Short title

This Act may be cited as the

Political Accountability and Transparency Act

Applying personal use restrictions to leadership PACs and other political committees

(a)

Applying restrictions

Section 313(b) of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30114(b)) is amended— (1)in paragraph (1), by inserting or a receipt of any other political committee after subsection (a); (2)in paragraph (2), by striking contribution or donation and inserting contribution, donation, or receipt; and (3)in paragraph (2), by striking campaign or individual’s duties as a holder of Federal office and inserting campaign, the individual’s duties as a holder of Federal office, or the political committee’s political activities.. (b)

Effective date

The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to contributions and donations received on or after the date of the enactment of this Act.

Clarification of treatment of coordinated expenditures as contributions

(a)

Treatment as contribution

Section 301(8)(A) of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30101(8)(A)) is amended— (1)by striking or at the end of clause (i); (2)by striking the period at the end of clause (ii) and inserting ; or; and (3)by adding at the end the following new clause:

(iii)any payment made by any person for a coordinated expenditure (as such term is defined in section 324) which is not otherwise treated as a contribution under clause (i) or clause (ii).

(b)

Definitions

Section 324 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30126) is amended to read as follows:

324.

Payments for coordinated expenditures

(a)

Coordinated expenditures

(1)

In general

For purposes of section 301(8)(A)(iii), the term coordinated expenditure means, with respect to a candidate, authorized committee, or political party— (A)any payment for any communication which republishes, disseminates, or distributes, in whole or in substantial part, any video, audio, written, graphic, or other form of campaign material created or prepared by the candidate, an authorized committee of a candidate, or a committee of a political party, but does not include— (i)any payment made by the candidate, the authorized committee, or the political party which created or prepared the material involved; or (ii)any payment for the republication, dissemination, or distribution of the material involved for purposes of opposing the candidate, authorized committee, or political party which created or prepared the material involved; or (B)any payment for a covered expenditure described in subsection (c) which is made in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, an authorized committee of a candidate, or a political committee of a political party, as defined in subsection (b). (2)

Clarification of individuals treated as candidates

For purposes of this section, an individual shall be treated as a candidate if the individual is a candidate at the time of a coordinated expenditure, without regard to whether the individual was a candidate at the time the coordination occurred, as described in subsection (b). (3)

Treatment of employees, independent contractors, and agents

For purposes of this section, any reference to a candidate, committee, officeholder, or political party includes— (A)an employee or independent contractor of the candidate, committee, officeholder, or party, if such employee or contractor has executive or managerial authority (or acts under the direction or control of an employee or contractor who has such executive or managerial authority) for the candidate, committee, officeholder, or political party at any time during the election cycle in which the expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for the office of President) or during the 2-year period ending on the date the expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for any other Federal office or any political party); or (B)an agent (including an authorized fundraiser), whether paid or unpaid, of the candidate, committee, officeholder, or party at any time during the election cycle in which the expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for the office of President) or during the 2-year period ending on the date the expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for any other Federal office or any political party), without regard to whether the individual was such an agent at the time any of the coordination described in subsection (b) occurred. (4)

Exceptions

A payment shall not be treated as a coordinated expenditure under this section if— (A)the payment is for a communication which appears in a news story, commentary, or editorial distributed through the facilities of any broadcasting station, newspaper, magazine, or other periodical publication, unless such facilities are owned or controlled by any political party, political committee, or candidate; or (B)the payment is for a candidate debate or forum conducted pursuant to regulations adopted by the Commission pursuant to section 304(f)(3)(B)(iii), or is for a communication which solely promotes such a debate or forum and is made by or on behalf of the person sponsoring the debate or forum. (b)

