Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1985 - Sec. 1002-1003 (Permanent Ceiling on Number of Military Personnel Assigned to Ashore Duty in European Member Nations of NATO); and title XVII-United States Institute of Peace Act
Public Law 98–525, as amended
Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1985 - Sec. 1002-1003 (Permanent Ceiling on Number of Military Personnel Assigned to Ashore Duty in European Member Nations of NATO); and title XVII-United States Institute of Peace Act
525
115–91
Statute Compilation
United States House of Representatives
Office of the Legislative Counsel
text/xml
EN
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United States Institute of Peace Act
Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1985
13734
98
1984-10-19
Department of Defense Authorization Act, 1985 - Sec. 1002-1003 (Permanent Ceiling on Number of Military Personnel Assigned to Ashore Duty in European Member Nations of NATO); and title XVII-United States Institute of Peace Act
[Permanent Ceiling on Number of Military Personnel Assigned to Ashore Duty in European Member Nations of NATO]
[(Public Law 98–525; approved Oct. 19, 1984)]
[As Amended Through P.L. 115–91, Enacted December 12, 2017]
[Currency: This publication is a compilation of the text of Public Law 98–525. It was last amended by the public law listed in the As Amended Through note above and below at the bottom of each page of the pdf version and reflects current law through the date of the enactment of the public law listed at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/comps/]
[Note: While this publication does not represent an official version of any Federal statute, substantial efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of its contents. The official version of Federal law is found in the United States Statutes at Large and in the United States Code. The legal effect to be given to the Statutes at Large and the United States Code is established by statute (1 U.S.C. 112, 204).]
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="X">TITLE X—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">MATTERS RELATING TO NATO AND OTHER ALLIES </heading>
<elided style="-uslm-dtd:omitted-text">* * * * * * *</elided>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">improvements to nato conventional capability </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1002">Sec. 1002. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s1928">22 U.S.C. 1928 note</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">
<elided style="-uslm-dtd:omitted-text">* * *</elided>
</content>
<elided style="-uslm-dtd:omitted-text">* * * * * * *</elided></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/c/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The end strength level of members of the Armed Forces of the United States assigned to permanent duty ashore in European member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization may not exceed a permanent ceiling of approximately 100,000 in any fiscal year.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/c/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">If the Secretary of Defense certifies to the Congress in writing during any fiscal year after fiscal year 1985 that during the previous fiscal year the member nations of NATO (other than the United States) have undertaken significant measures to improve their conventional defense capacity consistent with the goals set forth in subsection (b) which contributes to lengthening the time period between an armed attack on any NATO country and the time the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, would have to request the release and use of nuclear weapons, the Congress would give strong consideration to authorizing an increase in the permanent ceiling prescribed in paragraph (1) for fiscal years after such fiscal year.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/c/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">For purposes of this subsection, the following members of the Armed Forces are excluded in calculating the end strength level of members of the Armed Forces of the United States assigned to permanent duty ashore in European member nations of NATO:</chapeau>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/c/3/A" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Members assigned to permanent duty ashore in Iceland, Greenland, and the Azores.</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/c/3/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Members performing duties in Europe for more than 179 days under a military-to-military contact program under section 168 of title 10, United States Code.</content>
<elided style="-uslm-dtd:omitted-text">* * * * * * *</elided>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/f/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">This section shall not apply in the event of a declaration of war or an armed attack on any NATO member country.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1002/f/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">This section may be waived by the President if he declares an emergency and immediately informs the Congress of his action and the reasons therefor.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1003" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">report on allied contributions to the common defense </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1003">Sec. 1003. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s1928">22 U.S.C. 1928 note</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1003/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">In recognition of the increasing military threat faced by the Western World and in view of the growth, relative to the United States, in the economic strength of Japan, Canada, and a number of Western European countries which has occurred since the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949, and the Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty between Japan and the United States on January 19, 1960, it is the sense of the Congress that—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1003/a/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the burdens of mutual defense now assumed by some of the countries allied with the United States under those agreements are not commensurate with their economic resources;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1003/a/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">since May 1978, when each member nation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) agreed to increase real defense spending annually in the range of 3 percent, most NATO members, except for the United States, have failed to meet the 3 percent real growth commitment consistently;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1003/a/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">since May 1981, when the Government of Japan established its policy to defend the air and sea lines of communication out to 1,000 nautical miles from the coast of Japan, progress to develop the necessary self-defense capabilities to fulfill that pledge has been extremely disappointing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1003/a/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Japan is the ally of the United States with the greatest potential for improving its self-defense capabilities and should, therefore, rapidly increase its annual defense spending to the levels required to fulfill that pledge and to enable Japan to be capable of an effective conventional self-defense capability by 1990, including the capability to carry out its 1,000-mile defense policy, a development that would be consonant not only with Japan's current prominent position in the family of nations but also with its unique sensibilities on the issues of war and peace, sensibilities that are recognized and respected by the people of the United States; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1003/a/5" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="5">(5) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the continued unwillingness of such countries to increase their contributions to the common defense to more appropriate levels will endanger the vitality, effectiveness, and cohesion of the alliances between those countries and the United States.</content>
