Authorizes the Administrator to: (1) conduct employee exchanges with private entities; (2) carry out a program under which science and technology scholarships are provided to students in exchange for their agreement to be employed by NASA upon graduation; (3) appoint distinguished scholars as NASA employees; (4) pay travel, transportation, and relocation expenses of new appointees; (5) deem periods of certain non-Federal service as Federal service for annual leave qualification purposes; and (6) provide superior qualifications pay to certain employees.

Limits the number of NASA limited emergency appointees to ten percent of the total number of Senior Executive Service positions allocated to NASA.]]>

Requires the NASA Administrator, before exercising any such authorities, to submit to specified congressional committees a written workforce plan and to obtain plan approval from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Requires the plan to, among other things, describe: (1) NASA's critical needs (important mission requirements that NASA can't fulfill because it lacks the appropriate employees); (2) the employee functions or positions needed to address those critical needs; (3) the methods to determine if the newly established workforce authorities have successfully addressed each critical need; (4) administrative changes to improve NASA recruitment of highly qualified individuals for fulfilling critical needs; and (5) any reforms to NASA workforce management practices recommended by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board. Requires the plan, as well as plan modifications, to be submitted to all NASA employees 60 days in advance of implementation. Requires plans to also be submitted to NASA employee representatives and requires the Administrator to give recommendations from such representatives full and fair consideration. Requires: (1) the current workforce plan to be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget whenever a NASA performance plan is so submitted for any year; and (2) the Administrator, within six years, to submit to specified committees an evaluation and analysis of the actions taken under this section.

Includes among NASA workforce authorities the authority to: (1) pay recruitment, redesignation, relocation, and retention bonuses; (2) make term appointments of one to six years and take related personnel actions; (3) fix basic rates of pay for critical-need, senior level positions; and (4) extend intergovernmental personnel act assignments to up to four years.

Authorizes the Administrator to arrange for the assignment of a NASA scientific or technical employee to a private sector entity or of a scientific or technical employee of a private sector entity to NASA, with the concurrence of the entity and the employee. Makes such period of assignment two years, with the possibility of extension for two additional years. Makes employees assigned to NASA subject to all conflict of interest and ethics statutes applicable to Federal employees.

Directs the Administrator to establish a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science and Technology Scholarship Program to award scholarships to individuals in return for contractual agreements under which such individuals agree to serve as full-time NASA employees for one year for each year of such scholarships. Requires such students to be U.S. citizens and not Federal employees. Prohibits: (1) the scholarship from lasting more than four academic years, unless the Administrator grants a waiver; and (2) scholarship amounts from exceeding college or university attendance costs. Requires repayment of full scholarship amounts for students who fail to maintain a high level of academic standing, who are dismissed for disciplinary reasons, or who do not successfully complete their program of study. Requires the student to begin the required service period within 60 days after obtaining the educational degree, unless the Administrator defers such obligation.

Authorizes NASA to appoint directly to the General Schedule of Compensation for Federal Employees in GS-7 through 12 positions individuals in professional and research fields who meet specified educational requirements. Makes veterans' preference procedures applicable to such appointments and requires public notice of vacancies.

Authorizes the Administrator to pay the travel, transportation, and relocation expenses of certain new appointees to the same extent and in the same manner as the payment of such expenses for transferred employees.

Allows the Administrator to deem a period of qualified non-Federal career service of an individual as an equal period of service performed as a Federal employee for purposes of annual leave eligibility. Requires that all NASA senior executives and other senior-level employees accrue annual leave at the maximum rate of one day for each biweekly pay period.

Limits the number of NASA limited emergency appointees to ten percent of the total number of Senior Executive Service (SES) positions allocated to NASA. Permits the appointment of limited SES appointees to career reserved positions as long as the limited appointee, immediately before the limited appointment, was serving under a career or career-conditional appointment outside of the SES (or an appointment of equivalent tenure).

Authorizes the Administrator, with the approval of OPM, to set the pay of an employee paid under the General Schedule at any step within the pay range for the grade of the position, based on the superior qualifications of the employee or the special needs of NASA. Requires the Administrator, before setting any employee's pay under this section, to submit a pay plan to OPM.

