113 HR 990 IH: Stopping Abuse and Fraud in Electronic Lending Act of 2013 U.S. House of Representatives 2013-03-06 text/xml EN Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.

I 113th CONGRESS 1st Session H. R. 990 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES March 6, 2013 Ms. Bonamici (for herself, Mr. Cummings, Mr. Blumenauer, Mrs. Davis of California, Mr. Sarbanes, Ms. Norton, Ms. DeLauro, Mr. Conyers, Ms. Linda T. Sánchez of California, Mr. Grijalva, Mr. Ellison, Ms. Waters, Mr. Takano, Mr. McGovern, Mr. Welch, Ms. Lofgren, Ms. Lee of California, and Ms. Chu) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Financial Services A BILL To amend the Truth in Lending Act to address certain issues related to the extension of consumer credit, and for other purposes.

1.

Short title

This Act may be cited as the Stopping Abuse and Fraud in Electronic Lending Act of 2013 or the SAFE Lending Act of 2013.

2.

Consumer control over bank accounts

(a)

Prohibiting unauthorized remotely created checks

Section 905 of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (15 U.S.C. 1693c) is amended by adding at the end the following: (d)

Limitations on remotely created checks

(1)

In general

Subject to the limitations set forth under paragraph (2) and any additional limitations that the Bureau may establish, by rule, a remotely created check may only be issued by a person designated in writing by the consumer, such designation specifically provided in writing by the consumer to the insured depository institution at which the consumer maintains the account from which the check is to be drawn. (2)

Additional limitations

(A)

In general

An authorization provided under paragraph (1) may be revoked at any time by the consumer. (B)

Consumer financial protection laws

No payment order, including a remotely created check, may be issued by any person in response to the exercise of, or attempt to exercise, any rights by a consumer under any Federal consumer financial law (as defined in section 1002(14) of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (12 U.S.C. 5481(14))) or any other provision of any law or regulation within the jurisdiction of the Bureau. (3)

Remotely created check defined

For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘remotely created check’ means a check (including paper and electronic checks and any other payment order that the Bureau, by rule, determines is appropriately covered by this subsection) that— (A)is not created by the financial institution that holds the customer account from which the check is to be paid; and (B)does not bear a signature applied, or purported to be applied, by the person from whose account the check is to be paid. . (b)

Consumer Protections for Certain One-Time Electronic Fund Transfers

Section 913 of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (15 U.S.C. 1693k) is amended— (1)by inserting (a) In general.— before No person; (2)striking preauthorized electronic fund transfers and inserting an electronic fund transfer; and (3)by adding at the end the following: (b)

Treatment for electronic fund transfers in credit extensions

If a consumer voluntarily agrees to repay an extension of small-dollar consumer credit transaction (as defined in section 110(b) of the Truth in Lending Act) by means of an electronic fund transfer, such electronic fund transfer shall be treated as a preauthorized electronic fund transfer subject to the protections of this title. .

3.

Consistent application of law for small-dollar lending

(a)

Consistent application of State law for small-Dollar lending

The Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 109 the following:

110.

Consistent application of law for small-dollar lending

(a)

In general

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except to the extent that Federal or applicable tribal law affords greater protection to the consumer, any small-dollar consumer credit transaction made over the Internet, telephone, facsimile, mail, electronic mail, or other electronic communication, and any small-dollar consumer credit transaction conducted by a national bank shall comply with the laws of the State in which the consumer resides with respect to annual percentage rates, interest, fees, charges, and such other similar or related matters as the Bureau may, by rule, determine. (b)

Definitions

As used in this section, the term small-dollar consumer credit transaction means any transaction that extends, facilitates, brokers, arranges, or gathers applications for credit that is— (1)made to a consumer in an amount of not more than $5,000, or such greater amount as the Bureau may, by rule, determine, such amount to be adjusted annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers published by the Department of Labor; and (2)extended pursuant to an agreement that is— (A)other than an open-end credit plan and is payable in one or more installments of less than 12 months (or such longer period as the Bureau may, by rule, determine); (B)an open-end credit plan in which each advance is fully repayable within a defined time or in connection with a defined event, or both; or (C)such other plan as the Bureau determines, by rule.

