<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<billStatus>
  <version>3.0.0</version>
  <bill>
    <number>2198</number>
    <updateDate>2023-01-13T04:49:14Z</updateDate>
    <updateDateIncludingText>2023-01-13T04:49:14Z</updateDateIncludingText>
    <originChamber>Senate</originChamber>
    <originChamberCode>S</originChamberCode>
    <type>S</type>
    <introducedDate>2006-01-26</introducedDate>
    <congress>109</congress>
    <committees>
      <item>
        <systemCode>sshr00</systemCode>
        <name>Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee</name>
        <chamber>Senate</chamber>
        <type>Standing</type>
        <subcommittees>
          <item>
            <systemCode>sshr09</systemCode>
            <name>Children and Families Subcommittee</name>
            <activities>
              <item>
                <name>Hearings by</name>
                <date>2006-03-01T21:18:40Z</date>
              </item>
            </activities>
          </item>
        </subcommittees>
        <activities>
          <item>
            <name>Referred to</name>
            <date>2006-01-26T20:28:11Z</date>
          </item>
        </activities>
      </item>
    </committees>
    <actions>
      <item>
        <actionDate>2006-03-01</actionDate>
        <committees>
          <item>
            <systemCode>sshr09</systemCode>
            <name>Children and Families Subcommittee</name>
          </item>
        </committees>
        <sourceSystem>
          <name>Senate</name>
        </sourceSystem>
        <text>Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee on Education and Early Childhood Development. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 109-393.</text>
        <type>Committee</type>
      </item>
      <item>
        <actionDate>2006-02-28</actionDate>
        <committees>
          <item>
            <systemCode>sshr09</systemCode>
            <name>Children and Families Subcommittee</name>
          </item>
        </committees>
        <sourceSystem>
          <name>Senate</name>
        </sourceSystem>
        <text>Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee on Education and Early Childhood Development. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 109-344.</text>
        <type>Committee</type>
      </item>
      <item>
        <actionDate>2006-01-26</actionDate>
        <committees>
          <item>
            <systemCode>sshr00</systemCode>
            <name>Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee</name>
          </item>
        </committees>
        <sourceSystem>
          <name>Senate</name>
        </sourceSystem>
        <text>Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. (text of measure as introduced: CR S214-224)</text>
        <type>IntroReferral</type>
      </item>
      <item>
        <actionDate>2006-01-26</actionDate>
        <text>Introduced in Senate</text>
        <type>IntroReferral</type>
        <actionCode>10000</actionCode>
        <sourceSystem>
          <code>9</code>
          <name>Library of Congress</name>
        </sourceSystem>
      </item>
    </actions>
    <sponsors>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>D000407</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Domenici, Pete V. [R-NM]</fullName>
        <firstName>PETE</firstName>
        <lastName>DOMENICI</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>NM</state>
        <middleName>VICHI</middleName>
        <isByRequest>N</isByRequest>
      </item>
    </sponsors>
    <cosponsors>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>B000468</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Bingaman, Jeff [D-NM]</fullName>
        <firstName>JESSE</firstName>
        <lastName>BINGAMAN</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>NM</state>
        <middleName>FRANCIS</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>A000360</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Alexander, Lamar [R-TN]</fullName>
        <firstName>Lamar</firstName>
        <lastName>Alexander</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>TN</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>M000702</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Mikulski, Barbara A. [D-MD]</fullName>
        <firstName>BARBARA</firstName>
        <lastName>MIKULSKI</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>MD</state>
        <middleName>ANN</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>L000504</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Lugar, Richard G. [R-IN]</fullName>
        <firstName>RICHARD</firstName>
        <lastName>LUGAR</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>IN</state>
        <middleName>GREEN</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>D000388</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Dodd, Christopher J. [D-CT]</fullName>
        <firstName>CHRISTOPHER</firstName>
        <lastName>DODD</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>CT</state>
        <middleName>JOHN</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>O000167</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Obama, Barack [D-IL]</fullName>
        <firstName>Barack</firstName>
        <lastName>Obama</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>IL</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>W000154</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Warner, John [R-VA]</fullName>
        <firstName>JOHN</firstName>
        <lastName>WARNER</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>VA</state>
        <middleName>WILLIAM</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>L000304</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Lieberman, Joseph I. [D-CT]</fullName>
        <firstName>JOSEPH</firstName>
        <lastName>LIEBERMAN</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>CT</state>
        <middleName>I.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>B000611</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Bond, Christopher S. [R-MO]</fullName>
        <firstName>CHRISTOPHER</firstName>
        <lastName>BOND</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>MO</state>
        <middleName>S.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>M001111</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Murray, Patty [D-WA]</fullName>
        <firstName>Patty</firstName>
        <lastName>Murray</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>WA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>B001126</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Burns, Conrad R. [R-MT]</fullName>
        <firstName>CONRAD</firstName>
        <lastName>BURNS</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>MT</state>
        <middleName>R.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>B001233</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Bayh, Evan [D-IN]</fullName>