</paragraph></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tX/s1003/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It is further the sense of the Congress that the President should seek from each signatory country (other than the United States) of the two treaties referred to in subsection (a) acceptance of international security responsibilities and an agreement to make contributions to the common defense which are commensurate with the economic resources of such country, including, when appropriate, an increase in host nation support.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="XVII">TITLE XVII—</num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE </heading>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1701" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">short title </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1701">Sec. 1701. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4601">22 U.S.C. 4601 note</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">This title may be cited as the “<shortTitle style="-uslm-dtd:quote"><inline style="-uslm-dtd:short-title">United States Institute of Peace Act</inline></shortTitle>”.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">declaration of findings and purposes </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1702">Sec. 1702. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4601">22 U.S.C. 4601</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Congress finds and declares that—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">a living institution embodying the heritage, ideals, and concerns of the American people for peace would be a significant response to the deep public need for the Nation to develop fully a range of effective options, in addition to armed capacity, that can leash international violence and manage international conflict;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">people throughout the world are fearful of nuclear war, are divided by war and threats of war, are experiencing social and cultural hostilities from rapid international change and real and perceived conflicts over interests, and are diverted from peace by the lack of problem-solving skills for dealing with such conflicts;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">many potentially destructive conflicts among nations and peoples have been resolved constructively and with cost efficiency at the international, national, and community levels through proper use of such techniques as negotiation, conciliation, mediation, and arbitration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">there is a national need to examine the disciplines in the social, behavioral, and physical sciences and the arts and humanities with regard to the history, nature, elements, and future of peace processes, and to bring together and develop new and tested techniques to promote peaceful economic, political, social, and cultural relations in the world;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/5" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="5">(5) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">existing institutions providing programs in international affairs, diplomacy, conflict resolution, and peace studies are essential to further development of techniques to promote peaceful resolution of international conflict, and the peacemaking activities of people in such institutions, government, private enterprise, and voluntary associations can be strengthened by a national institution devoted to international peace research, education and training, and information services;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/6" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="6">(6) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">there is a need for Federal leadership to expand and support the existing international peace and conflict resolution efforts of the Nation and to develop new comprehensive peace education and training programs, basic and applied research projects, and programs providing peace information;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/7" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="7">(7) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the Commission on Proposals for the National Academy of Peace and Conflict Resolution, created by the Education Amendments of 1978, recommended establishing an academy as a highly desirable investment to further the Nation’s interest in promoting international peace;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/8" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="8">(8) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">an institute strengthening and symbolizing the fruitful relation between the world of learning and the world of public affairs, would be the most efficient and immediate means for the Nation to enlarge its capacity to promote the peaceful resolution of international conflicts; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/a/9" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="9">(9) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the establishment of such an institute is an appropriate investment by the people of this Nation to advance the history, science, art, and practice of international peace and the resolution of conflicts among nations without the use of violence.</content>
</paragraph></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1702/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">It is the purpose of this title to establish an independent, nonprofit, national institute to serve the people and the Government through the widest possible range of education and training, basic and applied research opportunities, and peace information services on the means to promote international peace and the resolution of conflicts among the nations and peoples of the world without recourse to violence.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1703" styleType="traditional" role="definitions">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">definitions </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1703">Sec. 1703. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4602">22 U.S.C. 4602</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">As used in this title, the term—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1703/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">
“<term style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Institute</term>” means the United States Institute of Peace established by this title; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1703/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">
“<term style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Board</term>” means the Board of Directors of the Institute.</content>