. (b)

Enforcement

Section 130 of the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1640) is amended by inserting section 110, before or chapter 4.

4.

Restrictions on lead generation in small-dollar consumer credit transactions

The Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

140B.

Restrictions on lead generation in small-dollar consumer credit transactions

(a)

Identification information

Any person facilitating, brokering, arranging, gathering applications for, or distributing sensitive personal financial information in connection with small-dollar consumer credit transactions shall prominently disclose information by which they may be contacted or identified, including for service of process and for identification of the registrant of any domain name registered or used. (b)

Prohibition on lead generation in small-Dollar consumer credit transactions

No person may facilitate, broker, arrange, gather applications for, or distribute sensitive personal financial information in connection with small-dollar consumer credit transactions, unless the person is directly providing the small-dollar consumer credit to the consumer. (c)

Definitions

For purposes of this section— (1)the term sensitive personal financial information means the consumer’s Social Security number, financial account number, bank routing number, bank account number, or any required security or access code that is immediately necessary to permit access to an individual's financial account; and (2)the term small-dollar consumer credit transaction has the same meaning as in section 110(b). (d)

Rule of construction

(1)

In general

Nothing in this section may be interpreted to limit the authority of the Bureau to further restrict activities covered by this section. (2)

Clarification

It shall not be considered facilitating in connection with small-dollar consumer credit transactions to be engaged solely in 1 the following activities: (A)The provision of a telecommunications service, or of an Internet access service or Internet information location tool (as those terms are defined in section 231 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 231)). (B)The transmission, storage, retrieval, hosting, formatting, or translation (or any combination thereof) of a communication, without selection or alteration of the content of the communication, except that deletion of a particular communication or material made by another person in a manner consistent with section 230(c) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230(c)).

.

5.

Enhanced enforcement authority against certain Internet lending

The Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 108 the following:

108A.

Enhanced enforcement authority relating to consumer financial activities by certain Internet sites

(a)

Definitions

In this section, the following definitions shall apply: (1)

Complainant

The term complainant means a State attorney general or State or tribal agency with enforcement authority over prohibited activity who files a complaint with the Bureau under subsection (d). (2)

Covered onshore person

The term covered onshore person means a State government or an Indian tribe. (3)

Federal consumer financial law

The term Federal consumer financial law has the same meaning as in section 1002 of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (12 U.S.C. 5481). (4)

Financial transaction provider

(A)

In general

Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term financial transaction provider has the same meaning as in section 5362(4) of title 31, United States Code. (B)

Exception

The term financial transaction provider does not include an Internet service platform or an affiliate of an Internet service platform. (5)

Indian tribe

The term Indian tribe has the same meaning as in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 450b). (6)

Internet service platform

The term Internet service platform means an interactive digital service the provider of which— (A)does not act merely as a payment intermediary between a user and a supplier of goods or services; and (B)provides additional services to facilitate interaction between users unrelated to purchases from suppliers of goods and services. (7)

Internet site

The term Internet site means the collection of digital assets, including links, indexes, or pointers to digital assets, accessible through the Internet that are addressed relative to a common domain name. (8)

Covered offshore person

(A)

In general

The term covered offshore person means a person (and if such person is not known, the Internet site or other electronic representation of such person such as a telephone number, text message service, or mobile application) that— (i)conducts business directed to residents of the United States; (ii)does not have a domain name that is registered or assigned by a domain name registrar, domain name registry, or other domain name registration authority that is located within a judicial district of the United States; and (iii)is not operated by an entity that is located within a judicial district of the United States. (B)

Business directed to residents of the United States

For purposes of making a determination under subparagraph (A)(i), the Bureau may consider, among other indicators, whether— (i)the person extends, facilitates, brokers, arranges, or gathers applications for credit to persons located in the United States; (ii)the person has reasonable measures in place to prevent its services from being accessed from or delivered to the United States; and (iii)any prices for goods and services provided are indicated in the currency of the United States. (9)

