113 HR 5654 IH: Vehicle Safety Improvement Act of 2014
U.S. House of Representatives
2014-09-18
text/xml
EN
Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.
1.Short title; table of contents
(a)This Act may be cited as the Vehicle Safety Improvement Act of 2014
.
(b)The table of contents for this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definition of Secretary.
Title I—Increased and Improved Public Access to Information
Sec. 101. Increased public availability of vehicle safety information.
Sec. 102. Improved vehicle safety databases.
Title II—Enhanced Agency Tools and Accountability
Sec. 201. Civil penalties.
Sec. 202. Early warning reporting requirements.
Sec. 203. Administrative accountability.
Sec. 204. Imminent hazard authority.
Sec. 205. Cooperation with foreign governments.
Sec. 206. Pedestrian safety improvement.
Sec. 207. Regional recalls limitation.
Title III—Consumer Protection
Sec. 301. Limitation on sale or lease of used motor vehicles.
Sec. 302. Retention of safety records by manufacturers.
Sec. 303. Recall obligations under bankruptcy.
Title IV—Additional Provision
Sec. 401. Deadlines.
2.In this Act, the term Secretary means the Secretary of Transportation, acting through the Administrator of the National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration.
<enum>I</enum><header>Increased and Improved Public Access to Information</header>
<section id="H8EAEF58D913A485FA9DC68DFF9A4C774"><enum>101.</enum><header>Increased public availability of vehicle safety information</header>
<subsection id="HB3E8EDC39D54415A8F1B4E48738F4B34"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Manufacturer communications</header>
<paragraph id="H616AD2E7B32244EFBD53D3813830BD83"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">Section 30166(f)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended—</text>
<subparagraph id="H3D8955881B254066A56ED19CB32403AA"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraph (2) as paragraph (3);</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H455ED8AF50174BB1884FD0985875B195"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following:</text>
<quoted-block id="H9DDD4BE4BA1E4435AA9E2049C3436B0C" style="USC">
<paragraph id="HDA37DF3F1EBD4E72A06F7326BE54A287"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Subject to paragraph (4) and notwithstanding any other provision of law, a manufacturer shall give
the Secretary of Transportation, and the Secretary shall make available on
a publicly accessible Internet website, a true or representative copy of
each communication to the manufacturer’s dealers or to owners or
purchasers of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment produced by the
manufacturer regarding—</text>
<subparagraph id="H1145A53B46684DD497C31C9C978DB340"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">any defect in its vehicles or equipment (including any failure or malfunction beyond normal
deterioration in use, or any failure of performance, or any flaw or
unintended deviation from design specifications), whether or not such
defect is safety-related; or</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HC851F216B0EE416BB56B8E818E91C3EE"><enum>(B)</enum><text>any noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter in a vehicle
or equipment that is sold or serviced.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H2A4494EB30A046C8A9387E537C33F1CD"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Types of communications</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The communications described in paragraph (1) shall include—</text>
<subparagraph id="H70C75815E9DF48FF92E1A0E94794929A"><enum>(A)</enum><text>all notices, bulletins, and other communications, other than those required to be submitted
pursuant to paragraph (c)(10) of <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/573">section 573.6</external-xref> of title 49, Code of
Federal Regulations, sent to more than one manufacturer, distributor,
dealer, lessor, lessee, owner, or purchaser, in the United States; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H3AA6ED870F9B485292D4BB96C8CDF930"><enum>(B)</enum><text>those communications relating to a customer satisfaction campaign, consumer advisory, recall, or
other safety activity involving the repair or replacement of motor
vehicles or equipment, that the manufacturer issued to, or made available
to, more than one dealer, distributor, lessor, lessee, other manufacturer,
owner, or purchaser, in the United States.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HDC0FDCD1516043328266CFB3559D64E9"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text>
<quoted-block display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H1431924EED584924A16B5C3D386A6C53" style="OLC">
<paragraph id="H5842DA556170462697F960F18E57C566"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Exception</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Secretary shall not be required to make copies of communications
available that are manifestly not related to motor vehicle safety.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H7B3037FBFC0946B9BE4141C9E012979B"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Effective date</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The amendments made by paragraph (1) shall apply to communications given to the Secretary pursuant
to paragraph (1) of <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">section 30166(f)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, as
amended by such paragraph, starting 1 year after the date of enactment of
this Act.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HE5F1B5E814654A27B318F353B78D7F79"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Early warning data</header>
<paragraph id="H222FD9CDE62648C1ABCC66779324FC22"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">Section 30166(m)(4)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking subparagraph (C) and
inserting the following:</text>
<quoted-block display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H79CAD3CF300F4B9EAB9C4C07F704C208" style="USC">
<subparagraph id="HA3E698EBC8614F9D8208F4ADEF6E7182"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Disclosure</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The information provided to the Secretary pursuant to this subsection shall be disclosed publicly