        <firstName>EVAN</firstName>
        <lastName>BAYH</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>IN</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C000858</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Craig, Larry E. [R-ID]</fullName>
        <firstName>LARRY</firstName>
        <lastName>CRAIG</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>ID</state>
        <middleName>EDWIN</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C000127</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Cantwell, Maria [D-WA]</fullName>
        <firstName>Maria</firstName>
        <lastName>Cantwell</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>WA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>H001016</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Hutchison, Kay Bailey [R-TX]</fullName>
        <firstName>KAY</firstName>
        <lastName>HUTCHISON</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>TX</state>
        <middleName>BAILEY</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>M000639</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Menendez, Robert [D-NJ]</fullName>
        <firstName>Robert</firstName>
        <lastName>Menendez</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>NJ</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>D000294</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. DeWine, Mike [R-OH]</fullName>
        <firstName>MICHAEL</firstName>
        <lastName>DEWINE</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>OH</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>K000305</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Kohl, Herb [D-WI]</fullName>
        <firstName>HERBERT</firstName>
        <lastName>KOHL</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>WI</state>
        <middleName>H.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>T000162</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Thomas, Craig [R-WY]</fullName>
        <firstName>CRAIG</firstName>
        <lastName>THOMAS</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>WY</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>K000148</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Kerry, John F. [D-MA]</fullName>
        <firstName>JOHN</firstName>
        <lastName>KERRY</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>MA</state>
        <middleName>FORBES</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>S001142</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Smith, Gordon H. [R-OR]</fullName>
        <firstName>GORDON</firstName>
        <lastName>SMITH</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>OR</state>
        <middleName>H.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>N000032</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Nelson, Bill [D-FL]</fullName>
        <firstName>CLARENCE</firstName>
        <lastName>NELSON</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>FL</state>
        <middleName>WILLIAM</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>V000126</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Voinovich, George V. [R-OH]</fullName>
        <firstName>GEORGE</firstName>
        <lastName>VOINOVICH</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>OH</state>
        <middleName>V.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>L000174</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Leahy, Patrick J. [D-VT]</fullName>
        <firstName>Patrick</firstName>
        <lastName>Leahy</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>VT</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>A000121</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Allen, George [R-VA]</fullName>
        <firstName>GEORGE</firstName>
        <lastName>ALLEN</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>VA</state>
        <middleName>F.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>A000069</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Akaka, Daniel K. [D-HI]</fullName>
        <firstName>DANIEL</firstName>
        <lastName>AKAKA</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>HI</state>
        <middleName>KOHIKINA</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>T000024</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Talent, Jim [R-MO]</fullName>
        <firstName>JIM</firstName>
        <lastName>TALENT</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>MO</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C000286</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Chambliss, Saxby [R-GA]</fullName>
        <firstName>SAXBY</firstName>
        <lastName>CHAMBLISS</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>GA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C001056</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Cornyn, John [R-TX]</fullName>
        <firstName>John</firstName>
        <lastName>Cornyn</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>TX</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>D000596</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Dayton, Mark [D-MN]</fullName>
        <firstName>MARK</firstName>
        <lastName>DAYTON</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>MN</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C001057</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Coleman, Norm [R-MN]</fullName>
        <firstName>Norm</firstName>
        <lastName>Coleman</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>MN</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>S001163</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Salazar, Ken [D-CO]</fullName>
        <firstName>Ken</firstName>
        <lastName>Salazar</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>CO</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>M001162</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Martinez, Mel [R-FL]</fullName>
        <firstName>Mel</firstName>
        <lastName>Martinez</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>FL</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>I000025</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Inouye, Daniel K. [D-HI]</fullName>
        <firstName>DANIEL</firstName>
        <lastName>INOUYE</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>HI</state>
        <middleName>KEN</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>S000888</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Stevens, Ted [R-AK]</fullName>
        <firstName>THEODORE</firstName>
        <lastName>STEVENS</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>AK</state>
        <middleName>F.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>B000444</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Biden, Joseph R., Jr. [D-DE]</fullName>
        <firstName>JOSEPH</firstName>