Operator

The term operator, when used in connection with an Internet site, includes any person with authority to operate the Internet site. (10)

Owner

The term owner, when used in connection with an Internet site, includes any owner of a majority interest in the Internet site. (11)

State consumer financial law

The term State consumer financial law means a provision of State law that either constitutes a State consumer financial law as that term is defined in section 5136C of title LXII of the Revised Statutes of the United States (12 U.S.C. 21 et seq.), or prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices. (b)

Applicability of section

It shall be a violation of this section— (1)for a covered offshore person to violate an applicable Federal, State, or tribal consumer financial law; and (2)for a covered onshore person to violate an applicable Federal, State, or tribal consumer financial law. (c)

Investigation of violations by Bureau

(1)

In general

The Bureau— (A)may investigate any alleged violation of subsection (b) on its own initiative; and (B)shall— (i)review any alleged violation of subsection (b) upon receiving a complaint filed under subsection (d); and (ii)adjudicate and otherwise investigate and respond to such complaint, as appropriate. (2)

Consultations

In taking action under paragraph (1), the Bureau shall, as the Bureau determines appropriate, consult with and seek advice and information from the Attorney General of the United States, the Federal Trade Commission, the International Trade Commission, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (in the case of matters involving an Indian tribe), federally recognized Indian tribes (in the case of rulemakings involving Indian tribes), and such other agencies and officials as the Bureau considers appropriate. (3)

Limitation on investigations of domain names; consent to jurisdiction

Subject to such limitations as the Bureau may, by rule, determine, the Bureau shall terminate, or not initiate, an investigation or adjudication under paragraph (1) with respect to a person or a domain name— (A)if a person or the operator of the Internet site associated with the domain name provides in a legal notice on the site accurate information consisting of— (i)the name of an individual authorized to receive process on behalf of the site; (ii)an address at which process may be served; (iii)a telephone number at which the individual described in clause (i) may be contacted; and (iv)a statement that the operator of the site consents to the jurisdiction and venue of the United States district courts with respect to a violation of State consumer lending laws; (B)provided that, in the event of the filing of any civil action in the appropriate United States district court for a violation of State or tribal consumer lending laws, the operator of the Internet site accepts service and waives, in a timely manner, any objections to jurisdiction, as set forth in the statement described in subparagraph (A)(iv); and (C)provided that, any limitations on investigations under this subsection shall not apply if— (i)any of the information provided by the operator is inaccurate in any way; or (ii)at any point, the relevant party fails to respond to or abide by any order or request of the relevant court. (4)

Rule of construction

It shall not be considered a violation of this section to be engaged solely in 1 of the following activities: (A)The provision of a telecommunications service, or of an Internet access service or Internet information location tool (as those terms are defined in section 231 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 231)). (B)The transmission, storage, retrieval, hosting, formatting, or translation (or any combination thereof) of a communication, without selection or alteration of the content of the communication, except that deletion of a particular communication or material made by another person in a manner consistent with section 230(c) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230(c)). (d)

Complaints

(1)

In general

A complaint alleging, under oath, that a covered onshore person or a covered offshore person is in violation of subsection (b) may be filed with the Bureau. (2)

Notice

(A)

In general

Upon filing a complaint under paragraph (1), if the identity of the covered offshore person is not known, but the Internet site or other electronic representation is, the complainant shall send a notice of the violation alleged in the complaint to the registrant of the domain name of the Internet site (or relevant operator of the electronic representation) alleged to be operated or maintained in violation of subsection (b)— (i)at the postal and e-mail addresses appearing in the applicable publicly accessible database of registrations, if any, to the extent such addresses are reasonably available; (ii)via the postal and e-mail addresses of the registrar, registry, or other domain name registration authority that registered or assigned the domain name, to the extent such addresses are reasonably available; and (iii)in any other such form as the Bureau finds necessary. (B)

Rule of construction

For purposes of this subsection, the actions described in this paragraph shall constitute service of process. (3)

Identification of, and notice to, entities that may be required to take action pursuant to this section