(Sec. 3) Amends Federal employee provisions to establish separate workforce authorities and personnel provisions for NASA.

Requires the NASA Administrator, before exercising any such authorities, to submit to specified congressional committees a written workforce plan and to obtain plan approval from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Requires the plan to, among other things, describe: (1) NASA's critical needs (important safety, management, engineering, science, research, or operations requirements that NASA is unable to fulfill because it lacks the appropriate employees); (2) the employee functions or positions needed to address those critical needs; (3) the methods to determine if the newly established workforce authorities have successfully addressed each critical need; (4) changes to improve NASA recruitment of highly qualified individuals for fulfilling critical needs; and (5) any workforce-related reforms required to resolve the findings and recommendations of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board. Requires the plan, as well as plan modifications, to be submitted to all NASA employees 60 in advance of implementation. Requires plans to also be submitted to NASA employee representatives and requires the Administrator to give recommendations from such representatives full and fair consideration. Requires: (1) the current workforce plan to be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget whenever a NASA performance plan is so submitted for any year; and (2) the Administrator, within six years, to submit to the Committees on Government Reform, Science, and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Governmental Affairs, Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate (the appropriate committees of Congress) an evaluation and analysis of the actions taken under this section.

Includes among NASA workforce authorities the authority to: (1) pay recruitment, redesignation, relocation, and retention bonuses in exchange for service agreements; (2) make term appointments of one to six years and permanent conversions; (3) fix basic rates of pay for critical positions; and (4) extend intergovernmental personnel act assignments to up to four years.

Directs the Administrator to establish a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science and Technology Scholarship Program to award scholarships to individuals in return for contractual agreements under which such individuals agree to serve as full-time NASA employees for two years for each year of such scholarships. Requires such students to be U.S. citizens and not Federal employees. Prohibits: (1) the scholarship from lasting more than four academic years, unless the Administrator grants a waiver; and (2) scholarship amounts from exceeding college or university attendance costs. Provides that the total period of obligated service shall not, under any circumstances, be more than four years. Requires repayment of full scholarship amounts for students who fail to maintain a high level of academic standing, who are dismissed for disciplinary reasons, or who do not successfully complete their program of study. Requires the student to begin the required service period within 60 days after obtaining the educational degree, unless the Administrator defers such obligation.

Authorizes the Administrator to appoint directly to the General Schedule of Compensation for Federal Employees in GS-7 through 12 positions individuals in professional and research fields who meet specified educational requirements. Provides for the consideration of veterans' preference eligibles who meet the criteria for appointment ahead of non-preference eligibles and requires public notice of vacancies.

Authorizes the Administrator to pay the travel, transportation, and relocation expenses of certain new appointees to the same extent and in the same manner as the payment of such expenses for transferred employees.

Allows the Administrator to deem a period of qualified non-Federal career service of an individual as an equal period of service performed as a Federal employee for purposes of annual leave eligibility. Continues to apply such a period of non-Federal service as if it were service performed as an employee so long as that individual serves in or under NASA. Requires that all NASA senior executives and other senior-level employees accrue annual leave at the maximum rate of one day for each bi-weekly period.

Permits the appointment of limited SES appointees to career reserved positions as long as the limited appointee, immediately before the limited appointment, was serving under a career or career-conditional appointment outside the SES (or an appointment of equivalent tenure). Limits the number of NASA career-reserved positions that are filled by limited Senior Executive Service (SES) emergency appointees to ten percent of the total number of SES positions allocated to NASA.

Authorizes the Administrator, with the approval of OPM, to set the pay of an employee paid under the General Schedule at any step within the pay range for the grade of the position if such employee possesses unusually high or unique qualifications and is assigned new duties, without a change in position, or to a new position. Requires the Administrator, before setting any employee's pay under this section, to submit a pay plan to OPM and the appropriate committees of Congress.

Requires the Administrator to submit to such committees, not later than February 28 of each of the next six years, a report on the effectiveness of exercising such separate workforce authorities.