Coordination described

For purposes of this section, a covered expenditure is made in cooperation, consultation, or concert with, or at the request or suggestion of, a candidate, an authorized committee of a candidate, or a political committee of a political party if any of the following apply: (1)The covered expenditure is not made totally independently of the candidate, committee, or political party. For purposes of the previous sentence, a covered expenditure not made totally independently of the candidate or committee includes any expenditure made pursuant to any express or implied agreement with, or any general or particular understanding with, or pursuant to any request by or communication with, the candidate, committee, or political party about the expenditure. (2)During the 2-year period ending on the date the covered expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for any other Federal office or any political party) or during the election cycle in which the covered expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for the office of President), the person making the covered expenditure was directly or indirectly established, maintained, controlled, or principally funded by the candidate, an immediate family member of the candidate, the committee, or party. For purposes of the previous sentence, an immediate family member means, with respect to a candidate, a father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, spouse, domestic partner, father-in-law, or mother-in-law. (3)During the 2-year period ending on the date the covered expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for any other Federal office or any political party) or during the election cycle in which the covered expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for the office of President), the candidate, the committee, or political party solicited funds for, provided nonpublic fundraising information or strategy to, appeared as a speaker or featured guest at a fundraiser for, or gave permission to be featured in fundraising efforts for, the person making the covered expenditure. The previous sentence does not apply if the person making the covered expenditure is an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code. (4)The covered expenditure is made on the basis of non-public information about the candidate’s, committee’s, or political party’s campaign needs or plans that the candidate, committee, or political party provided directly or indirectly to the person making the covered expenditure, including information about campaign messaging, strategy, fundraising, planned expenditures, or polling data. The previous sentence does not apply to communications between the person making the covered expenditure and the candidate, committee, or political party solely for the purpose of either engaging in discussions regarding the person’s position on a policy matter or regarding whether the person will endorse the candidate or party, so long as such communications do not include any nonpublic information about the candidate’s, committee’s, or party’s campaign needs or plans. (5) (A)During the 2-year period ending on the date the covered expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for any other Federal office or any political party) or during the election cycle in which the covered expenditure is made (in the case of a candidate or committee for an election for the office of President), the person making the covered expenditure employed or otherwise retained the services (other than accounting or legal services) of a person who, at any point during that cycle or two-year period— (i)had executive or managerial authority for the candidate, committee, or party, whether paid or unpaid; (ii)was authorized to raise or expend funds for the candidate, committee, or party and had nonpublic information from the candidate, committee, or party about the candidate’s, committee’s or party’s campaign’s needs or plans; or (iii)provided the candidate, committee, or party with professional services (other than accounting or legal services) related to campaign or fundraising strategy. (B)Subparagraph (A) does not apply with respect to a person employed or otherwise retained by a person making a covered expenditure if, at the time the person who was so employed or retained exercised the authority or provided the services described in clauses (i) through (iii) of such subparagraph, the person making the covered expenditure had in effect a firewall policy which meets the requirements of subsection (d). (c)

Covered expenditures

(1)

Candidates and authorized committees

For purposes of this section, the term covered expenditure means, with respect to a candidate or an authorized committee of a candidate, any of the following: (A)An expenditure for a public communication (as defined in section 301(22)) which— (i)expressly advocates for the nomination or election of the candidate or for the defeat of an opponent of the candidate (or contains the functional equivalent of express advocacy); (ii)promotes or supports the candidate, or attacks or opposes an opponent of the candidate (regardless of whether the communication expressly advocates the election or defeat of a candidate or contains the functional equivalent of express advocacy); or (iii)refers to the candidate or an opponent of the candidate but is not described in clause (i) or clause (ii), but only if, during the period which begins 120 days before the date of the primary election for the office involved and ends on the date of the general election for such office (or, if necessary, the date of a runoff election following such general election), the communication is disseminated in the jurisdiction of the office the candidate is seeking. (B)An expenditure to pay for partisan voter activity (such as partisan voter registration, get-out-the-vote activity, phone banking, or generic campaign activity) in the jurisdiction of the office the candidate is seeking. (C)An expenditure to pay for research, design or production costs, polling expenses, data analytics, creating or purchasing mailing or social media lists, or other activities related to the expenditures described in subparagraphs (A) or (B). (2)

Political parties

For purposes of this section, the term covered expenditure means, with respect to a political party, any of the following: (A)An expenditure for a public communication (as defined in section 301(22)) which— (i)expressly advocates for the nomination or election of a candidate of the party or for the defeat of an opponent of a candidate of the party, including a communication which expressly advocates generically for the election of candidates of the party or for the defeat of opponents of candidates of the party (or contains the functional equivalent of express advocacy); (ii)promotes or supports a candidate of the party, or attacks or opposes an opponent of a candidate of the party (regardless of whether the communication expressly advocates the election or defeat of a candidate or contains the functional equivalent of express advocacy); or (iii)refers to a candidate of the party or an opponent of a candidate of the party but is not described in clause (i) or clause (ii), but only if, during the period which begins 120 days before the date of the primary election for the office involved and ends on the date of the general election for such office (or, if necessary, the date of a runoff election following such general election), the communication is disseminated in the jurisdiction of the office the candidate is seeking. (B)An expenditure to pay for partisan voter activity (such as partisan voter registration, get-out-the-vote activity, phone banking, or generic campaign activity) in the jurisdiction of the office a candidate of the party is seeking. (C)An expenditure to pay for research, design or production costs, polling expenses, data analytics, creating or purchasing mailing or social media lists, or other activities related to the expenditures described in subparagraphs (A) or (B). (d)