unless exempt from disclosure under <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/5/552">section 552(b)</external-xref> of title 5.</text></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H5E56B4E6C4D946ADAB85AA356C535880"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Rule</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall issue a final
rule establishing categories of information provided to the Secretary
pursuant to <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">section 30166(m)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, that must be
made available to the public. The Secretary may establish categories of
information that the Secretary determines are exempt from public
disclosure under <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/5/552">section 552(b)</external-xref> of title 5, United States Code.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H658BEEFB31BC441A860B46EA3517C131"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Consultation</header><text>In conducting the rulemaking required under paragraph (2), the Secretary shall consult with the
Director of the Office of Government Information Services within the
National Archives and the Director of the Office of Information Policy of
the Department of Justice.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HBC81066DDDF5442CA85ED6EDF4C60944"><enum>(4)</enum><header>Presumption and Limitation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary shall issue the regulations with a presumption in favor of maximum public
availability of information, including information contained in field
reports submitted to the Secretary. In issuing regulations under paragraph
(2), the following types of information shall presumptively not be
eligible for protection under <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/5/552">section 552(b)</external-xref> of title 5, United States
Code:</text>
<subparagraph id="H3D8CFC422C3B43FCA6D7F19A758C5E4F"><enum>(A)</enum><text>Vehicle safety defect or noncompliance information related to an incident or incidents involving
death or injury.</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA5024B63E10F4FF5B522F77A8C294E1C"><enum>(B)</enum><text>Aggregated numbers of property damage claims.</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HBF4AE2299CE64845AFA4D5B6468BAC92"><enum>(C)</enum><text>Aggregated numbers of consumer complaints related to potential vehicle defects.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HB92062710A28442FB5527A37D884ED72"><enum>(5)</enum><header>Nullification of Prior Regulations</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Upon the effective date of a final rule issued under paragraph (2), the regulations establishing
early warning reporting class determinations in Appendix C of part 512 of
title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, shall have no force or effect.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HA0026BF88A0D40B0AD9D57E7C6081319"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Death Inquiries</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and every 6 months thereafter, the
Secretary shall compile, and make available on a publicly accessible
Internet website for a period of not less than 10 years, summaries of
written communications sent by the Secretary to a manufacturer during the
preceding 6-month period requesting additional information about fatal
incidents reported under section 30166(m) of such title. Each such summary
shall include, at a minimum, the following:</text>
<paragraph id="H87A3F703419E4D9EB72A1856181B0DF2"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The manufacturer.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HA5C31367CFE745388C591C2F1B0608B5"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Any vehicle or equipment make, model name, and model year about which the Secretary has inquired.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H50E630FB894C4A5E9DDA09E197204EB4"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Any vehicle system or component about which the Secretary has inquired.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HFA5BD88DB75142FF969D42F13B32820E"><enum>(4)</enum><text>The date of the written communication and the date by which a response must be submitted by the
manufacturer.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HA505BFD509D842FF8233CC19501EACD3"><enum>(5)</enum><text>The number of incidents about which the Secretary has inquired, and the earliest and latest
quarters during which such incidents were reported to the Secretary.</text>
</paragraph></subsection></section><section id="HA61744C88AC74A9CAC7A4D000F4327DA"><enum>102.</enum><header>Improved vehicle safety databases</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall increase public
accessibility to information on the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration’s vehicle safety databases by—</text>
<paragraph id="H88B6C791364B4B08B99724B109F2B031"><enum>(1)</enum><text>improving organization and functionality, including modern web design features, and allowing for
data to be searched, aggregated, and downloaded;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H3992F90A0E484AA2AEFF11D953CA43A8"><enum>(2)</enum><text>providing greater consistency in presentation of vehicle safety issues;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HF7C7CB8732DB45E0903F3EF3F14A9E8F"><enum>(3)</enum><text>improving searchability about specific vehicles and issues through standardization of commonly used
search terms and the integration of databases to enable all to be
simultaneously searched using the same keyword search function; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H37C6481EA1BB45C1B94DF9B9CF2475A1"><enum>(4)</enum><text>improving the publicly accessible early warning database, by—</text>
<subparagraph id="H132C45DB98D94C2987DBEAE7F0DEA80D"><enum>(A)</enum><text>enabling users to search for incidents across multiple reporting periods for a given make and model
name, model year, or type of potential defect;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HF216DCA7D7F54265B4AB81EDBC0AFDDD"><enum>(B)</enum><text>ensuring that search results, in addition to being downloadable, are sortable within an Internet