</paragraph>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1704" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">establishment of the institute </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1704">Sec. 1704. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4603">22 U.S.C. 4603</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1704/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">There is hereby established the United States Institute of Peace.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1704/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute is an independent nonprofit corporation and an organization described in section 170(c)(2)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The Institute does not have the power to issue any shares of stock or to declare or pay any dividends.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1704/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">As determined by the Board, the Institute may establish, under the laws of the District of Columbia, a legal entity which is capable of receiving, holding, and investing public funds for purposes in furtherance of the Institute under this title. The Institute may designate such legal entity as the “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Endowment of the United States Institute for Peace</quotedText>”.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1704/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute is liable for the acts of its directors, officers, employees, and agents when acting within the scope of their authority.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1704/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1704/e/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute has the sole and exclusive right to use and to allow or refuse others the use of the terms “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">United States Institute of Peace</quotedText>”, “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Jennings Randolph Program for International Peace</quotedText>”, “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace</quotedText>”, and “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace</quotedText>” and the use of any official United States Institute of Peace emblem, badge, seal, and other mark of recognition or any colorable simulation thereof. No powers or privileges hereby granted shall interfere or conflict with established or vested rights secured as of September 1, 1981.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1704/e/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the Institute may use “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">United States</quotedText>” or “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">U.S.</quotedText>” or any other reference to the United States Government or Nation in its title or in its corporate seal, emblem, badge, or other mark of recognition or colorable simulation thereof in any fiscal year only if there is an authorization of appropriations for the Institute for such fiscal year provided by law.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">powers and duties </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1705">Sec. 1705. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4604">22 U.S.C. 4604</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may exercise the powers conferred upon a nonprofit corporation by the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act consistent with this title, except for section 5(o) of the District of Columbia Nonprofit Corporation Act (D.C. Code, sec. 29-1005(o)).</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The institute, acting through the board, may—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">establish a Jennings Randolph Program for International Peace and appoint, for periods up to two years, scholars and leaders in peace from the United States and abroad to pursue scholarly inquiry and other appropriate forms of communication on international peace and conflict resolution and, as appropriate, provide stipends, grants, fellowships, and other support to the leaders and scholars;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">enter into formal and informal relationships with other institutions, public and private, for purposes not inconsistent with this title;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">establish a Jeannette Rankin Research Program on Peace to conduct research and make studies, particularly of an interdisciplinary or of a multidisciplinary nature, into the causes of war and other international conflicts and the elements of peace among the nations and peoples of the world, including peace theories, methods, techniques, programs, and systems, and into the experiences of the United States and other nations in resolving conflicts with justice and dignity and without violence as they pertain to the advancement of international peace and conflict resolution, placing particular emphasis on realistic approaches to past successes and failures in the quest for peace and arms control and utilizing to the maximum extent possible United States Government documents and classified materials from the Department of State, the Department of Defense, and the intelligence community;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">develop programs to make international peace and conflict resolution research, education, and training more available and useful to persons in government, private enterprise, and voluntary associations, including the creation of handbooks and other practical materials;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/5" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="5">(5) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">provide, promote, and support peace education and research programs at graduate and postgraduate levels;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/6" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="6">(6) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">conduct training, symposia, and continuing education programs for practitioners, policymakers, policy implementers, and citizens and noncitizens directed to developing their skills in international peace and conflict resolution;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/7" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="7">(7) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">develop, for publication or other public communication, and disseminate, the carefully selected products of the Institute;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/8" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="8">(8) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">establish a clearinghouse and other means for disseminating information, including classified information that is properly safeguarded, from the field of peace learning to the public and to government personnel with appropriate security clearances;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/9" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="9">(9) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">secure directly, upon request of the president of the Institute to the head of any Federal department or agency and in accordance with section 552 of title 5, United States Code (relating to freedom of information), information necessary to enable the Institute to carry out the purposes of this title if such release of the information would not unduly interfere with the proper functioning of a department or agency, including classified information if the Institute staff and members of the Board who have access to such classified information obtain appropriate security clearances from the Department of Defense and the Department of State; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/b/10" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="10">(10) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">establish the Spark M. Matsunaga Scholars Program, which shall include the provision of scholarships and educational programs in international peace and conflict management and related fields for outstanding secondary school students and the provision of scholarships to outstanding undergraduate students, with program participants and recipients of such scholarships to be known as “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Spark M. Matsunaga Scholars</quotedText>”.