(Sec. 3) Amends Federal employee provisions to establish separate workforce authorities and personnel provisions for NASA.

Requires the NASA Administrator, before exercising any such authorities, to submit to specified congressional committees a written workforce plan and to obtain plan approval from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Requires the plan to, among other things, describe: (1) NASA's critical needs (important safety, management, engineering, science, research, or operations requirements that NASA is unable to fulfill because it lacks the appropriate employees); (2) the employee functions or positions needed to address those critical needs; (3) the methods to determine if the newly established workforce authorities have successfully addressed each critical need; (4) changes to improve NASA recruitment of highly qualified individuals for fulfilling critical needs; and (5) any workforce-related reforms required to resolve the findings and recommendations of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board. Requires the plan, as well as plan modifications, to be submitted to all NASA employees 60 in advance of implementation. Requires plans to also be submitted to NASA employee representatives and requires the Administrator to give recommendations from such representatives full and fair consideration. Requires: (1) the current workforce plan to be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget whenever a NASA performance plan is so submitted for any year; and (2) the Administrator, within six years, to submit to the Committees on Government Reform, Science, and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Governmental Affairs, Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate (the appropriate committees of Congress) an evaluation and analysis of the actions taken under this section.

Includes among NASA workforce authorities the authority to: (1) pay recruitment, redesignation, relocation, and retention bonuses in exchange for service agreements; (2) make term appointments of one to six years and permanent conversions; (3) fix basic rates of pay for critical positions; and (4) extend intergovernmental personnel act assignments to up to four years.

Directs the Administrator to establish a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science and Technology Scholarship Program to award scholarships to individuals in return for contractual agreements under which such individuals agree to serve as full-time NASA employees for two years for each year of such scholarships. Requires such students to be U.S. citizens and not Federal employees. Prohibits: (1) the scholarship from lasting more than four academic years, unless the Administrator grants a waiver; and (2) scholarship amounts from exceeding college or university attendance costs. Provides that the total period of obligated service shall not, under any circumstances, be more than four years. Requires repayment of full scholarship amounts for students who fail to maintain a high level of academic standing, who are dismissed for disciplinary reasons, or who do not successfully complete their program of study. Requires the student to begin the required service period within 60 days after obtaining the educational degree, unless the Administrator defers such obligation.

Authorizes the Administrator to appoint directly to the General Schedule of Compensation for Federal Employees in GS-7 through 12 positions individuals in professional and research fields who meet specified educational requirements. Provides for the consideration of veterans' preference eligibles who meet the criteria for appointment ahead of non-preference eligibles and requires public notice of vacancies.

Authorizes the Administrator to pay the travel, transportation, and relocation expenses of certain new appointees to the same extent and in the same manner as the payment of such expenses for transferred employees.

Allows the Administrator to deem a period of qualified non-Federal career service of an individual as an equal period of service performed as a Federal employee for purposes of annual leave eligibility. Continues to apply such a period of non-Federal service as if it were service performed as an employee so long as that individual serves in or under NASA. Requires that all NASA senior executives and other senior-level employees accrue annual leave at the maximum rate of one day for each bi-weekly period.

Permits the appointment of limited SES appointees to career reserved positions as long as the limited appointee, immediately before the limited appointment, was serving under a career or career-conditional appointment outside the SES (or an appointment of equivalent tenure). Limits the number of NASA career-reserved positions that are filled by limited Senior Executive Service (SES) emergency appointees to ten percent of the total number of SES positions allocated to NASA.

Authorizes the Administrator, with the approval of OPM, to set the pay of an employee paid under the General Schedule at any step within the pay range for the grade of the position if such employee possesses unusually high or unique qualifications and is assigned new duties, without a change in position, or to a new position. Requires the Administrator, before setting any employee's pay under this section, to submit a pay plan to OPM and the appropriate committees of Congress.

Requires the Administrator to submit to such committees, not later than February 28 of each of the next six years, a report on the effectiveness of exercising such separate workforce authorities.