        <lastName>BIDEN</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>DE</state>
        <middleName>ROBINETTE</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C000567</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Cochran, Thad [R-MS]</fullName>
        <firstName>Thad</firstName>
        <lastName>Cochran</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>MS</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>H001028</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Hagel, Chuck [R-NE]</fullName>
        <firstName>CHUCK</firstName>
        <lastName>HAGEL</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>NE</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>M001153</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Murkowski, Lisa [R-AK]</fullName>
        <firstName>Lisa</firstName>
        <lastName>Murkowski</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>AK</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>P000590</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Pryor, Mark L. [D-AR]</fullName>
        <firstName>Mark</firstName>
        <lastName>Pryor</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>AR</state>
        <middleName>Lunsford</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>E000285</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Enzi, Michael B. [R-WY]</fullName>
        <firstName>MICHAEL</firstName>
        <lastName>ENZI</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>WY</state>
        <middleName>B.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C001035</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Collins, Susan M. [R-ME]</fullName>
        <firstName>Susan</firstName>
        <lastName>Collins</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>ME</state>
        <middleName>M.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>V000127</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Vitter, David [R-LA]</fullName>
        <firstName>David</firstName>
        <lastName>Vitter</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>LA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>L000550</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Landrieu, Mary L. [D-LA]</fullName>
        <firstName>MARY</firstName>
        <lastName>LANDRIEU</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>LA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-26</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>True</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>L000123</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Lautenberg, Frank R. [D-NJ]</fullName>
        <firstName>FRANK</firstName>
        <lastName>LAUTENBERG</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>NJ</state>
        <middleName>R.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-30</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>J000177</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Johnson, Tim [D-SD]</fullName>
        <firstName>TIM</firstName>
        <lastName>JOHNSON</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>SD</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-30</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>M000355</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. McConnell, Mitch [R-KY]</fullName>
        <firstName>Mitch</firstName>
        <lastName>McConnell</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>KY</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-30</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>S000663</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Snowe, Olympia J. [R-ME]</fullName>
        <firstName>Olympia</firstName>
        <lastName>Snowe</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>ME</state>
        <middleName>J.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-30</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>S000709</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Specter, Arlen [R-PA]</fullName>
        <firstName>ARLEN</firstName>
        <lastName>SPECTER</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>PA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-30</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>F000439</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Frist, William H. [R-TN]</fullName>
        <firstName>WILLIAM</firstName>
        <lastName>FRIST</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>TN</state>
        <middleName>H.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-30</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>S000064</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Sarbanes, Paul S. [D-MD]</fullName>
        <firstName>PAUL</firstName>
        <lastName>SARBANES</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>MD</state>
        <middleName>SPYROS</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-30</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>R000146</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Reid, Harry [D-NV]</fullName>
        <firstName>HARRY</firstName>
        <lastName>REID</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>NV</state>
        <middleName>M.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-30</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>R000361</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Rockefeller, John D., IV [D-WV]</fullName>
        <firstName>JAY</firstName>
        <lastName>ROCKEFELLER</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>WV</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-01-31</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C000174</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Carper, Thomas R. [D-DE]</fullName>
        <firstName>Thomas</firstName>
        <lastName>Carper</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>DE</state>
        <middleName>R.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-02-14</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>I000055</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Isakson, Johnny [R-GA]</fullName>
        <firstName>Johnny</firstName>
        <lastName>Isakson</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>GA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-02-14</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>H000206</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Harkin, Tom [D-IA]</fullName>
        <firstName>THOMAS</firstName>
        <lastName>HARKIN</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>IA</state>
        <middleName>RICHARD</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-02-28</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>L000035</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Lincoln, Blanche L. [D-AR]</fullName>
        <firstName>BLANCHE</firstName>