Firewall policy requirements

For purposes of paragraph (5) of subsection (b), a firewall policy of a person making a covered expenditure meets the requirements of this subsection if all of the following apply: (1)The policy separates the specific staff of such person who provide services related to the making of the covered expenditure from the distinct, specific staff who have engaged or will engage in any of the authorities or services described in clauses (i) through (iii) of subparagraph (B) of paragraph (5) of subsection (b) with the candidate, authorized committee, or political party supported by the covered expenditure. (2)The policy forbids owners of such person and executives, managers, and supervisors within such person’s organization, to simultaneously oversee the work of staff being separated by a firewall. (3)The policy imposes a prohibition on the flow of strategic nonpublic information, including by imposing physical and technological separations, between such person and the candidate, committee, or party supported by the covered expenditure, and between the specific staff who are being separated by the firewall. (4)The policy is memorialized in writing and distributed to all relevant staff (including consultants) before such staff provide any services relating to the making of the covered expenditure, and the written policy described both the general firewall policy and any specific firewall created pursuant to such policy, and the person making the covered expenditure provides such written policy upon request to the Commission. (e)

No limitation on application of other coordination rules

Nothing in this section may be construed to limit the application of section 315(a)(7) to any contribution, expenditure, disbursement, or person.

(c)

Effective date; effect on existing regulations

(1)

Effective date

The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to payments made on or after the expiration of the 60-day period which begins on the date of the enactment of this Act, without regard to whether or not the Federal Election Commission has promulgated regulations in accordance with paragraph (2)(B) as of the expiration of such period. (2)

Repeal of existing regulations on coordination

Effective upon the expiration of the 60-day period which begins on the date of the enactment of this Act— (A)the regulations on coordinated communications adopted by the Federal Election Commission which are in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act (as set forth in 11 CFR Part 109, Subpart C, under the heading Coordination) are repealed; and (B)the Federal Election Commission shall promulgate new regulations on coordinated communications which reflect the amendments made by this Act. (3)

Termination of validity of advisory opinions

To the extent that any advisory opinion issued by the Federal Election Commission prior to expiration of the period described in paragraph (2) was based on the regulations referred to in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (2), the validity of the opinion is hereby terminated, and no person may rely upon the opinion with respect to conduct occurring after the expiration of such period.

Expansion of definition of public communication

(a)

In general

Paragraph (22) of section 301 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30101(22)) is amended by striking or satellite communication and inserting satellite, paid Internet, or paid digital communication. (b)

Treatment of contributions and expenditures

Section 301 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30101) is amended— (1)in paragraph (8)(B)— (A)by striking on broadcasting stations, or in newspapers, magazines, or similar types of general public political advertising in clause (v) and inserting in any public communication; (B)by striking broadcasting, newspaper, magazine, billboard, direct mail, or similar type of general public communication or political advertising in clause (ix)(1) and inserting public communication; and (C)by striking but not including the use of broadcasting, newspapers, magazines, billboards, direct mail, or similar types of general public communication or political advertising in clause (x) and inserting but not including use in any public communication; and (2)in paragraph (9)(B)— (A)by striking clause (i) and inserting the following:

(i)any news story, commentary, or editorial distributed through the facilities of any broadcasting station or any print, online, or digital newspaper, magazine, blog, publication, or periodical, unless such broadcasting, print, online, or digital facilities are owned or controlled by any political party, political committee, or candidate;

; and

(B)by striking on broadcasting stations, or in newspapers, magazines, or similar types of general public political advertising in clause (iv) and inserting in any public communication. (c)

Disclosure and disclaimer statements

Subsection (a) of section 318 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30120) is amended— (1)by striking financing any communication through any broadcasting station, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, mailing, or any other type of general public political advertising and inserting financing any public communication; and (2)by striking solicits any contribution through any broadcasting station, newspaper, magazine, outdoor advertising facility, mailing, or any other type of general public political advertising and inserting solicits any contribution through any public communication. (d)

Effective date

The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to communications disseminated on or after January 1, 2025.

Expansion of definition of electioneering communication

(a)

Expansion to online communications

(1)

Application to qualified Internet and digital communications

(A)

In general

Subparagraph (A) of section 304(f)(3) of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30104(f)(3)(A)) is amended by striking or satellite communication each place it appears in clauses (i) and (ii) and inserting satellite, or qualified Internet or digital communication. (B)

Qualified Internet or digital communication

Paragraph (3) of section 304(f) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30104(f)) is amended by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:

(D)

Qualified Internet or digital communication

The term qualified Internet or digital communication means any communication which is placed or promoted for a fee on any public-facing website, Web application, or digital application (including a social network, ad network, or search engine).

(2)

Nonapplication of relevant electorate to online communications

Section 304(f)(3)(A)(i)(III) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30104(f)(3)(A)(i)(III)) is amended by inserting any broadcast, cable, or satellite before communication. (3)

News exemption

Section 304(f)(3)(B)(i) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30104(f)(3)(B)(i)) is amended to read as follows:

(i)a communication appearing in a news story, commentary, or editorial distributed through the facilities of any broadcasting station or any online or digital newspaper, magazine, blog, publication, or periodical, unless such broadcasting, online, or digital facilities are owned or controlled by any political party, political committee, or candidate;

(b)

Effective date

The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to communications made on or after the date of the enactment of this Act.