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1)</num><subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c/1/A" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute, acting through the Board, may each year make an award to such person or persons who it determines to have contributed in extraordinary ways to peace among the nations and peoples of the world, giving special attention to contributions that advance society’s knowledge and skill in peacemaking and conflict management. The award shall include the public presentation to such person or persons of the Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace and a cash award in an amount of not to exceed $25,000 for any recipient.</content></subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c/1/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease2">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B)</num><clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c/1/B/i" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Secretary of the Treasury shall strike the Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace with suitable emblems, devices, and inscriptions which capture the goals for which the Medal is presented. The design of the medals shall be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury in consultation with the Board and the Commission of Fine Arts.</content></clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c/1/B/ii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease3">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="ii">(ii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace shall be struck in bronze and in the size determined by the Secretary of the Treasury in consultation with the Board.</content>
</clause>
<clause style="-uslm-dtd:clause" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c/1/B/iii" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease3">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="iii">(iii) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The appropriate account of the Treasury of the United States shall be reimbursed for costs incurred in carrying out this subparagraph out of funds appropriated pursuant to section 1710(a)(l).</content>
</clause>
</subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Board shall establish an advisory panel composed of persons eminent in peacemaking, diplomacy, public affairs, and scholarship, and such advisory panel shall advise the Board during its consideration of the selection of the recipient of the award.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/c/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall inform the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives about the selection procedures it intends to follow, together with any other matters relevant to making the award and emphasizing its prominence and significance.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may undertake extension and outreach activities under this title by making grants and entering into contracts with institutions of postsecondary, community, secondary, and elementary education (including combinations of such institutions), with public and private educational, training, or research institutions (including the American Federation of Labor-the Congress of Industrial Organizations) and libraries, and with public departments and agencies (including State and territorial departments of education and of commerce). No grant may be made to an institution unless it is a nonprofit or official public institution, and at least one-fourth of the institute’s annual appropriations shall be paid to such nonprofit and official public institutions. A grant or contract may be made to—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/d/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">initiate, strengthen, and support basic and applied research on international peace and conflict resolution;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/d/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">promote and advance the study of international peace and conflict resolution by educational, training, and research institutions, departments, and agencies;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/d/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">educate the Nation about and educate and train individuals in peace and conflict resolution theories, methods, techniques, programs, and systems;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/d/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">assist the Institute in its publication, clearinghouse, and other information services programs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/d/5" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="5">(5) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">assist the Institute in the study of conflict resolution between free trade unions and Communist-dominated organizations in the context of the global struggle for the protection of human rights; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/d/6" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="6">(6) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">promote the other purposes of this title.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may respond to the request of a department or agency of the United States Government to investigate, examine, study, and report on any issue within the Institutes competence, including the study of past negotiating histories and the use of classified materials.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may enter into personal service and other contracts for the proper operation of the Institute.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/g" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="g">(g) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may fix the duties of its officers, employees, and agents, and establish such advisory committees, councils, or other bodies, as the efficient administration of the business and purposes of the Institute may require.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/h" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="h">(h)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/h/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), the Institute may obtain grants and contracts, including contracts for classified research for the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and the intelligence community, and receive gifts and contributions from government at all levels.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/h/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute and the legal entity described in section 1704(c) may not accept any gift, contribution or grant from a foreign government, any agency or instrumentality of such government, any international organization, or any corporation or other legal entity in which natural persons who are nationals of a foreign country own, directly or indirectly, more than 50 percent of the outstanding capital stock or other beneficial interest in such legal entity.