        <lastName>LINCOLN</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>AR</state>
        <middleName>LAMBERT</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-02-28</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>F000062</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Feinstein, Dianne [D-CA]</fullName>
        <firstName>Dianne</firstName>
        <lastName>Feinstein</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>CA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-03-06</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C001041</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Clinton, Hillary Rodham [D-NY]</fullName>
        <firstName>HILLARY</firstName>
        <lastName>CLINTON</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>NY</state>
        <middleName>R</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-03-06</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>B000711</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Boxer, Barbara [D-CA]</fullName>
        <firstName>BARBARA</firstName>
        <lastName>BOXER</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>CA</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-03-15</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>C000880</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Crapo, Mike [R-ID]</fullName>
        <firstName>Mike</firstName>
        <lastName>Crapo</lastName>
        <party>R</party>
        <state>ID</state>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-03-16</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
      <item>
        <bioguideId>S000148</bioguideId>
        <fullName>Sen. Schumer, Charles E. [D-NY]</fullName>
        <firstName>Charles</firstName>
        <lastName>Schumer</lastName>
        <party>D</party>
        <state>NY</state>
        <middleName>E.</middleName>
        <sponsorshipDate>2006-03-29</sponsorshipDate>
        <isOriginalCosponsor>False</isOriginalCosponsor>
      </item>
    </cosponsors>
    <cboCostEstimates>
      <item>
        <pubDate>2006-02-27T06:00:00Z</pubDate>
        <title>S. 2198, Protecting America's Competitive Edge through Education and Research Act of 2006</title>
        <url>http://www.cbo.gov/publication/17626</url>
        <description>&lt;p&gt;Cost estimate for the bill as introduced on January 26, 2006&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      </item>
      <item>
        <pubDate>2006-02-27T06:00:00Z</pubDate>
        <title>S. 2198, Protecting America's Competitive Edge through Education and Research Act of 2006</title>
        <url>https://www.cbo.gov/publication/17626</url>
        <description>Cost estimate for the bill as introduced on January 26, 2006</description>
      </item>
    </cboCostEstimates>
    <policyArea>
      <name>Science, Technology, Communications</name>
    </policyArea>
    <subjects>
      <legislativeSubjects>
        <item>
          <name>Academic performance</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Aeronautics</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Alien labor</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Armed Forces and National Security</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Astronautics</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Authorization</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Awards, medals, prizes</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Broadband</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Commemorations</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Congress</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Congressional reporting requirements</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Curricula</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Defense budgets</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Department of Commerce</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Earth sciences</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Economics and Public Finance</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Education</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Educational accountability</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Educational planning</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Educational technology</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Elementary and secondary education</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Engineering</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Engineers</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Executive reorganization</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Export controls</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Federal advisory bodies</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Federal aid to education</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Federal aid to research</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Federal officials</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Federally-guaranteed loans</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Finance and Financial Sector</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Foreign Trade and International Finance</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Foreign students</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Government Operations and Politics</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Government lending</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Graduate education</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Higher education</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Housing and Community Development</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Immigrants</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Immigration</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Infrastructure</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Intellectual property</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>International Affairs</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Internet</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Inventions</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Inventors</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Labor and Employment</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Mathematics</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Military research</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>National Science Foundation</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Office of Science and Technology Policy</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Patent infringement</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Patents</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Planets</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Research and