Disclosure of true identity of source of funding of campaign advertisements

(a)

Requiring best efforts To determine true source of funds used To pay for campaign advertisements

Section 318 of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30120) is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection:

(e)

Requiring best efforts To determine true source of funds used To pay for certain advertisements

(1)

Best efforts required

The person making a disbursement of funds for a communication described in paragraph (3) of subsection (a) shall make best efforts to determine the true source of the funds used for the disbursement to ensure that the names of the persons included in the statement required under such paragraph are the names of the persons who served as the true source of such funds. For purposes of this paragraph, such best efforts shall include the making of multiple requests (if necessary) to contributors to determine whether the funds provided by the contributors were transferred (either directly or indirectly) by other persons. (2)

Treatment of political committees

For purposes of this subsection, a political committee shall not be considered a source of funds used for a disbursement for a communication described in paragraph (3) of subsection (a), other than an account of a political committee established for the purpose of accepting donations or contributions that do not comply with the contribution limits or source prohibitions under this Act.

(b)

Inclusion in advertisements of identification of Top Three Funders

Section 318 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30120), as amended by subsection (a), is further amended by adding at the end the following new subsection:

(f)

Disclosure of Top Three Funders

(1)

Requiring disclosure in certain advertisements

(A)

Requirement

Any communication described in paragraph (3) of subsection (a), shall, in addition to including the information required under such paragraph and under paragraph (2) of subsection (d), include the Top Three Funders list (if applicable). (B)

Exclusion of communications paid for by political parties

This subsection does not apply with respect to a communication paid for exclusively by a political committee of a political party. (2)

Method of conveyance of statement through video format

In the case of a communication to which this subsection applies which is transmitted through a video format (including through television or through the Internet or similar digital format if the transmission includes a video component), the information required under paragraph (1) shall appear in writing at the end of the communication in a clearly readable manner, with a reasonable degree of color contrast between the background and the printed statement, for a period of at least 4 seconds. (3)

Method of conveyance of statement through audio format

In the case of a communication to which this subsection applies which is transmitted in audio format (including through radio or through the Internet or similar digital format if the transmission includes an audio component), the information required under paragraph (1) shall include, in a clearly spoken manner, the following audio statement: Top funders include _______, with the blank filled in with the names of the persons on the Top Three Funders list. (4)

Method of conveyance of statement through text and images

In the case of a communication to which this subsection applies which is a printed communication or which is transmitted through the Internet or similar digital manner and is not described in paragraphs (2) or paragraph (3), the information required under paragraph (1) shall appear in a clearly readable manner, with a reasonable degree of color contrast between the background and the printed statement. (5)

Top Three Funders list defined

(A)

In general

The term Top Three Funders list means, with respect to a communication, a list of the three persons who, during the 12-month period ending on the date of the transmission of the communication or the date on which funds were disbursed for the communication (whichever is earlier), provided the largest payments of any type in an aggregate amount exceeding the applicable threshold to the person who is paying for the communication and the amount of the payments each such person provided. If two or more people provided the third largest of such payments, the person who provided the most recent of such payments shall be included on the Top Three Funders list. (B)

Exclusion of certain payments

For purposes of subparagraph (A), in determining the amount of payments made by a person to a person paying for a communication, there shall be excluded the following: (i)Any amounts provided in the ordinary course of any trade or business conducted by the person paying for the communication or in the form of investments in the person paying for the communication. (ii)Any payment which the person prohibited, in writing, from being used for communications under this section, but only if the person paying for the communication agreed to follow the prohibition and deposited the payment in an account which is segregated from any account used to make payments for such communications. (6)

Applicable threshold defined

(A)

In general

For purposes of subparagraph (A), the applicable threshold with respect to a communication is— (i)$10,000, if the funds used to pay for the costs of the communication were derived exclusively from a separate, segregated account which meets the requirements of subparagraph (B); or (ii)$50,000, if the funds used to pay for the costs of the communication were not derived exclusively from such an account. (B)

Requirements for accounts

An account meets the requirements of this subparagraph if— (i)the account is separate and segregated from the general fund of the person paying for the costs of communications which are subject to the requirements of this subsection; and (ii)the account does not include any funds transferred from the general treasury of the person paying for the costs of such communications unless the funds were transferred during the 12-month period ending on the date of the transmission of the communication or the date on which funds were disbursed for the communication (whichever is earlier) and the person who provided the funds to the general treasury gave written permission for the funds to be transferred to the account.

(c)

Effective date

The amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to communications made on or after January 1, 2025.