Short title

This Act may be cited as the

Targeting Rogue and Opaque Letters Act of 2019

Unfair or deceptive acts or practices in connection with the assertion of a United States patent

(a)

In general

It shall be an unfair or deceptive act or practice within the meaning of section 5(a)(1) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(a)(1)) for a person, in connection with the assertion of a United States patent, to engage in a pattern or practice of sending written communications that state or represent that the recipients are or may be infringing, or have or may have infringed, the patent and bear liability or owe compensation to another, if— (1)the sender of the communications, in bad faith, states or represents in the communications that— (A)the sender is a person with the right to license or enforce the patent at the time the communications are sent, and the sender is not a person with such a right; (B)a civil action asserting a claim of infringement of the patent has been filed against the recipient; (C)a civil action asserting a claim of infringement of the patent has been filed against other persons; (D)legal action for infringement of the patent will be taken against the recipient; (E)the sender is the exclusive licensee of the patent asserted in the communications; (F)persons other than the recipient purchased a license for the patent asserted in the communications; (G)persons other than the recipient purchased a license, and the sender does not disclose that such license is unrelated to the alleged infringement or the patent asserted in the communications; (H)an investigation of the recipient’s alleged infringement occurred; or (I)the sender or an affiliate of the sender previously filed a civil action asserting a claim of infringement of the patent based on the activity that is the subject of the written communication when the sender knew such activity was held, in a final determination, not to infringe the patent; (2)the sender of the communications, in bad faith, seeks compensation for— (A)a patent claim that has been held to be unenforceable due to inequitable conduct, invalid, or otherwise unenforceable against the recipient, in a final determination; (B)activities undertaken by the recipient after expiration of the patent asserted in the communications; or (C)activity of the recipient that the sender knew was authorized, with respect to the patent claim or claims that are the subject of the communications, by a person with the right to license the patent; or (3)the sender of the communications, in bad faith, fails to include— (A)the identity of the person asserting a right to license the patent to, or enforce the patent against, the recipient, including the identity of any parent entity and the ultimate parent entity of such person, unless such person is a public company and the name of the public company is identified; (B)an identification of at least one patent issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office alleged to have been infringed; (C)an identification, to the extent reasonable under the circumstances, of at least one product, service, or other activity of the recipient that is alleged to infringe the identified patent; (D)a description, to the extent reasonable under the circumstances, of how the product, service, or other activity of the recipient infringes an identified patent and patent claim; or (E)a name and contact information for a person the recipient may contact about the assertions or claims relating to the patent contained in the communications. (b)

Affirmative defense

With respect to subsection (a), there shall be an affirmative defense that statements, representations, or omissions were not made in bad faith (as defined in subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 5(1)) if the sender can demonstrate that such statements, representations, or omissions were mistakes made in good faith, which may be demonstrated by a preponderance of evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error. (c)

Rule of construction

For purposes of sections 3 and 4, the commission of an act or practice that is declared under this section to be an unfair or deceptive act or practice within the meaning of section 5(a)(1) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(a)(1)) shall be considered to be a violation of this section.

Enforcement by Federal Trade Commission

(a)

Violation of rule

A violation of section 2 shall be treated as a violation of a rule defining an unfair or deceptive act or practice prescribed under section 18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 57a(a)(1)(B)). (b)

Powers of Commission

The Commission shall enforce this Act in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and made a part of this Act. Any person who violates section 2 shall be subject to the penalties and entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in the Federal Trade Commission Act. (c)

Effect on other laws

Nothing in this Act shall be construed in any way to limit or affect the authority of the Commission under any other provision of law.

Preemption of State laws on patent demand letters and enforcement by State attorneys general

(a)

Preemption

(1)

In general

This Act preempts any law, rule, regulation, requirement, standard, or other provision having the force and effect of law of any State, or political subdivision of a State, expressly relating to the transmission or contents of communications relating to the assertion of patent rights. (2)

Effect on other State laws

Except as provided in paragraph (1), this Act shall not be construed to preempt or limit any provision of any State law, including any State consumer protection law, any State law relating to acts of fraud or deception, and any State trespass, contract, or tort law. (b)

Enforcement by State attorneys general

(1)

In general

In any case in which the attorney general of a State has reason to believe that an interest of the residents of that State has been adversely affected by any person who violates section 2, the attorney general of the State, may bring a civil action on behalf of such residents of the State in a district court of the United States of appropriate jurisdiction— (A)to enjoin further such violation by the defendant; or (B)to obtain civil penalties. (2)

Maximum civil penalty

Notwithstanding the number of actions which may be brought against a person under this subsection, a person may not be liable for a total of more than $5,000,000 for a series of related violations of section 2. (3)

Intervention by the FTC

(A)

Notice and intervention

The attorney general of a State shall provide prior written notice of any action under paragraph (1) to the Commission and provide the Commission with a copy of the complaint in the action, except in any case in which such prior notice is not feasible, in which case the attorney general shall serve such notice immediately upon instituting such action. The Commission shall have the right— (i)to intervene in the action; (ii)upon so intervening, to be heard on all matters arising therein; and (iii)to file petitions for appeal. (B)

Limitation on State action while Federal action is pending

If the Commission has instituted a civil action for violation of section 2, no State attorney general may bring an action under this subsection during the pendency of that action against any defendant named in the complaint of the Commission for any violation of such section alleged in the complaint. (4)

Construction

For purposes of bringing any civil action under paragraph (1), nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent the attorney general of a State from exercising the powers conferred on the attorney general by the laws of that State to— (A)conduct investigations; (B)administer oaths or affirmations; or (C)compel the attendance of witnesses or the production of documentary and other evidence.

Definitions

In this Act: (1)

Bad faith

The term bad faith means, with respect to section 2(a), that the sender— (A)made knowingly false or knowingly misleading statements, representations, or omissions; (B)made statements, representations, or omissions with reckless indifference as to the false or misleading nature of such statements, representations, or omissions; or (C)made statements, representations, or omissions with awareness of the high probability of the statements, representations, or omissions to deceive and the sender intentionally avoided the truth. (2)

Commission

The term Commission means the Federal Trade Commission. (3)

Final determination

The term final determination means, with respect to the invalidity or unenforceability of a patent, that the invalidity or unenforceability has been determined by a court of the United States or the United States Patent and Trademark Office in a final decision that is unappealable or for which any opportunity for appeal is no longer available.