 2000h–2</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Whenever an action has been commenced in any court of the United States seeking relief from the denial of equal protection of the laws under the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution on account of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, the Attorney General for or in the name of the United States may intervene in such action upon timely application if the Attorney General certifies that the case is of general public importance. In such action the United States shall be entitled to the same relief as if it had instituted the action.</content>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="X">TITLE X—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS SERVICE </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tX/s1001" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1001">Sec. 1001. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000g">42 U.S.C. 2000g</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tX/s1001/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There is hereby established in and as a part of the Department of Commerce a Community Relations Service (hereinafter referred to as the “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Service</quotedText>”), which shall be headed by a Director who shall be appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate for a term of four years. The Director is authorized to appoint, subject to the civil service laws and regulations, such other personnel as may be necessary to enable the Service to carry out its functions and duties, and to fix their compensation in accordance with the Classification Act of 1949, as amended.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tX/s1001/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:legis-comment"><b>[</b>Amends section 106(a) of the Federal Executive Pay Act of 1956, as amended (5 U.S.C. 2205(a)) by adding the Director of the Community Relations Service to the list of persons paid under that section.<b>]</b> </editorialNote>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tX/s1002" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1002">Sec. 1002. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000g–1">42 U.S.C. 2000g–1</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It shall be the function of the Service to provide assistance to communities and persons therein in resolving disputes, disagreements, or difficulties relating to discriminatory practices based on race, color, or national origin which impair the rights of persons in such communities under the Constitution or laws of the United States or which affect or may affect interstate commerce. The Service may offer its services in cases of such disputes, disagreements, or difficulties whenever, in its judgment, peaceful relations among the citizens of the community involved are threatened thereby, and it may offer its services either upon its own motion or upon the request of an appropriate State or local official or other interested person.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tX/s1003" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1003">Sec. 1003. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000g–2">42 U.S.C. 2000g–2</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tX/s1003/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Service shall, whenever possible, in performing its functions, seek and utilize the cooperation of appropriate State or local, public, or private agencies.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tX/s1003/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The activities of all officers and employees of the Service in providing conciliation assistance shall be conducted in confidence and without publicity, and the Service shall hold confidential any information acquired in the regular performance of its duties upon the understanding that it would be so held. No officer or employee of the Service shall engage in the performance of investigative or prosecuting functions of any department or agency in any litigation arising out of a dispute in which he acted on behalf of the Service. Any officer or other employee of the Service, who shall make public in any manner whatever any information in violation of this subsection, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned not more than one year.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tX/s1004" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1004">Sec. 1004. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000g–3">42 U.S.C. 2000g–3</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Subject to the provisions of sections 205 and 1003(b), the Director shall, on or before January 31 of each year, submit to the Congress a report of the activities of the Service during the preceding fiscal year.</content>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="XI">TITLE XI—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">MISCELLANEOUS </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tXI/s1101" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1101">Sec. 1101. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000h">42 U.S.C. 2000h</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">In any proceeding for criminal contempt arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of this Act, the accused, upon demand therefor, shall be entitled to a trial by jury, which shall conform as near as may be to the practice in criminal cases. Upon conviction, the accused shall not be fined more than $1,000 or imprisoned for more than six months.</chapeau>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" styleType="OLC" role="undesignated-level"><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">This section shall not apply to contempts committed in the presence of the court, or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice, nor to the misbehavior, misconduct, or disobedience of any officer of the court in respect to writs, orders, or process of the court. No person shall be convicted of criminal contempt hereunder unless the act or omission constituting such contempt shall have been intentional, as required in other cases of criminal contempt.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" styleType="OLC" role="undesignated-level"><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nor shall anything herein be construed to deprive courts of their power, by civil contempt proceedings, without a jury, to secure compliance with or to prevent obstruction of, as distinguished from punishment for violations of, any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command of the court in accordance with the prevailing usages of law and equity, including the power of detention.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tXI/s1102" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1102">Sec. 1102. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000h–1">42 U.S.C. 2000h–1</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No person should be put twice in jeopardy under the laws of the United States for the same act or omission. For this reason, an acquittal or conviction in a prosecution for a specific crime under the laws of the United States shall bar a proceeding for criminal contempt, which is based upon the same act or omission and which arises under the provisions of this Act; and an acquittal or conviction in a proceeding for criminal contempt, which arises under the provisions of this Act, shall bar a prosecution for a specific crime under the laws of the United States based upon the same act or omission.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tXI/s1103" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1103">Sec. 1103. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000h–3">42 U.S.C. 2000h–3</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing in this Act shall be construed to deny, impair, or otherwise affect any right or authority of the Attorney General or of the United States or any agency or officer thereof under existing law to institute or intervene in any action or proceeding.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tXI/s1104" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1104">Sec. 1104. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000h–4">42 U.S.C. 2000h–4</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing contained in any title of this Act shall be construed as indicating an intent on the part of Congress to occupy the field in which any such title operates to the exclusion of State laws on the same subject matter, nor shall any provision of this Act be construed as invalidating any provision of State law unless such provision is inconsistent with any of the purposes of this Act, or any provision thereof.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tXI/s1105" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1105">Sec. 1105. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000h–5">42 U.S.C. 2000h–5</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/88/352/tXI/s1106" styleType="traditional-inline">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1106">Sec. 1106. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t42/s2000h–6">42 U.S.C. 2000h–6</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">If any provision of this Act or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of the provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other circumstances shall not be affected thereby.</content>
</section>