(A)

Identification

A complaint filed under paragraph (1) shall identify any financial transaction provider that may be required to take measures described in subsection (g)(2) if the Bureau issues an order under subsection (f) with respect to the complaint and the order is served on the provider or service pursuant to subsection (g)(1). (B)

Notice

Upon filing a complaint under paragraph (1), the complainant shall provide notice to any financial transaction provider identified in the complaint pursuant to subparagraph (A) or any amendments to the complaint. (C)

Intervention

(i)

In general

A financial transaction provider or identified in a complaint pursuant to subparagraph (A) may intervene upon timely request filed with the Bureau in— (I)an investigation initiated under subsection (c) pursuant to the complaint; or (II)pursuant to subsection (f)(3), an action to modify, suspend, or vacate an order issued pursuant to the complaint. (ii)

Rule of construction

Failure to intervene under clause (i) in an investigation under subsection (c) does not preclude a financial transaction provider notified of the investigation from subsequently seeking an order to modify, suspend, or vacate an order issued by the Bureau under subsection (f). (e)

Determinations

(1)

In general

The Bureau shall determine, with respect to each investigation initiated under subsection (c), whether the respective covered onshore person or covered offshore person under investigation is in violation of subsection (b). (2)

Effective date

A determination made under paragraph (1) shall take effect on the date on which the Bureau publishes the determination in the Federal Register. (3)

Electronic submission of information and proceedings

The Bureau may, in making any determination under this section— (A)allow the submission of information electronically; and (B)hold hearings electronically or obtain testimony or other information electronically or by such means as the Bureau determines allows participation in proceedings under this section at as low a cost as possible to participants in the proceedings. (f)

Cease and desist orders

(1)

In general

If the Bureau determines under subsection (e) that the covered onshore person or covered offshore person is in violation of subsection (b), in addition to any actions which the Bureau could otherwise take, the Bureau may— (A)issue an order to cease and desist from violation of subsection (b) to the covered onshore person or covered offshore person (and if the identity of the covered offshore person is not known, to the relevant Internet site and to the owner and the operator of the Internet site or relevant electronic representation); and (B)cause the order to be served on the relevant person. (2)

Temporary and preliminary cease and desist orders

(A)

Petition by complainant

A complainant may file with the Bureau a petition, in accordance with this paragraph, for the issuance of a temporary or preliminary order. (B)

Issuance of order

If, upon receiving a petition under subparagraph (A) and after providing an opportunity to be heard under subparagraph (C), the Bureau determines that the covered onshore person or covered offshore person is in violation of subsection (b), in addition to any actions which the Director could otherwise take, the Bureau may issue a temporary or preliminary cease and desist order against, and cause the order to be served on the relevant person pursuant to paragraph (1). (C)

Opportunity to be heard

(i)

In general

Before issuing a temporary or preliminary cease and desist order under this paragraph, the Bureau shall provide to any person (including any applicable Internet site or electronic representation and the owner and the operator of such Internet site or electronic representation) alleged to be in violation of subsection (b) an opportunity to be heard and to submit relevant information to the Bureau. (ii)

Electronic submission of information and proceedings

The Bureau may provide an opportunity to be heard and to submit information under clause (i) electronically or in such other manner as the Bureau determines appropriate. (D)

Standard for relief

If the Bureau issues a temporary or preliminary cease and desist order under this paragraph, the order shall be issued in a manner consistent with the provisions of rule 65 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, or any successor thereto, relating to preliminary injunctions and temporary restraining orders. (E)

Procedures for temporary cease and desist order

(i)

Expedited consideration

Upon a showing of extraordinary circumstances by the complainant filing a petition for a temporary cease and desist order under subparagraph (A), the Bureau may make a determination with respect to the petition on an expedited basis. (ii)

Expiration of order

(I)

In general

Except as provided in subclause (II), a temporary cease and desist order issued under this paragraph shall expire at a time determined by the Bureau that is not later than 14 days after the issuance of the order. (II)