browser by make, model name, model year, State or foreign country of the
incident, number of deaths, number of injuries, date of the incident, and
type of potential defect; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H713ECB3D39C8424A9D5BD39F824403F4"><enum>(C)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">developing a clear, organized, and searchable method by which the public can access information
made available by the Secretary that is reported under clause (ii) of
<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">section 30166(m)(3)(C)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, as amended by this
Act.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph></section><enum>II</enum><header>Enhanced Agency Tools and Accountability</header>
<section id="HDD9DB10FEE2F41DD82C3306B80A3E463"><enum>201.</enum><header>Civil penalties</header>
<subsection id="HA99533738E464E76B0A2CD652504D8D3"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30165">Section 30165</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended—</text>
<paragraph id="H41C1FF25BAB84AED92ACBF8ED8CB4AC4"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (a)(1)—</text>
<subparagraph id="H902AC27691474658A10E66FA95C12157"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in the first sentence by striking <quote>$5,000</quote> and inserting <quote>$25,000</quote>; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H186034A6166A41A5B7842C0D3C907FC1"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking the third sentence; and</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H3D22E5AA04CD442C96A6301C5286A681"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (a)(3)—</text>
<subparagraph id="H42D01D048E66469AA705402E75E0E5E4"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in the second sentence by striking <quote>$5,000</quote> and inserting <quote>$25,000</quote>; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HEAC084A267FE4A598159EB457FD6A98F"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by striking the third sentence.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H2F243494EE9B40ECB35BD67662B39625"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Construction</header><text>Nothing in the amendments made by this section shall be construed as preventing the imposition of
penalties under <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30165">section 30165</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, prior to
the issuance of a final rule under section 31203(b) of the Moving Ahead
for Progress in the 21st Century Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30165">49 U.S.C. 30165</external-xref> note).</text>
</subsection></section><section id="H325A25B423E44F0C97BFC423A2BBF601"><enum>202.</enum><header>Early warning reporting requirements</header>
<subsection id="H8687C6FBC2394C8BACF03F41A16EDC30"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">Section 30166(m)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended—</text>
<paragraph id="HB5A3D638C21B4557BC29D9244C9B4EE0"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in paragraph (3)(A), by striking clause (ii) and inserting the following:</text>
<quoted-block display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H6268F75BBDAE482A93157046E672ABF5" style="USC">
<clause id="H19A09552A76B4A52821B3A764D7BD8D6"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">customer satisfaction campaigns, customer advisories, recalls, consumer complaints, warranty
claims, field reports, or other activity involving the repair or
replacement of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment.</text></clause><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H7E873ADA89D540209601347782DEFF16"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in paragraph (4), by striking subparagraph (B) and redesignating subparagraphs (C) and (D) as
subparagraphs (B) and (C), respectively.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H035E54A8DDA943799DDB11C90C92F961"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Information on fatal incidents</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">Section 30166(m)(3)(C)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended—</text>
<paragraph id="H53ED0874AE6A4A16A2AA40C69CE90830"><enum>(1)</enum><text>by striking <quote>The manufacturer</quote> and inserting the following:</text>
<quoted-block id="H9E703760C7DE4B2583C3EFBED004F4F9" style="USC">
<clause id="H24A5514C09EA42C48B199AEE5EEC55F3"><enum>(i)</enum><header>In general</header><text>The manufacturer</text></clause><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HED2F7E1886084DA18EFC70A9F3FB5153"><enum>(2)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text>
<quoted-block id="H9BC23C0232864A7692EEAAC9934050BE" style="USC">
<clause commented="no" id="H4D0568806EFA46CC9AB678E6842B7506"><enum>(ii)</enum><header>Fatal incidents</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">If an incident described in clause (i) involves one or more deaths, the manufacturer shall report
to the Secretary, in such manner as the Secretary establishes by
regulation—</text>
<subclause commented="no" id="HEC048EA5526D4D5999EA66EF161D7A76"><enum>(I)</enum><text>all initial claims or notice documents that notified the manufacturer of the incident;</text>
</subclause><subclause commented="no" id="H64EACF22DD244F12AD9608825905D9C5"><enum>(II)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">all investigative documents prepared by any local, State, or Federal government agency or personnel
related to the incident, including photographs, police reports, cause and
origin reports, or other documents describing or reconstructing the
incident;</text>
</subclause><subclause commented="no" id="H1229297CB46546848538810D2A1CF99F"><enum>(III)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">any amendments or supplements to the documents described in subclause (I), except for—</text>
<item commented="no" id="H8B07AFE5BFAA437AACBC1F23163488C7"><enum>(aa)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">medical documents and bills;</text>
</item><item commented="no" id="HE730E28721E44D90A8288239694A32C2"><enum>(bb)</enum><text>property damage invoices or estimates; and</text>