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/h/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the Institute and the legal entity described in section 1704(c) may not obtain any grant or contract or receive any gift or contribution from any private agency, organization, corporation or other legal entity, institution, or individual, except such Institute or legal entity may accept such a gift or contribution to—</chapeau>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/h/3/A" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">purchase, lease for purchase, or otherwise acquire, construct, improve, furnish, or maintain a suitable permanent headquarters, any related facility, or any site or sites for such facilities for the Institute and the legal entity described in section 1704(c); or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/h/3/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">provide program-related hospitality, including such hospitality connected with the presentation of the Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/i" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may charge and collect subscription fees and develop, for publication or other public communication, and disseminate, periodicals and other materials.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/j" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="j">(j) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may charge and collect fees and other participation costs from persons and institutions participating in the Institute’s direct activities authorized in subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/k" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="k">(k) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may sue and be sued, complain, and defend in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/l" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="l">(l) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may adopt, alter, use, and display a corporate seal, emblem, badge, and other mark of recognition and colorable simulations thereof.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/m" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="m">(m) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The institute may do any and all lawful acts and things necessary or desirable to carry out the objectives and purposes of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/n" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="n">(n) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall not itself undertake to influence the passage or defeat of any legislation by the Congress of the United States or by any State or local legislative bodies, or by the United Nations, except that personnel of the Institute may testify or make other appropriate communication when formally requested to do so by a legislative body, a committee, or a member thereof,</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1705/o" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="o">(o) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute may obtain administrative support services from the Administrator of General Services and use all sources of supply and services of the General Services Administration on a reimbursable basis.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">board of directors </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1706">Sec. 1706. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4605">22 U.S.C. 4605</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The powers of the Institute shall be vested in a Board of Directors unless otherwise specified in this title.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Board shall consist of fifteen voting members as follows:</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/b/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Secretary of State (or if the Secretary so designates, another officer of the Department of State who was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate).</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/b/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Secretary of Defense (or if the Secretary so designates, another officer of the Department of Defense who was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate).</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/b/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The president of the National Defense University (or if the president so designates, the vice president of the National Defense University).</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/b/4" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Twelve individuals appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Not more than eight voting members of the Board (including members described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (b)) may be members of the same political party.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/d/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Each individual appointed to the Board under subsection (b)(4) shall have appropriate practical or academic experience in peace and conflict resolution efforts of the United States.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/d/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Officers and employees of the United States Government may not be appointed to the Board under subsection (b)(4).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline leftIndentDecrease1"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">Members of the Board appointed under subsection (b)(4) shall be appointed to four year terms, except that—</chapeau>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e/1/A" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="A">(A) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">the term of six of the members initially appointed shall be two years, as designated by the President at the time of their nomination;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e/1/B" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="B">(B) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">a member may continue to serve until his or her successor is appointed; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph style="-uslm-dtd:subparagraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e/1/C" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="C">(C) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">a member appointed to replace a member whose term has not expired shall be appointed to serve the remainder of that term.</content>