development</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Research centers</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Research grants</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Revolving funds</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Scholarships</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Scientific education</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Scientific exchanges</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Scientific instruments and apparatus</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Scientists</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Space activities</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Space exploration</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Sun</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Teacher education</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Teacher supply and demand</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Teaching materials</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Technological innovations</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Technology transfer</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Transportation and Public Works</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Urban affairs</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Urban areas</name>
        </item>
        <item>
          <name>Visas</name>
        </item>
      </legislativeSubjects>
      <policyArea>
        <name>Science, Technology, Communications</name>
      </policyArea>
    </subjects>
    <summaries>
      <summary>
        <versionCode>00</versionCode>
        <actionDate>2006-01-26</actionDate>
        <actionDesc>Introduced in Senate</actionDesc>
        <updateDate>2006-03-01T21:08:00Z</updateDate>
        <text><![CDATA[ <p>Protecting America's Competitive Edge Through Education and Research Act of 2006 - PACE-Education Act - Establishes programs to provide additional mathematics and science teachers in K-12 elementary and secondary education (teachers), including: (1) Department of Education (ED) grants to institutions of higher education (IHE's) for baccalaureate degree programs in mathematics, science, and engineering, with teacher certification, and for master's degree programs in mathematics and science education for teachers; (2) National Science Foundation (NSF) scholarships for recruiting and training new teachers, and fellowships for teachers; (3) ED grants to nonprofit entities to train additional teachers for Advanced Placement (AP), pre-AP, International Baccalaureate (IB), and pre-IB programs; (4) a National Clearinghouse on Mathematics and Science Teaching Materials; (5) Future American-Scientist Scholarships (ED); (6) Department of Energy graduate research fellowships in scientific areas of national need; and (7) NSF early-career research grants for scientists and engineers.</p> <P>Directs the Office of Science and Technology Policy Matters to: (1) coordinate science, mathematics, and engineering education programs; (2) establish a National Coordination Office for Advanced Research Instrumentation and Facilities; (3) establish guidelines for federal agencies to allocate funds for high-risk, high-payoff research; and (4) award a President's Innovation Award.</P> <P>Directs the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to award early-career research grants.</P> <P>Amends the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 to direct the Department of Commerce to award grants for feasibility studies and plans for science parks, and for revolving loan funds to develop science park infrastructure.</P> <P></P> <P>Amends the Immigration and Nationality Act to: (1) create a new visa category for doctorate students in mathematics, engineering, technology, or the physical sciences; and (2) exempt from numerical limitations on employment-based immigrants certain aliens who have received such advanced degrees and are working in a related field.</P> <P>Directs the Department of Defense (DOD) to award early-career research grants.</P> <P>Expresses the sense of Senate on: (1) policies to accelerate deployment of access to broadband Internet; (2) the visa process for foreign students at U.S. IHE's and foreign researchers engaging in scientific research in the United States; (3) patent reform; and (4) exemption of certain uses of technology from treatment as exports.</P>]]></text>
      </summary>
    </summaries>
    <title>PACE-Education Act</title>
    <titles>
      <item>
        <titleType>Display Title</titleType>
        <title>PACE-Education Act</title>
      </item>
      <item>
        <titleType>Official Title as Introduced</titleType>
        <title>A bill to ensure the United States successfully competes in the 21st century global economy.</title>
        <billTextVersionName>Introduced in Senate</billTextVersionName>
        <billTextVersionCode>IS</billTextVersionCode>
      </item>
      <item>
        <titleType>Short Titles as Introduced</titleType>
        <title>PACE-Education Act</title>
      </item>
      <item>
        <titleType>Short Titles as Introduced</titleType>
        <title>Protecting America's Competitive Edge Through Education and Research Act of 2006</title>
      </item>
    </titles>
    <textVersions>
      <item>
        <type>Introduced in Senate</type>
        <date>2006-01-26T05:00:00Z</date>
        <formats>
          <item>
            <url>https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-109s2198is/xml/BILLS-109s2198is.xml</url>
          </item>
        </formats>
      </item>
    </textVersions>
    <latestAction>
      <actionDate>2006-03-01</actionDate>
      <text>Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Subcommittee on Education and Early Childhood Development. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 109-393.</text>
    </latestAction>
  </bill>
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    <dc:rights>Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.</dc:rights>
    <dc:contributor>Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress</dc:contributor>
    <dc:description>This file contains bill summaries and statuses for federal legislation. A bill summary describes the most significant provisions of a piece of legislation and details the effects the legislative text may have on current law and federal programs. Bill summaries are authored by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) of the Library of Congress. As stated in Public Law 91-510 (2 USC 166 (d)(6)), one of the duties of CRS is "to prepare summaries and digests of bills and resolutions of a public general nature introduced in the Senate or House of Representatives". For more information, refer to the User Guide that accompanies this file.</dc:description>
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