</item><item commented="no" id="HE3D72590804C402F88C6DAE6849BC2D3"><enum>(cc)</enum><text>documents related to quantification of damages; and</text>
</item></subclause><subclause id="H38F9384AABBB4C2DAA2BB11F3FDFE956"><enum>(IV)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the manufacturer’s assessment of the circumstances that led to the incident, including the
manufacturer’s analysis of the claims or notices regarding allegations of
a defect.</text>
</subclause></clause><clause id="HEFECFEFCDEBE4E8D9163D966866B61FB"><enum>(iii)</enum><header>Limitation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The regulations promulgated by the Secretary under clause (ii) may not require a manufacturer to
submit records respecting information described in subclause (II) of such
clause that is not in the possession of the manufacturer.</text></clause><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HD1C1781BA0614E3292A6C88B23142455"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Component categories</header>
<paragraph id="HCAEC051422434C3E9BDC3AD4612F87C4"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Commencement</header><text>Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall commence a
rulemaking proceeding to amend the system and component categories
required to be used in early warning reports on light vehicles submitted
pursuant to <external-xref legal-doc="regulation" parsable-cite="cfr/49/579.21">section 579.21</external-xref> of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations. In
issuing rules under this subsection, the Secretary shall, to the extent
each may assist in the identification of defects related to motor vehicle
safety, maximize—</text>
<subparagraph id="H9FF489F5033E4ACC9FB98EC0B5ABAEC9"><enum>(A)</enum><text>interoperability between the early warning reporting database and the publicly available consumer
complaint database, by ensuring that the amended set of categories
established by rule are the same as those available to vehicle owners or
lessees reporting safety issues to the publicly available consumer
complaint database;</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H6D4DA5112CA84C3FA5C94A6954544406"><enum>(B)</enum><text>precision, including by dividing categories that are imprecise and adding new categories that
identify specific vehicle equipment not previously represented; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H1EF9467C8B664053B7471C6FD14F835E"><enum>(C)</enum><text>organization and ease of use, including by housing categories pertaining to specific items of
equipment within more general vehicle safety categories and operating
systems.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H2152C262433244A5B6D35E714B1B45DF"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Final rule</header><text>Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall issue a final
rule pursuant to paragraph (1).</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HD40F26F8EBDB4840B3DFD91AFDE62D0E"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Standardization of manufacturer reporting practices</header>
<paragraph id="H45FFAF4F87C747B3834246A21A282046"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Review</header>
<subparagraph id="HCC30AD96312C440BA91719A4773F7C65"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 4 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall complete a
comprehensive review of individual light vehicle manufacturers’ practices
for reporting to the Secretary incidents involving death or injury
pursuant to <external-xref legal-doc="regulation" parsable-cite="cfr/49/579.21">section 579.21</external-xref> of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations.</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H940434D268B042E8B2515383DDEF5640"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Components</header><text>The review conducted under subparagraph (A) shall—</text>
<clause id="H2D363BE72BD24433BB47B5F66AEEE5C1"><enum>(i)</enum><text>identify the major differences among such manufacturers’ reporting practices;</text>
</clause><clause id="H570FDFA31BF34D55A68B8D7538A0443B"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>identify the extent to which such manufacturers report precisely the information required under
subsection (b) of <external-xref legal-doc="regulation" parsable-cite="cfr/49/579.21">section 579.21</external-xref> of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations,
or, alternatively, report additional information under such subsection;</text>
</clause><clause id="H9FC40984217B4CD2A8CBF029E0E05970"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>identify the types and sources of additional information, as described in clause (ii), that
manufacturers report to the Secretary;</text>
</clause><clause id="HE67721EC38D84A21B6A0528B764BB133"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>assess and explain the extent to which differing reporting practices hinder the ability of the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to compare a manufacturer’s
data for vehicles or equipment to the data of another manufacturer’s
vehicles or equipment, all peer vehicles or equipment, or the entire
United States population of vehicles or equipment, or to data on vehicles
or equipment submitted to the Secretary by a vehicle owner or lessee; and</text>
</clause><clause id="HAC2339CB2F7C4572A3F744A839ED6449"><enum>(v)</enum><text>determine, based on findings under clause (iv), whether differences among individual light vehicle
manufacturers’ practices for reporting to the Secretary incidents
involving death or injury pursuant to <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/579">section 579.21</external-xref> of title 49, Code of
Federal Regulations, are detrimental to the identification of defects
related to motor vehicle safety in motor vehicles and motor vehicle
equipment in the United States.</text>
</clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H28F3C8E5EF9B45E09BAE979E43F55F37"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Guidelines</header><text>If the Secretary makes an affirmative determination under clause (v) of paragraph (1)(B), the
Secretary may issue guidelines for the standardization of reporting