</subparagraph></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The terms of the members of the Board initially appointed under subsection (b)(4) shall begin on January 20, 1985, and subsequent terms shall begin upon the expiration of the preceding term, regardless of when a member is appointed to fill that term.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e/3" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The President may not nominate an individual for appointment to the Board under subsection (b)(4) prior to January 20,1985, but shall submit the names of eleven nominees for initial Board membership under subsection (b)(4) not later than ninety days after that date. If the Senate rejects such a nomination or if such a nomination is withdrawn, the President shall submit the name of a new nominee within fifteen days.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e/4" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="4">(4) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">An individual appointed as a member of the Board under subsection (b)(5) may not be appointed to more than two terms on the Board.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/e/5" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="5">(5) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The term of a member of the Board shall not commence until the member is confirmed by the Senate and sworn in as a member of the Board.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f) </num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">
</heading><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">A member of the Board appointed under subsection (b)(4) may be removed by the President—</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/f/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">in consultation with the Board, for conviction of a felony, malfeasance in office, persistent neglect of duties, or inability to discharge duties;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/f/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">upon the recommendation of eight voting members of the Board; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/f/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">upon the recommendation of a majority of the members of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives and a majority of the members of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate.</content>
</paragraph><continuation style="-uslm-dtd:continuation-text" role="subsection">A recommendation made in accordance with paragraph (2) may be made only pursuant to action taken at a meeting of the Board, which may be closed pursuant to the procedures of subsection (h)(3). Only members who are present may vote. A record of the vote shall Record. be maintained. The President shall be informed immediately by the Board of the recommendation.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/g" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="g">(g) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No member of the Board may participate in any decision, action, or recommendation with respect to any matter which directly and financially benefits the member or pertains specifically to any public body or any private or nonprofit firm or organization with which the member is then formally associated or has been formally associated within a period of two years, except that this subsection shall not be construed to prohibit an ex officio member of the Board from participation in actions of the Board which pertain specifically to the public body of which that member is an officer.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/h" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="h">(h) </num><chapeau style="-uslm-dtd:text">Meetings of the Board shall be conducted as follows:</chapeau>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/h/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The President shall stipulate by name the nominee who shall be the first Chairman of the Board. The first Chairman shall serve for a term of three years. Thereafter, the Board shall elect a Chairman every three years from among the directors appointed by the President under subsection (b)(4) and may elect a Vice Chairman if so provided by the Institute’s bylaws.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/h/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Board shall meet at least semiannually, at any time pursuant to the call of the Chairman or as requested in writing to the Chairman by at least five members of the Board. A majority of the members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for any Board meeting.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/h/3" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="3">(3) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">All meetings of the Board shall be open to public observation and shall be preceded by reasonable public notice. Notice in the Federal Register shall be deemed to be reasonable public notice for purposes of the preceding sentence. In exceptional circumstances, the Board may close those portions of a meeting, upon a majority vote of its members present and with the vote taken in public session, which are likely to disclose information likely to affect adversely any ongoing peace proceeding or activity or to disclose information or matters exempted from public disclosure pursuant to subsection (c) of section 552b of title 5, United States Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/i" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">A director appointed by the President under subsection (b)(4) shall be entitled to receive the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay in effect for grade GS-18 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5, United States Code, for each day during which the director is engaged in the performance of duties as a member of the Board.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1706/j" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="j">(j) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">While away from his home or regular place of business in the performance of duties for the Institute, a director shall be allowed travel expenses, including a per diem in lieu of subsistence, not to exceed the expenses allowed persons employed intermittently in Government service under section 5703(b) of title 5, United States Code.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">officers and employees </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1707">Sec. 1707. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4606">22 U.S.C. 4606</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Board shall appoint the president of the Institute and such other officers as the Board determines to be necessary. The president of the Institute shall be a nonvoting ex officio member of the Board. All officers shall serve at the pleasure of the Board. The president shall be appointed for an explicit term of years. Notwithstanding any other provision of law limiting the payment of compensation, the president and other officers appointed by the Board shall be compensated at rates determined by the Board, but no greater than that payable for level I of the Executive Schedule under chapter 53 of title 5, United States Code.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Subject to the provisions of section 1705(h)(3), the Board shall authorize the president and any other officials or employees it designates to receive and disburse public moneys, obtain and make grants, enter into contracts, establish and collect fees, and undertake all other activities necessary for the efficient and proper functioning of the Institute.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The president, subject to Institute’s bylaws and general policies established by the Board, may appoint, fix the compensation of, and remove such employees of the Institute as the president determines necessary to carry out the purposes of the Institute. In determining employee rates of compensation, the president shall be governed by the provisions of title 5, United States Code, relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/d/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The president may request the assignment of any Federal officer or employee to the Institute by an appropriate department, agency, or congressional official or Member of Congress and may enter into an agreement for such assignment, if the affected officer or employee agrees to such assignment and such assignment causes no prejudice to the salary, benefits, status, or advancement within the department, agency, or congressional staff of such officer or employee.