Extension of order

The Bureau may extend a temporary cease and desist order issued under this paragraph for additional periods of not more than 14 days for good cause or with the consent of the entity against which the order is issued. (F)

Procedures for preliminary cease and desist order

(i)

In general

Except as provided in clause (ii), the Bureau shall make a determination with respect to a petition for a preliminary cease and desist order not later than 30 days after the Bureau publishes notice of the initiation of an investigation under subsection (c) in the Federal Register. (ii)

Extensions of time for determination

The Bureau may extend the date by which the Bureau is required to make a determination under clause (i) with respect to a petition for a preliminary cease and desist order for an additional 30 days, if the Bureau— (I)determines that the petition presents a more complicated case; and (II)publishes in the Federal Register an explanation of why the Bureau determined that the case is more complicated under subclause (I). (3)

Modification or revocation of orders

(A)

In general

At any time after the issuance of an order under this subsection, a motion to modify, suspend, or vacate the order may be filed by— (i)any covered onshore person or covered offshore person bound by the order; (ii)the owner or operator of any Internet site or electronic representation subject to the order; (iii)any domain name registrar or registry that has registered or assigned the domain name of the Internet site subject to the order; or (iv)a financial transaction provider on which a copy of an order has been served pursuant to paragraph (1) of subsection (g) requiring the provider or service to take action described in paragraph (2) of that subsection. (B)

Relief

The Bureau shall modify, suspend, or vacate an order, as appropriate, if the Bureau determines that— (i)the subject to the order is no longer, or never was in violation of subsection (b); or (ii)the interests of justice require that the order be modified, suspended, or vacated. (C)

Consideration

In making a determination under subparagraph (B), the Bureau may consider whether any domain name of an Internet site (or the relevant electronic representation) subject to the order has expired or has been re-registered by a different entity. (4)

Amendment of orders

A complainant may petition the Bureau to amend an order issued under this subsection if any relevant an Internet site or electronic representation determined under subsection (e) to be in violation of subsection (b) is accessible or has been reconstituted at a different domain name. (5)

Opportunity to be heard for certain entities

Before the Bureau issues an order under this subsection or modifies, suspends, vacates, or amends such an order under paragraph (3) or (4), a financial transaction provider that intervened pursuant to subsection (d)(3) in an investigation or action relating to the order shall have an opportunity to be heard before the Bureau with respect to whether the Bureau should issue the order and the scope of relief available under the order or whether the Bureau should modify, suspend, vacate, or amend the order, as the case may be. (6)

Expiration of orders with respect to internet site

An order issued under this subsection against an Internet site (or relevant electronic representation) shall cease to have any force or effect upon expiration of the registration of the domain name of the Internet site (or relevant electronic representation). (g)

Required actions based on bureau orders

(1)

In general

If the Bureau reasonably believes that a financial transaction provider identified in a complaint pursuant to subsection (d)(3), or any amendment to the complaint, supplies services to the covered onshore person or covered offshore person subject to the order issued under subsection (f) with respect to the complaint— (A)the Bureau may give permission to the complainant to serve a copy of the order on the financial transaction provider; (B)if the Bureau gives permission to the complainant under subparagraph (A), the complainant shall file proof of service with the Bureau; and (C)upon receiving a copy of the order pursuant to subparagraph (A), the financial transaction provider shall implement the measures described in paragraph (2). (2)

Measures to be implemented by financial transaction providers

(A)

In general

Subject to subparagraph (B), a financial transaction provider shall, as expeditiously as is reasonable, take reasonable and technically feasible measures, as expeditiously as reasonable, designed to prevent or prohibit the completion of payment transactions by the provider that involve customers located in the United States and the covered onshore person or covered offshore person (including the relevant Internet site or electronic representation) subject to the order issued under subsection (f). (B)

Limitations on measures

A financial transaction provider may not be required pursuant to subparagraph (A)— (i)to implement measures that are not commercially reasonable; (ii)to modify services or facilities of the provider to comply with the order issued under subsection (f); or (iii)to prevent or prohibit the completion of a payment transaction if the provider could not reasonably determine in advance whether the entity was using the Internet site subject to the order. (3)