practices described in such clause.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HDC399CC30BB44F518CDDBD71CBEC8510"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Report on Manufacturer Compliance with Early Warning Reporting Requirements</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Inspector General of the
Department of Transportation shall—</text>
<paragraph id="HF7470E0A165046958E9A3A48BEEA9C6A"><enum>(1)</enum><text>review the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s policies, procedures, and practices
intended to ensure that manufacturers subject to the early warning
reporting requirements of <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">section 30166(m)</external-xref> of title 49, United States
Code, and subpart C of part 579 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations,
submit all required information in full and without delay;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H0E7933B4874C45388A7FC838CDF4FD48"><enum>(2)</enum><text>assess the extent to which key agency and manufacturer employees are aware of and understand such
policies, procedures, and practices;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H220CF89F815945398D9F70CBF543758D"><enum>(3)</enum><text>assess the extent to which manufacturers submit all required information in full and without delay;
and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H2511385AF180436DACF88A0D4150C6F6"><enum>(4)</enum><text>submit a report to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate that
contains the Inspector General’s findings, conclusions, and
recommendations for formalizing or strengthening agency policies,
procedures, and practices in order to ensure timely and complete reporting
of early warning data.</text>
</paragraph></subsection></section><section id="H87EF6052F564467793C4A36FC1CF156E"><enum>203.</enum><header>Administrative accountability</header>
<subsection id="H649133A6171D4B3CA244EEEA5F509A5D"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Petitions for Standards and Enforcement</header>
<paragraph id="H203006C52F674D598AD76E210C7BBE07"><enum>(1)</enum><header>Missed deadlines</header><text><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30162">Section 30162(d)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended by inserting at the end the following: <quote>If the Secretary fails to grant or deny a petition within the 120-day period, the Secretary shall
promptly publish in the Federal Register an explanation for missing the
deadline and a projected date by which the Secretary will decide whether
to grant the petition. On February 1 and August 1 of each year, the
Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the
House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation of the Senate a letter listing each deadline the Secretary
missed under this subsection during the 6-month period ending on such
date, explaining why the Secretary missed the deadline, and describing any
investigations, proceedings, or actions related to the relevant petition
that the Secretary has conducted or taken since the petition was filed.</quote>.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HFB852B4271F74878A6DF037D4A473109"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Appeal of defect petition rejection</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30162">Section 30162</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is further amended by adding at the end the
following:</text>
<quoted-block display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H9BD37138F3314038BB71C3ABC3C0685D" style="USC">
<subsection id="HEB2F15D3C00243208F06D5BFD833027F"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Judicial Review</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">A decision of the Secretary to deny a petition filed under subsection (a)(2) is agency action
subject to judicial review under <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/5/7">chapter 7</external-xref> of title 5, and such action
shall not be considered committed to agency discretion within the meaning
of section 701(a)(2) of such title. A person aggrieved by the denial of a
petition may obtain judicial review by filing an action in the court of
appeals of the United States for the circuit in which the person resides
or has its principal place of business or the United States Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit not more than 180 days after
notice of the denial of the petition is published in the Federal Register.</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="H8391641D251345A5A07F6EDA5CD4752B"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Information Provided by Whistleblowers</header>
<paragraph id="HC677CAEAE32C47FDA2840930B40C45E8"><enum>(1)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Subchapter IV of <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/49/301">chapter 301</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the
following:</text>
<quoted-block display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H70B5C7FB53D34D2582F88DCD5074D290" style="USC">
<section id="HB0BEC6F3423B464785D93464F8ED4AB1"><enum>30172.</enum><header>Review of information provided by employees</header>
<subsection id="HE686026013CC4CF4AA3CBAADADC86A05"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Definition of Covered Person</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In this section, the term <term>covered person</term> means an employee of a manufacturer, distributor, part supplier, or dealer (or any person acting
pursuant to a request of the employee or to the extent such person is
engaged in collecting and analyzing information provided by one or more
such employees) who, in good faith, provides information to the Secretary
indicating—</text>
<paragraph id="HB958F2A9BBA340BDBED7C4BD210AD3CA"><enum>(1)</enum><text>the existence of a possible safety-related defect or noncompliance with a motor vehicle safety
standard; or</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HE0844D7B190B42999D354B0AD7C873CB"><enum>(2)</enum><text>a violation of this chapter or a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HB7E0FFD0BC2E41CAAB44A4313AFADD6B"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Review and Evaluation</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Upon receipt of motor vehicle safety information from a covered person, the Secretary shall review