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/d/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense,<ref style="-uslm-dtd:footnote-ref" idref="ID5E6ABE52E14B4A99AB44B2B5614B2552" class="footnoteRef">1</ref> and the Director of Central Intelligence each may assign officers and employees of his respective department or agency, on a rotating basis to be determined by the Board, to the Institute if the affected officer or employee agrees to such assignment and such assignment causes no prejudice to the salary, benefits, status, or advancement within the respective department or agency of such officer or employee.</content><footnote id="ID5E6ABE52E14B4A99AB44B2B5614B2552" style="-uslm-dtd:footnote"><sup style="-uslm-dtd:superscript">1</sup><p style="-uslm-dtd:para; margin-left:1em">Pub. L. 105–277, Sec. 1225(c)(2), which directed the amendment of par. (2) by striking out “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">, Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</quotedText>”, was executed by striking out “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">, the Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</quotedText>” after “<quotedText style="-uslm-dtd:quote">Secretary of Defense</quotedText>”, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.</p></footnote>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No officer or full-time employee of the Institute may receive any salary or other compensation for services from any source other than the Institute during the officer’s or employee’s period of employment by the Institute, except as authorized by the Board.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f)</num><paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/f/1" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Officers and employees of the Institute shall not be consideredofficers and employees of the Federal Government except for purposes of the provisions of title 28, United States Code, which relate to Federal tort claims liability, and the provisions of title 5, United States Code, which relate to compensation and benefits, seq. including the following provisions: chapter 51 (relating to classification); subchapters I and I11 of chapter 53 (relating to pay rates); subchapter I of chapter 81 (relating to compensation for work injuries); chapter 83 (relating to civil service retirement); chapter 87 (relating to life insurance); and chapter 89 (relating to health insurance). The Institute shall make contributions at the same rates applicable to agencies of the Federal Government under the provisions of title 5 referred to in this section.</content></paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/f/2" styleType="OLC" class="leftIndentDecrease1">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall not make long-term commitments to employees that are inconsistent with rules and regulations applicable to Federal employees.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/g" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="g">(g) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No part of the financial resources, income, or assets of the Institute or of any legal entity created by the Institute shall inure to any agent, employee, officer, or director or be distributable to any such person during the life of the corporation or upon dissolution or final liquidation. Nothing in this section may be construed to prevent the payment of reasonable compensation for services or expenses to the directors, officers, employees, and agents of the Institute in amounts approved in accordance with the provisions of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1707/h" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="h">(h) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall not make loans to its directors, officers, employees, or agents, or to any legal entity created by the Institute. A director, officer, employee, or agent who votes for or assents to the making of a loan or who participates in the making of a loan shall be jointly and severally liable to the Institute for the amount of the loan until repayment thereof.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">procedures and records </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1708">Sec. 1708. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4607">22 U.S.C. 4607</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall monitor and evaluate and. provide for independent evaluation if necessary of programs supported in whole or in part under this title to ensure that the provisions off this title and the bylaws, rules, regulations, and guidelines promulgated pursuant to this title are adhered to.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall prescribe procedures to ensure that grants, contracts, and financial support under this title are not suspended unless the grantee, contractor, or person or entity receiving financial support has been given reasonable notice and opportunity to show cause why the action should not be taken.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">In selecting persons to participate in Institute activities, the Institute may consider a person’s practical experience or equivalency in peace study and activity as well as other formal requirements.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall keep correct and complete books and records of account, including separate and distinct accounts of receipts and disbursements of Federal funds. The Institute’s annual financial report shall identify the use of such funding and shall present a clear description of the full financial situation of the Institute.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/e" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="e">(e) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall keep minutes of the proceedings of its Board and of any committees having authority under the Board.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/f" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="f">(f) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall keep a record of the names and addresses of its Board members; copies of this title, of any other Acts relating to the Institute, and of all Institute bylaws, rules, regulations, and guidelines; required minutes of proceedings; a record of all applications and proposals and issued or received contracts and grants; and financial records of the Institute. All items required by this subsection may be inspected by any Board member or the member’s agent or attorney for any proper purpose at any reasonable time.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/g" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="g">(g) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The accounts of the Institute shall be audited annually in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by independent certified public accountants or independent licensed public accountants, certified or licensed by a regulatory authority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States . The audit shall be conducted at the place or places where the accounts of the Institute are normally kept. All books, accounts, financial records, files, and other papers, things, and property belonging to or in use by the Institute and necessary to facilitate the audit shall be made available to the person or persons conducting the audit, and full facilities for verifying transactions with the balances or securities held by depositories, fiscal agents, and custodians shall be afforded to such person or persons.