Communication with users

A financial transaction provider required to implement measures described in paragraph (2) shall determine how to communicate with the users or customers of the provider or service, as the case may be, with respect to those measures. (4)

Rules of construction

(A)

Limitation on obligations

A financial transaction provider required to implement measures described in paragraph (2) shall not be required to take measures or actions in addition to the measures described in paragraph (2) pursuant to this section or an order issued under this section. (B)

Manner of compliance

A financial transaction provider required to implement measures described in paragraph (2) shall be in compliance with this subsection if the provider implements the measures described in that paragraph with respect to accounts of the provider, as of the date on which a copy of an order is served under paragraph (1) or, if applicable, the date on which the order is modified or amended under paragraph (3) or (4) of subsection (f). (5)

Actions pursuant to bureau order

(A)

Immunity from civil actions

No cause of action shall lie in any court against a financial transaction provider on which a copy of an order is served under paragraph (1), or against any director, officer, employee, or agent thereof, other than in an action pursuant to subsection (h), for— (i)any act reasonably designed to comply with this subsection or reasonably arising from the order; or (ii)any act, failure, or inability to meet the obligations under this subsection of the provider or service if the provider or service, as the case may be, makes a good faith effort to comply with such obligations. (B)

Immunity from liability

A financial transaction provider on which a copy of an order is served under paragraph (1), and any director, officer, employee, or agent thereof, shall not be liable to any person for any acts reasonably designed to comply with this subsection or reasonably arising from the order, other than in an action pursuant to subsection (h). (C)

Immunity from actions of third parties

An action taken by a third party to circumvent any measures implemented pursuant to an order served on a financial transaction provider under paragraph (1) may not be used by any person in any claim or cause of action against the provider or service, as the case may be, other than in an action pursuant to subsection (h). (h)

Enforcement of orders

(1)

In general

In order to compel compliance with this section, the Bureau and any State Attorney General (or other appropriate State or tribal entity) having enforcement authority over prohibited activity may bring an action for injunctive relief against any person subject to an order issued under subsection (f) or on which such an order is served under subsection (g) that fails to comply with the order. (2)

Rule of construction

The authority granted to the Bureau, State, and tribal authorities under paragraph (1) shall be the sole legal remedy for enforcing the obligations under subsection (g) of a financial transaction provider on which an order is served under paragraph (1) of that subsection. (3)

Affirmative defenses

A defendant in an action commenced under paragraph (1) may establish an affirmative defense by showing that the defendant does not have the technical means to comply with this section without incurring an unreasonable economic burden or that the order is inconsistent with this section. That showing shall serve as a defense only to the extent of the inability of the defendant to comply or to the extent of the inconsistency. (i)

Sanctions for abuse of process and discovery

The Bureau may, by rule, prescribe sanctions for abuse of process in a manner consistent with the provisions of rule 11 and rule 37 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (j)

Immunity for enforcement of orders

No cause of action shall lie in any court, no person may rely on any claim or cause of action, and no liability for damages to any person shall be granted, against a financial transaction provider for taking any action pursuant to subsection (g)(2). (k)

Savings clause

Nothing in this section, including subsection (c), may be construed to limit the authority or jurisdiction of the Bureau or any State or tribe to review, regulate, investigate, enforce against, or otherwise restrict activities covered by this section.

.

6.

Studies

Not later than 180 days after enactment of this section, the Government Accountability Office (in this section referred to as the GAO) shall conduct a study regarding the availability of capital on reservations of Indian tribes (as such term is defined in section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 450b)) and the impact that small-dollar consumer credit extended through Internet and non-Internet means to members of Indian tribes has had on economic opportunity and wealth for members of Indian tribes. In conducting the study, the GAO shall consult, as appropriate, with the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, federally recognized Indian tribes, and community development financial institutions operating in Indian lands. The report shall be presented to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Indian Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services and the Committee on Natural Resources of the House of Representatives.

7.

Rulemaking

Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Bureau shall adopt any final rules necessary to implement the provisions of this Act and the amendments made by this Act.