and evaluate the information promptly to determine whether a
safety-related defect or noncompliance, or a violation of this chapter or
a regulation prescribed or order issued under this chapter, exists.</text>
</subsection><subsection id="H391F7E2BE60B420BA77BEB4FEC2E76FF"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Prohibition</header><text>The Secretary shall not transmit or otherwise disclose any information received from a covered
person to a manufacturer, distributor, part supplier, or dealer, except
pursuant to a written request by, or with the prior written consent of,
the covered person.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H742C6A8139FC43DD92D3BEAF7189DCE1"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Report</header>
<subparagraph id="H4A4717676B2E46D2891A5FD4795B719E"><enum>(A)</enum><header>In general</header><text>Not later than 30 months after the date of enactment of this Act, and biennially thereafter for 6
years, the Secretary shall complete a report on the activities of the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration under section 30172 of
title 49, United States Code, as added by paragraph (1), and, upon
completion, shall—</text>
<clause id="H9FEDC5DBB3F246D08CBDF07632A65EDF"><enum>(i)</enum><text>submit the report to the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and</text>
</clause><clause id="H882ABB09B5334012BBAC87DDDAFCA089"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>publish the report in an easily accessible and downloadable electronic format.</text>
</clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H2D85DC5C6B0E422E9DDCE6AEECCD7F7B"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Contents</header><text>Such report shall include—</text>
<clause id="H300C6D5584024F91B28446DE1A853B66"><enum>(i)</enum><text>a summary of submissions by covered persons (as defined in such section) to the Secretary in the 24
months preceding the submission of the report, consisting of—</text>
<subclause id="H0AA0F65217E34FB694B4F6E974A5C648"><enum>(I)</enum><text>the total number of such submissions and the number within this total which were submitted directly
by an employee described in subsection (a) of such section; and</text>
</subclause><subclause id="H14CEF29897B044E1A9AE0963C874DEF2"><enum>(II)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">the number of submissions pertaining to a possible safety-related defect or noncompliance and the
number of submissions pertaining to a violation of chapter 301 of title
49, United States Code, or a regulation prescribed or order issued under
such chapter; and</text>
</subclause></clause><clause id="H1EA986577F904AFEBD65E11C1A1C9441"><enum>(ii)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">a summary of actions taken and proceedings, investigations, or research conducted by the Secretary
in the 24 months preceding the submission of the report resulting from
submissions by covered persons (as defined in such section).</text>
</clause></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H4C4EA2080EA14026ABDB6CDD15574718"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Conforming amendment</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The table of sections for <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/49/301">chapter 301</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended by inserting
after the item relating to section 30171 the following:</text>
<quoted-block display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H44237FC015D145F0A0014C33D0A8F6B6" style="USC">
<toc regeneration="no-regeneration">
<toc-entry level="section">30172. Review of information provided by employees.</toc-entry></toc><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</paragraph></subsection></section><section id="H92B1175B5CDA4510A2B72C1D2C9B63B6"><enum>204.</enum><header>Imminent hazard authority</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30118">Section 30118</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended—</text>
<paragraph id="HAEE0CD71129E4A34A20CE829292C00B0"><enum>(1)</enum><text>in subsection (b)—</text>
<subparagraph id="HB32CAD7F2DF14644B91481A5FF0EC6E4"><enum>(A)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">in paragraph (1), by striking <quote>(1) The Secretary may</quote> and inserting <quote>(1) <header-in-text level="paragraph" style="OLC">In general.—</header-in-text>Except as provided under paragraph (3), the Secretary may</quote>.</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H209E4E745DEF41259667BC7547DACBBC"><enum>(B)</enum><text>in paragraph (2), by inserting <quote><header-in-text level="paragraph" style="OLC">Orders.—</header-in-text></quote> before <quote>If the Secretary</quote>; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA2D5ACFB66FE4CA38D70375D0693EE8D"><enum>(C)</enum><text>by adding after paragraph (2) the following:</text>
<quoted-block id="H57DB5B0458C64DF1851EC0A99009F33A" style="USC">
<paragraph id="H18AB1C5DCC1648FD870430D10400E008"><enum>(3)</enum><header>Imminent hazards</header>
<subparagraph id="HE1A90AD3C6574FA6B5003FD363C3257D"><enum>(A)</enum><header>Decisions and orders</header><text>If the Secretary decides that a defect or noncompliance, or combination of both, under subsection
(a) presents an imminent hazard, the Secretary—</text>
<clause id="H9D59DD2D071745AA9DC1E00BFCCF10CC"><enum>(i)</enum><text>shall notify the manufacturer of the motor vehicle or replacement equipment immediately under
subsection (a);</text>
</clause><clause id="H3E7AA6801A374D77A9B7256A498EA43F"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>shall order the manufacturer of the motor vehicle or replacement equipment to immediately—</text>
<subclause id="H86814E17140A41D0B65B10958390111F"><enum>(I)</enum><text>give notification under section 30119 of this title to the owners, purchasers, and dealers of the
vehicle or equipment of the imminent hazard; and</text>
</subclause><subclause id="H32E2B6CF037442E692A9503969C6CC19"><enum>(II)</enum><text>remedy the defect or noncompliance under section 30120 of this title;</text>
</subclause></clause><clause id="H2A7ADB0109DE4D4ABEBB529E9ACD1549"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>notwithstanding section 30119 or 30120, may order the time for notification, means of providing