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/h" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="h">(h) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute shall provide a report of the audit to the President and to each House of Congress no later than six months following the close of the fiscal year for which the audit is made. The report shall set forth the scope of the audit and include such statements, together with the independent auditor’s opinion of those statements, as are necessary to present fairly the Institute’s assets and liabilities, surplus or deficit, with reasonable detail, including a statement of the Institute’s income and expenses during the year, including a schedule of all contracts and grants requiring payments in excess of $5,000 and any payments of compensation, salaries, or fees at a rate in excess of $5,000 per year. The report shall be produced in sufficient copies for the public.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1708/i" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="i">(i) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Institute and its directors, officers, employees, and agents shall be subject to the provisions of section 552 of title 5, United States Code (relating to freedom of information).</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1709" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">independence and limitations </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1709">Sec. 1709. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4608">22 U.S.C. 4608</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1709/a" styleType="OLC" class="inline"><num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Nothing in this title may be construed as limiting the authority of the Office of Management and Budget to review and submit comments on the Institute’s budget request at the time it is transmitted to the Congress.</content></subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1709/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">No political test or political qualification may be used in selecting, appointing, promoting, or taking any other personnel action with respect to any officer, employee, agent, or recipient of Institute funds or services or in selecting or monitoring any grantee, contractor, person, or entity receiving financial assistance under this title.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1710" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">funding </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1710">Sec. 1710. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4609">22 U.S.C. 4609</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1710/a" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="a">(a) </num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">Authorization of Appropriations.—</heading>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1710/a/1" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1">(1) </num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">In general.—</heading><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">For the purpose of carrying out this title, there are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2009 through 2014.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph style="-uslm-dtd:paragraph" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1710/a/2" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="2">(2) </num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">Availability.—</heading><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Funds appropriated pursuant to the authority of paragraph (1) shall remain available until expended.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1710/b" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="b">(b) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">The Board of Directors may transfer to the legal entity authorized to be established under section 1704(c) any funds not obligated or expended from appropriations to the Institute for a fiscal year, and such funds shall remain available for obligation or expenditure for the purposes of such legal entity without regard to fiscal year limitations. Any use by such legal entity of appropriated funds shall be reported to each House of the Congress and to the President of the United States.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1710/c" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="c">(c) </num><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Any authority provided by this title to enter into contracts shall be effective for a fiscal year only to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection style="-uslm-dtd:subsection" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1710/d" styleType="OLC">
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="d">(d) </num><heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">Extension.—</heading><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Any authorization of appropriations made for the purposes of carrying out this title shall be extended in the same manner as applicable programs are extended under section 422 of the General Education Provisions Act.</content>
</subsection>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1711" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">dissolution or liquidation </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1711">Sec. 1711. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4610">22 U.S.C. 4610</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Upon dissolution or final liquidation of the Institute or of any legal entity created pursuant to this title, all income and assets of the Institute or other legal entity shall revert to the United States Treasury.</content>
</section>
<section style="-uslm-dtd:section" identifier="/us/sComp/98/525/tXVII/s1712" styleType="traditional">
<heading style="-uslm-dtd:header">reporting requirement and requirement to hold hearings </heading>
<num style="-uslm-dtd:enum" value="1712">Sec. 1712. </num><editorialNote style="-uslm-dtd:usc-reference" role="uscRef"><b>[</b><ref href="/us/usc/t22/s4610">22 U.S.C. 4610</ref><b>]</b> </editorialNote><content style="-uslm-dtd:text">Beginning two years after the date of enactment of this title, and at intervals of two years thereafter, the Chairman of the Board shall prepare and transmit to the Congress and the President a report detailing the progress the Institute has made in carrying out the purposes of this title during the preceding two-year period. The President may prepare and transmit to the Congress within a reasonable time after the receipt of such report the written comments and recommendations of the appropriate agencies of the United States with respect to the contents of such report and their recommendations with respect to any legislation which may be required concerning the Institute. After receipt of such report by the Congress, the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate may hold hearings to review the findings and recommendations of such report and the written comments received from the President.</content>
</section>
<elided style="-uslm-dtd:omitted-text">* * * * * * *</elided>