NASA Flexibility Act of 2004 - (Sec. 2) Amends the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 to provide the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) the authority to compensate certain excepted personnel at the basic rate payable for level III of the Executive Schedule.

(Sec. 3) Amends Federal employee provisions to establish separate workforce authorities and personnel provisions for NASA.

Requires the NASA Administrator, before exercising any such authorities, to submit to specified congressional committees a written workforce plan and to obtain plan approval from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). Requires the plan to, among other things, describe: (1) NASA's critical needs (important safety, management, engineering, science, research, or operations requirements that NASA is unable to fulfill because it lacks the appropriate employees); (2) the employee functions or positions needed to address those critical needs; (3) the methods to determine if the newly established workforce authorities have successfully addressed each critical need; (4) changes to improve NASA recruitment of highly qualified individuals for fulfilling critical needs; and (5) any workforce-related reforms required to resolve the findings and recommendations of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board. Requires the plan, as well as plan modifications, to be submitted to all NASA employees 60 in advance of implementation. Requires plans to also be submitted to NASA employee representatives and requires the Administrator to give recommendations from such representatives full and fair consideration. Requires: (1) the current workforce plan to be submitted to the Office of Management and Budget whenever a NASA performance plan is so submitted for any year; and (2) the Administrator, within six years, to submit to the Committees on Government Reform, Science, and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Governmental Affairs, Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate (the appropriate committees of Congress) an evaluation and analysis of the actions taken under this section.

Includes among NASA workforce authorities the authority to: (1) pay recruitment, redesignation, relocation, and retention bonuses in exchange for service agreements; (2) make term appointments of one to six years and permanent conversions; (3) fix basic rates of pay for critical positions; and (4) extend intergovernmental personnel act assignments to up to four years.

Directs the Administrator to establish a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science and Technology Scholarship Program to award scholarships to individuals in return for contractual agreements under which such individuals agree to serve as full-time NASA employees for two years for each year of such scholarships. Requires such students to be U.S. citizens and not Federal employees. Prohibits: (1) the scholarship from lasting more than four academic years, unless the Administrator grants a waiver; and (2) scholarship amounts from exceeding college or university attendance costs. Limits the total period of obligated service to four years. Requires repayment of full scholarship amounts for students who fail to maintain a high level of academic standing, who are dismissed for disciplinary reasons, or who do not successfully complete their program of study. Requires the student to begin the required service period within 60 days after obtaining the educational degree, unless the Administrator defers such obligation.

Authorizes the Administrator to appoint directly to the General Schedule of Compensation for Federal Employees in GS-7 through GS-12 positions individuals in professional and research fields who meet specified educational requirements. Provides for the consideration of veterans' preference eligibles who meet the criteria for appointment ahead of non-preference eligibles and requires public notice of vacancies.

Authorizes the Administrator to pay the travel, transportation, and relocation expenses of certain new appointees to the same extent and in the same manner as the payment of such expenses for transferred employees.

Allows the Administrator to deem a period of qualified non-Federal career service of an individual as an equal period of service performed as a Federal employee for purposes of annual leave eligibility. Continues to apply such a period of non-Federal service as if it were service performed as an employee so long as that individual serves in or under NASA. Requires that all NASA senior executives and other senior-level employees accrue annual leave at the maximum rate of one day for each bi-weekly period.

Permits the appointment of limited SES appointees to career reserved positions as long as the limited appointee, immediately before the limited appointment, was serving under a career or career-conditional appointment outside the SES (or an appointment of equivalent tenure). Limits the number of NASA career-reserved positions that are filled by limited Senior Executive Service (SES) emergency appointees to ten percent of the total number of SES positions allocated to NASA.

Authorizes the Administrator, with the approval of OPM, to set the pay of an employee paid under the General Schedule at any step within the pay range for the grade of the position if such employee possesses unusually high or unique qualifications and is assigned new duties, without a change in position, or to a new position. Requires the Administrator, before setting any employee's pay under this section, to submit a pay plan to OPM and the appropriate committees of Congress.

Requires the Administrator to submit to such committees, not later than February 28 of each of the next six years, a report on the effectiveness of exercising such separate workforce authorities.