notification, earliest remedy date, and time the owner or purchaser has to
present the motor vehicle or equipment, including a tire, for remedy; and</text>
</clause><clause id="HB080376575D34DA089D5A5F7EC00C9F7"><enum>(iv)</enum><text>may include in an order under this subparagraph any other terms or conditions that the Secretary
determines necessary to abate the imminent hazard.</text>
</clause></subparagraph><subparagraph id="H7044029BB8ED4450B4E0DC6853709D1C"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Opportunity for administrative review</header><text>Subsequent to the issuance of an order under subparagraph (A), opportunity for administrative
review shall be provided in accordance with <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/5/554">section 554</external-xref> of title 5, except
that such review shall occur not later than 10 days after issuance of such
order.</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HA95692FC718E4707A521DC0B27FF373C"><enum>(C)</enum><header>Definition of imminent hazard</header><text>In this paragraph, the term <term>imminent hazard</term> means any condition which substantially increases the likelihood of serious injury or death if not
remedied immediately.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H0F493381E6454D44B01C490A02B1F42B"><enum>(2)</enum><text>in subsection (c), by inserting <quote>or electronic mail</quote> after <quote>certified mail</quote>.</text>
</paragraph></section><section id="H25E3DBEBF42E4468B9FB796B051290C2"><enum>205.</enum><header>Cooperation with foreign governments</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30182">Section 30182(b)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended by inserting after paragraph (5) the
following:</text>
<quoted-block id="H139D44C0A15240B3A5CDEB9575FC1FD3" style="USC">
<paragraph id="H92B1B33BC2CC4C3F830F966812BCAB85"><enum>(6)</enum><text>enter into cooperative agreements (in coordination with the Department of State) and collaborative
research and development agreements with foreign governments.</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</section><section id="H03516F0952B94EA1875033066A3D8557"><enum>206.</enum><header>Pedestrian safety improvement</header>
<subsection id="H43C4C0BCF7574914AA4C9D086CF3D436"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Rule</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall issue a
final rule that—</text>
<paragraph id="H334F0EF1A2C6462AA62AF6C7CA3DF8E4"><enum>(1)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">establishes standards for passenger motor vehicles in order to reduce the number of injuries and
fatalities suffered by pedestrians and other non-occupants who are struck
by such vehicles; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H61EA15F8ED3C4F44BFDAD2C92585F48B"><enum>(2)</enum><text>considers means for protecting especially vulnerable pedestrian and non-occupant populations,
including children, older adults, and individuals with disabilities.</text>
</paragraph></subsection><subsection id="HAC885F7205584D7AB2FF93F1B89960AA"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Definition of passenger motor vehicle</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">In this section, the term <term>passenger motor vehicle</term> means a motor vehicle (as defined in <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30102">section 30102(a)(6)</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code) that is
rated at less than 10,000 pounds gross vehicular weight. Such term does
not include—</text>
<paragraph id="HC2E095914CEE47B1B1B821572E294EBA"><enum>(1)</enum><text>a motorcycle;</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H6A2D4F94C92B463DB8867B44FD2D06A9"><enum>(2)</enum><text>a trailer; or</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H219044427D2F43D0BF09B123F944BDAA"><enum>(3)</enum><text>a low-speed vehicle (as defined in <external-xref legal-doc="regulation" parsable-cite="cfr/49/571.3">section 571.3</external-xref> of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations).</text>
</paragraph></subsection></section><section id="HE691BD3DCC254BDEA55D67DD531951D6"><enum>207.</enum><header>Regional recalls limitation</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30118">Section 30118</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new
subsections:</text>
<quoted-block display-inline="no-display-inline" id="H7649D3F30FB84D09BC76B9DAD7AC359E" style="traditional">
<subsection id="H2E1F9D34E5C0434AACC858AEC75AE3AC"><enum>(f)</enum><header>Long-Term Exposure to Environmental Conditions</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">If a manufacturer of a motor vehicle or replacement equipment learns the vehicle or equipment
contains a safety problem caused by long-term exposure to environmental
conditions, the manufacturer shall give notice under subsection (c) as if
the manufacturer learned the vehicle or equipment contains a defect and
decides in good faith that the defect is related to motor vehicle safety.</text>
</subsection><subsection id="H8C3FA082E63B4B32B2CBE23E9E1C945E"><enum>(g)</enum><header>National Orders and Notifications</header><text>All orders under subsection (b)(2) and notifications under subsection (c) shall be carried out on a
national basis and shall not be limited to vehicles or equipment in
certain States or territories or other geographic regions of the United
States.</text></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</section><enum>III</enum><header>Consumer Protection</header>
<section id="H2E25B0BD95FB41CB8948221DA1280E7D"><enum>301.</enum><header>Limitation on sale or lease of used motor vehicles</header>
<subsection id="H8F25801486614274A237AB27548F1D78"><enum>(a)</enum><header>In general</header><text><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30120">Section 30120</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:</text>
<quoted-block id="H45AF7A86A2074302A41DB0597803B98A" style="USC">
<subsection id="H25AE5C197EBB461A8328E2CF33AB11D4"><enum>(k)</enum><header>Limitation on sale or lease of used motor vehicles</header>
<paragraph id="HB6B2B6115580427699A39482A2C5D0D4"><enum>(1)</enum><text>A dealer may not sell or lease a used motor vehicle until—</text>
<subparagraph id="H5D01594D4FAE48739D6D5A25B91B159A"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the dealer clearly and conspicuously notifies the purchaser or lessee, in writing, of any
notifications of a defect or noncompliance under section 30118(b) or
<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30118">section 30118(c)</external-xref> of this title with respect to the used motor vehicle that
have not been remedied; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="HEAE538798DD849648A7C27494D514248"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the purchaser or lessee acknowledges, in writing, receipt of the notification from the dealer under
subparagraph (A).</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="HB3077685F33640A4899C503D77BAC0F5"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Paragraph (1) shall not apply if—</text>
<subparagraph id="HC5F951D8B5DC46B28D6E51EE6E245498"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the defect or noncompliance is remedied under <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30120">section 30120</external-xref> of this title before delivery under the
sale or lease; or</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H83946D3361EE4742A67AD15EFA68EAA2"><enum>(B)</enum><text>notification of the defect or noncompliance is required under section 30118(b), but enforcement of
the order is set aside in a civil action to which 30121(d) applies.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H644AEC0314144738B8FD0F3AB4C852BE"><enum>(3)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">This subsection shall not apply to a dealer if the recall information regarding a used motor
vehicle was not accessible at the time of sale or lease using the means
established by the Secretary under section 31301 of the Moving Ahead for
Progress in the 21st Century Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30166">49 U.S.C. 30166</external-xref> note), and was not
otherwise known to and accessible to the dealer at such time.</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="HB821EE13DBBD4EBABB9BAB921FD488E2"><enum>(4)</enum><text>In this subsection, notwithstanding <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30102">section 30102(a)(1)</external-xref> of this title—</text>
<subparagraph id="H2C87E7AFE0BA4DA3A8A4D9FB1CCDFD12"><enum>(A)</enum><text>the term <term>dealer</term> means a person that has sold at least 10 motor vehicles to 1 or more consumers during the prior 12
months; and</text>
</subparagraph><subparagraph id="H71522BE61726402F8CF9FD6BCC392081"><enum>(B)</enum><text>the term <term>used motor vehicle</term> means a motor vehicle that has previously been purchased other than for resale.</text>
</subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph id="H80EFF769E2344F2594F0B24D29FDEADB"><enum>(5)</enum><text>By rule, the Secretary may exempt the auctioning of a used passenger motor vehicle to a dealer from
the requirements of this section to the extent that the exemption does not
harm public safety.</text></paragraph></subsection><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block>
</subsection><subsection id="H99BB6E421DFA4BDC8A73B3FC8929D350"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Effective date</header><text>This section shall take effect 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act.</text>
</subsection></section><section id="H4BAC446E8694427BBF5FC77CB0B246C1"><enum>302.</enum><header>Retention of safety records by manufacturers</header>
<subsection id="HC646637F163E4EE6813C672339CB93F7"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Rule</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall issue a final
rule pursuant to <external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30117">section 30117</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, requiring
each manufacturer of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment to retain
all motor vehicle safety records, including documents, reports,
correspondence, or other materials that contain information concerning
malfunctions that may be related to motor vehicle safety (including any
failure or malfunction beyond normal deterioration in use, or any failure
of performance, or any flaw or unintended deviation from design
specifications, that could in any reasonably foreseeable manner be a
causative factor in, or aggravate, an accident or an injury to a person),
for a period of not less than 20 calendar years from the date on which
they were generated or acquired by the manufacturer. Such requirement
shall also apply to all underlying records on which information reported
to the Secretary under part 579 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations,
is based.</text>
</subsection><subsection id="H3ACDFEA390E247FA9D1AB01C5F2E48B7"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Application</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The rule required by subsection (a) shall apply with respect to any record described in such
subsection that is in the possession of a manufacturer on the effective
date of such rule.</text>
</subsection></section><section id="HC1452560146F4F449EF735D7AC77CD6D"><enum>303.</enum><header>Recall obligations under bankruptcy</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline"><external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/49/30120A">Section 30120A</external-xref> of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking <quote>chapter 11 of title 11,</quote> and inserting <quote>chapter 7 or <external-xref legal-doc="usc-chapter" parsable-cite="usc-chapter/11/11">chapter 11</external-xref> of title 11</quote>.</text>
</section><enum>IV</enum><header>Additional Provision</header>
<section id="H0CEB7CFD07944FE5A307145423CCEEC6"><enum>401.</enum><header>Deadlines</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">If the Secretary determines that a deadline under this Act, or an amendment made by this Act,
cannot be met, the Secretary shall—</text>
<paragraph id="HA53B794B3AB54E78BC1E20E4CA0F075F"><enum>(1)</enum><text>notify the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and explain why that
deadline cannot be met; and</text>
</paragraph><paragraph id="H7BD6EBF81E904A40BE9E3B630503BE1B"><enum>(2)</enum><text>establish a new deadline.</text>
</paragraph></section>